the dynamic earth chapter 3. the geosphere geosphere- the solid part of the earth –rock –soil...

The Dynamic EarthThe Dynamic Earth

Chapter 3Chapter 3

The GeosphereThe Geosphere

Geosphere- the solid part of the earthGeosphere- the solid part of the earth– RockRock– SoilSoil– SedimentSediment

The GeosphereThe Geosphere Studying the earth’s interiorStudying the earth’s interior

– Deepest well (12 km)Deepest well (12 km)– Seismic wavesSeismic waves

The GeosphereThe Geosphere

The Composition of the EarthThe Composition of the Earth– CrustCrust– MantleMantle– CoreCore

The GeosphereThe Geosphere

Structure of the EarthStructure of the Earth– LithosphereLithosphere– AthenoshereAthenoshere– MesosphereMesosphere– Outer CoreOuter Core– Inner CoreInner Core

The GeosphereThe Geosphere

Plate Tectonics- rigid layer of the lithosphere Plate Tectonics- rigid layer of the lithosphere is divided into pieces called plates that glide is divided into pieces called plates that glide over the underlying athenosphere.over the underlying athenosphere.– Most geologic activity occurs where these Most geologic activity occurs where these

plates meet called plate boundaries.plates meet called plate boundaries.– Colliding plates build mountains.Colliding plates build mountains.

Plate TectonicsPlate Tectonics

Interior of the Earth and Plate Interior of the Earth and Plate TectonicsTectonics

The GeosphereThe Geosphere

EarthquakesEarthquakes– Occur along faults (breaks in the earths plates Occur along faults (breaks in the earths plates

at plate boundaries)at plate boundaries)– Measured using the Richter Scale- each whole Measured using the Richter Scale- each whole

# increase equals about 31 times more power.# increase equals about 31 times more power. 2.0- Smallest that can be felt2.0- Smallest that can be felt 9.5- largest ever recorded9.5- largest ever recorded

EarthquakesEarthquakes

The GeosphereThe Geosphere

The GeosphereThe Geosphere

Volcanoes- mountain built from magmaVolcanoes- mountain built from magma– Local effects- lava and ash flows down the Local effects- lava and ash flows down the

mountain can destroy the local areamountain can destroy the local area– Global effects- ash in the atmosphere can Global effects- ash in the atmosphere can

cause global climate changecause global climate change

VolcanoesVolcanoes

The GeosphereThe Geosphere

Erosion- the removal and transport of Erosion- the removal and transport of surface materialsurface material– Water erosionWater erosion– Wind erosionWind erosion

ErosionErosion

The AtmosphereThe Atmosphere

CompositionComposition– Nitrogen- 78%Nitrogen- 78%– Oxygen- 21%Oxygen- 21%– Other- 1%Other- 1%

The AtmosphereThe Atmosphere

Air pressureAir pressure– More dense near the earthMore dense near the earth– Almost all of the earth’s atmosphere is located Almost all of the earth’s atmosphere is located

within 30km of the earth’s surfacewithin 30km of the earth’s surface

The AtmosphereThe Atmosphere

Layers of the Layers of the atmosphereatmosphere

The AtmosphereThe Atmosphere

TroposphereTroposphere– Up to 18 km highUp to 18 km high– Weather occurs hereWeather occurs here– Densest layer of the atmosphereDensest layer of the atmosphere– Temperature decreases with altitudeTemperature decreases with altitude

The AtmosphereThe Atmosphere

StratosphereStratosphere– From 18 – 50 km highFrom 18 – 50 km high– Temperature increases as altitude increasesTemperature increases as altitude increases– Ozone layer- filters out UV radiation entering Ozone layer- filters out UV radiation entering

the earth’s atmosphere.the earth’s atmosphere.

