the good friday agreement

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17.01.2012 Felix Dengg 1

The Good Friday Agreement

a framework for peace in Northern Ireland

by Felix Dengg

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• Influence on the final peace process

• Disparity of brutal conflict and peaceful talks

• Contemporary topic → easy access to valid information

The Topic

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1. The Northern Ireland Conflict

2.1. Historical Background of the Conflict

2.2. The Troubles

2.3. First Steps towards Peace

2.4. Negotiations come closer

3. The Good Friday Agreement

Table of Contents

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3.1. How the Agreement is built up

3.1.1. Declaration of Support

3.1.2. Constitutional Issues

3.1.3. Strand 1

3.1.4. Strand 2

Table of Contents

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3.1.5. Strand 3

3.1.6. Rights, Safeguards and Equality of Opportunity

4. Criticism on the Agreement

5. Achievements of the Agreement

Table of Contents

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617.01.2012 Felix Dengg

• Plantation of Ulster:

– Colonization of the Irish province Ulster

– Mostly english speaking protestants from Britain and Scotland settled over

– Land was taken from irish people and given to the newly arrived

Historical Background

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Protestant settlers

Catholics

•unfair allocation of wealth

•cultural differences

•religious differences

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Protestants65%

Catholics35%

Oppression of the minority

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• Ireland becomes independent

• Northern Ireland remains part of the United Kingdom

• Population disagreed on the future form of state of Northern Ireland

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Unionists

Nationalists

Demand to stay part of the U.K

Demand belonging to Ireland

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Most Catholics & Unionists feel protected

Most Protestants & Nationalists feel

oppressed

• British government sends troops to Northern Ireland to stabilize political Situation

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Felix Dengg 1217.01.2012

The Troubles

• Nationalistic IRA starts first violent attacks

• Other paramilitary organizations follow

Britain introduces Internment Policy

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The Troubles

• Internment policy:

– 2000 civilians were interned

– Suspected of belonging to a paramilitary organization

– Mostly Catholics

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The Troubles

• Internment policy:

– Opposite effect on the population

– Popularity of the IRA rises

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The Troubles

• 30th January 1972:

– Protest March of a Civil Rights Organization

– British Troops shoot down civilians

“Bloody Sunday” shocks general public & IRA profits by gaining more members again

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First Steps towards Peace

• The Anglo-Irish Agreement:

– England & Ireland to acceptSDLP as Catholic representative

– Ireland’s impact on NI policy was strengthened

Move against militants and towards nationalists

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Unionists

Nationalists

Agreement is the first step towards a

united Ireland

Agreement strengthens segregation

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• Social Democratic and Labour Party benefits from their approval of the Agreement

• Gained more votes than other nationalist parties in House of Commons elections

Population favors more peaceful approaches

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• IRA Answers agreement with violent attacks

• Gerry Adams President of IRA close SINN FEIN party condemns these attacks

• Starts negotiations with John Hume of SDLP → Nationalistic alliance

• Hume & Adams demand self determination

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• Downing Street Declaration:

– England & Ireland give NI the right of self-determination

→ England recognizes major problems:

– Reconciliation

– Relationship between Northern Ireland & Ireland

– Relationship between Northern Ireland & British government

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Felix Dengg 21

• IRA declares ceasefire, other paramilitary organizations followed

• A body handling decommissioning was founded → IRA should start decommissioning during the peace talks

• IRA leaders feel betrayed and blow up bomb

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Felix Dengg 22

• Tony Blair becomes Prime Minister of England

• Claim for decommissioning was dropped -> Sinn Fein could join multi party talks by starting another cease-fire

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Felix Dengg 23

• Chairman George Mitchell sets out ultimatum and pressures parties into an agreement

10 parties sign the Good Friday Agreement in April 1998

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Felix Dengg 24

Northern Ireland

Voted YesVoted No

17.01.2012

Ireland

Voted YesVoted No

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Felix Dengg 25

SDLP22%

UUP21%

Sinn Fein16%

Other23%

Assembly election results

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• Structure of the Agreement:

– Declaration of support & constitutional Issues

– 3 “strands”

– Further sections

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• Constitutional Issues:

– Free choice of religion

– Free choice to support Union with U.K. or a sovereign Ireland

– Free choice of citizenship

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• Strand 1:

– First Minister & Deputy First Minister elected on “cross community basis”

– Members of the assembly appoint other government posts

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• Strand 2:

– North-South council

– Ireland <=> Northern Ireland

– Intensify relationship

– 4 Members 2 on each side

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• Strand 3:

– British-Irish Council:

– Affiliation & Cooperation with the U.K

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• Further sections:

– Northern Irish Human Rights Commission

– Investigation

– Reconciliation

– Prisoner Release

-British troop deployment decrease

-Police consists of Unionists & Nationalists

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• Criticism on the Agreement:

– Agreement leaves out critical point

– Parties didn’t want to make compromise

– High obstacles before coming to a decision

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Felix Dengg 33

• Achievements of the Agreement:

– Lasting peace was found 10 years later

– First Multi party talks including almost every party

– Overcoming the stolidity of the parties

17.01.2012

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Thank you for your attention!

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