the gut microbiome and inflammation · 2018. 10. 8. · valdes et al., 2018. composition and...

TheGutMicrobiomeandInflammation

Kanneboyina Nagaraju, DVM, PhDProfessor and Founding Chair

Department of Pharmaceutical sciencesSchool of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences

Binghamton University,State University of New York

Binghamton, NY, USA

What is the Microbiome

• Collective genomes of microbial flora harbored by humans

• Microfloraisthecommunityofmicroorganisms,includingalgae,fungi,andbacteriathatliveinoronanotherlivingorganismorinaparticularhabitat

• Theratiooftheamountofmicrobestocellsinourbodiesis10:1• MostidentifiedDNAsequencesfloatinginourbloodplasmabelongtoviruses• Wearemorethemthanweareus

http://linxc10.wixsite.com/microbes/the-microbiome

TheMicrobiome

Depictionofthehumanbodyandbacteriathatpredominate

GriceandSerge2011

GriceandSerge2011

SkinhistologywithmicroorganismsEcosystem:

Functio

nsofm

icrobiota

YoungVB2017

PrebioticNutrientsthatfavorthegrowthandpredominanceofbeneficialmicrobesandtheirinherentfunctions.Mostofthesehavebeencarbohydratesthatcannotbebrokendownbythehumandigestivemachinerybutaremetabolizedbyspecificmembersofthemicrobiota

ProbioticCommonlydefinedas“livemicro-organismswhich,whenadministeredinadequateamounts,conferahealthbenefitonthehost.”Inthepast,thesewereoftenorganismsthatwerefirstrecognizedinfermentedfoodproducts.Currently,thereisinterestinidentifyingpotentialprobioticsthataremembersofthemicrobiotaofhealthypeople

YoungVB2017

Alldiseasesbegininthegut

HippocratesTheFatherofWesternMedicine

460BC-370BC

Thebacterialcellsharboredwithinthehumangastrointestinaltract(GIT)outnumberthehost’scellsbyafactorof10andthegenesencodedbythebacteriaresidentwithintheGIToutnumbertheirhost’sgenesbymorethan100times.

Approximately100trillionmicro-organismsinthegut

BullandPlummer2014

Roleofthe

gutm

icrobiotainhealth

and

dise

ase

Valdesetal.,2018

Compositionandluminalnumbersofdominantmicrobialspeciesinthehumangastrointestinaltract.

SartorandMazmanian 2012

• Lowerbacterialdiversityhasbeenreproduciblyobservedinpeoplewithinflammatoryboweldisease, psoriaticarthritis, type1diabetes, atopiceczema, coeliacdisease, obesity,type2diabetes, andarterialstiffness, thaninhealthycontrols.

• Germ-free mice that receive faecal microbes from obese humans gain more weight than mice that receive microbes from healthy weight humans

Thegutmicrobiotaanddiseases

IBD:UlcerativeColitisandCrohn’sdiseaseColitisisreducedorabsentingermfreeanimalsandthosetreatedwithantibiotics

Moreinflammation

MorediseaseactivityShiftincomposition-perpetuationofthedisease

Shortchainfattyacids

Inflammation

Clementeetal.,2018

Arthritisisreducedorabsentingermfreeanimals

Clementeetal.,2018

Valdesetal.,2018

Valdesetal.,2018

Valdesetal.,2018

Valdesetal.,2018

Valdesetal.,2018

Consensusanduncertainties

Potentialstrategiesfortherapeuticmicrobiomemanipulation

Clementeetal.,2018