The atmosphereThe atmosphere

MesosphereMesosphere– From 50 – 80 kmFrom 50 – 80 km– Coldest layers of the atmosphere (-93 C)Coldest layers of the atmosphere (-93 C)

The AtmosphereThe Atmosphere

ThermosphereThermosphere– From 80 – 550 km highFrom 80 – 550 km high– Hottest layer of the atmosphere (2000 C)Hottest layer of the atmosphere (2000 C)– Absorbs x-rays and gamma rays that enter the Absorbs x-rays and gamma rays that enter the

earth’s atmosphere.earth’s atmosphere.– Ionosphere- layer of ions found in the lower Ionosphere- layer of ions found in the lower

thermosphere.thermosphere.

The AtmosphereThe Atmosphere

Energy in the atmosphereEnergy in the atmosphere– Radiation-transfer of energy across a space.Radiation-transfer of energy across a space.– Conduction- heat flow from a warmer object to a Conduction- heat flow from a warmer object to a

cooler objectcooler object– Convection- transfer of heat by air currentsConvection- transfer of heat by air currents

The AtmosphereThe Atmosphere

The AtmosphereThe Atmosphere The Greenhouse effectThe Greenhouse effect

– Process of gasses trapping heat energyProcess of gasses trapping heat energy Water vaporWater vapor Carbon DioxideCarbon Dioxide MethaneMethane Nitrous oxideNitrous oxide

The HydrosphereThe Hydrosphere

The hydrosphere includes all water on or The hydrosphere includes all water on or near the earthnear the earth

The HydrosphereThe Hydrosphere

The HydrosphereThe Hydrosphere

The HydrosphereThe Hydrosphere

OceansOceans

The HydrosphereThe Hydrosphere OceansOceans

– Salinity- the concentrations of all the dissolved Salinity- the concentrations of all the dissolved salts in ocean water.salts in ocean water.

The HydrosphereThe Hydrosphere

OceansOceans– Temperature zonesTemperature zones

The HydrosphereThe Hydrosphere

Oceans-Oceans-– The global temperature regulator- The ocean The global temperature regulator- The ocean

absorbs energy from the sun and stores this absorbs energy from the sun and stores this energy. This ability to absorb and store energy energy. This ability to absorb and store energy regulates the global atmospheric temperature.regulates the global atmospheric temperature.

The HydrosphereThe Hydrosphere Oceans-Oceans-

– Currents- surface currents are wind driven and Currents- surface currents are wind driven and are considered warm-water or cols-water are considered warm-water or cols-water currents.currents.

The HydrosphereThe Hydrosphere

FreshwaterFreshwater– Around 3% of the earths water is freshwater.Around 3% of the earths water is freshwater.– Most of the freshwater is locked in icecaps and Most of the freshwater is locked in icecaps and

glaciers.glaciers.

River systemsRiver systems– A network of streams that drains an area of A network of streams that drains an area of

land.land.

The HydrosphereThe Hydrosphere

GroundwaterGroundwater– When water reaches the land as precipitation it When water reaches the land as precipitation it

either runs off into a stream or soaks into the either runs off into a stream or soaks into the ground.ground.

– Most water enters the groundMost water enters the ground– Aquifer- a layer of rock that stores ground Aquifer- a layer of rock that stores ground

water.water. Recharge zone- surface of the land where water Recharge zone- surface of the land where water

enters the aquiferenters the aquifer

The HydrosphereThe Hydrosphere

The BiosphereThe Biosphere

Biosphere- the narrow layer around the Biosphere- the narrow layer around the earth where all life is foundearth where all life is found– 11 km below the surface of the ocean to 9 km 11 km below the surface of the ocean to 9 km

up into the atmosphere.up into the atmosphere.

The BiosphereThe Biosphere

Requirements for life-Requirements for life-– Liquid waterLiquid water– Temperature- between 10 C and 40 CTemperature- between 10 C and 40 C– Components of life are continually recycledComponents of life are continually recycled– Gravity to hold the atmosphereGravity to hold the atmosphere– Energy from the sunEnergy from the sun

The BiosphereThe Biosphere

Energy is constantly added to the earth, Energy is constantly added to the earth, causing it to be an open system.causing it to be an open system.

Matter is not added to the earth causing it to Matter is not added to the earth causing it to be a closed system. be a closed system.

The BiosphereThe Biosphere