the commonwealth of byzantium. i. the early byzantium empire 1255
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THETHECOMMONWEALTH COMMONWEALTH
OFOFBYZANTIUMBYZANTIUM
I. The early Byzantium empireI. The early Byzantium empire
1255
A- The later Roman empire A- The later Roman empire and Byzantium and Byzantium Fifth century, eastern half of empire Fifth century, eastern half of empire
remained intact while west crumbledremained intact while west crumbled
Challenges: Sasanids and GermansChallenges: Sasanids and Germans
Highly centralized Highly centralized statestate
- Emperor with aura - Emperor with aura
of divinity,of divinity,
CaesaropapismCaesaropapism
- Large and complex- Large and complex
bureaucracybureaucracy
Justinian (527-565 C.E.) Justinian (527-565 C.E.) and his legacy; Theodora and his legacy; Theodora (empress)(empress)
Rebuilt Rebuilt Constantinoble, Constantinoble, includingincluding
Hagia SophiaHagia Sophia
Codified Roman lawCodified Roman law
Corpus iuris civilisCorpus iuris civilis (The Body of the Civil (The Body of the Civil Law)Law)
Sent Belisarius to Sent Belisarius to reconquer the reconquer the western Roman western Roman empire (didn’t last)empire (didn’t last)
Islamic conquests and Islamic conquests and Byzantium revivalByzantium revival
The emergence of the Islamic state, The emergence of the Islamic state, seventh centuryseventh century
Arab peoples conquered the Sasanid empire Arab peoples conquered the Sasanid empire and part of Byzantiumand part of Byzantium
Prolonged sieges of Constantinoble by Islamic Prolonged sieges of Constantinoble by Islamic armiesarmies
Byzantium survived partly because of Greek Byzantium survived partly because of Greek firefire
Byzantium society reorganizedByzantium society reorganized
Provinces (Provinces (themesthemes) ) under generalsunder generals
Armies of free Armies of free peasants helped peasants helped agricultural economyagricultural economy
Byzantine and western Europe: Byzantine and western Europe: ecclesiastical and political tensionsecclesiastical and political tensions
Byzantine economy and societyByzantine economy and society
Rural economy and societyRural economy and societyLarge agricultural base to support citiesLarge agricultural base to support citiesEconomy strongest when large class of free Economy strongest when large class of free
peasants peasants (themes)(themes) existed existedEconomy weakened when large landholders Economy weakened when large landholders
consolidated and made peasants dependentconsolidated and made peasants dependent
Industry and tradeIndustry and trade
Constantinople was major site of crafts Constantinople was major site of crafts industryindustryGlass, linen, textiles, gems, jewelry, gold and Glass, linen, textiles, gems, jewelry, gold and
silversilverSilk developed into major industry in sixth Silk developed into major industry in sixth
century; secrets came from Chinacentury; secrets came from China
Constantinople was clearinghouse Constantinople was clearinghouse for tradefor trade
Bezant was standard Bezant was standard currency of currency of Mediterranean basinMediterranean basin
Western anchor of Western anchor of trade route revived trade route revived silk roadssilk roads
Banks and partnerships supported Banks and partnerships supported commercial economycommercial economy
Urban lifeUrban life
Housing in Housing in Constantinople varied Constantinople varied widely by classwidely by class
Attractions of Attractions of Constantinople: Constantinople: baths, taverns, baths, taverns, theaterstheaters
Hippodrome used for mass Hippodrome used for mass entertainmententertainment
Chariot races most popular;Chariot races most popular;Greens and Blues rivalryGreens and Blues rivalry
III- Classical heritage and III- Classical heritage and Orthodox Christianity Orthodox Christianity
The legacy of classical GreeceThe legacy of classical GreeceOfficial language went from Latin to GreekOfficial language went from Latin to GreekState organized school system trained State organized school system trained
workforceworkforcePrimary education: reading, writing, grammarPrimary education: reading, writing, grammarLater education: classical Greek, literature, Later education: classical Greek, literature,
philosophy, sciencephilosophy, scienceHigher education in Constantinople: law, medicine, Higher education in Constantinople: law, medicine,
philosophyphilosophy
Byzantine scholarship Byzantine scholarship emphasized Greek traditionemphasized Greek tradition
Wrote commentaries on Greek Wrote commentaries on Greek literatureliterature
Preserved and transmitted Greek Preserved and transmitted Greek thought to later culturesthought to later cultures
The Byzantine churchThe Byzantine church
Most distinctive Most distinctive feature was feature was involvement of the involvement of the emperoremperor Council of Nicaea (325 Council of Nicaea (325
C.E.) in which C.E.) in which Arianism was declared Arianism was declared heresyheresy
Iconoclasm Iconoclasm controversy (726-843) controversy (726-843) was started by Leo IIIwas started by Leo III
Greek philosophy Greek philosophy applied to Byzantine applied to Byzantine theologytheology
Monasticism and popular pietyMonasticism and popular piety
Monasticism origins in Monasticism origins in early Christian early Christian ascetics (hermits)ascetics (hermits) ““Pillar saints” like St. Pillar saints” like St.
Simeon StyliteSimeon Stylite St. Basil of Caesarea St. Basil of Caesarea
(329-379C.E.) (329-379C.E.) organized monastic organized monastic movementmovement
Mt. Athos, monastery in northern Mt. Athos, monastery in northern Greece from ninth century to Greece from ninth century to presentpresent
Monks/nuns very popular with laityMonks/nuns very popular with laity
Provided social Provided social services to the services to the communitycommunity
Opposed iconoclasmOpposed iconoclasm
Tensions between eastern and Tensions between eastern and western Christianitywestern Christianity
Constantinople and Rome: strains Constantinople and Rome: strains mirrored political tensionsmirrored political tensions
Ritual and doctrinal differences, such as Ritual and doctrinal differences, such as iconoclasmiconoclasm
Schism in 1054 – Eastern Orthodox Schism in 1054 – Eastern Orthodox versus Roman Catholicversus Roman Catholic
IV- The influence of Byzantium in IV- The influence of Byzantium in eastern Europeeastern Europe
Domestic problems Domestic problems and foreign pressuresand foreign pressures Generals and local Generals and local
aristocrats allied; new aristocrats allied; new elite class challenged elite class challenged imperial powerimperial power
Western Europe took parts of Western Europe took parts of ByzantiumByzantium
Normans in southern Normans in southern Italy and SicilyItaly and Sicily
Crusaders carved out Crusaders carved out states and sacked states and sacked Constantinople (1204)Constantinople (1204)
Muslim Saljuq Turks invaded Muslim Saljuq Turks invaded Anatolia, defeated Byzantines at Anatolia, defeated Byzantines at Manzikert, (1071)Manzikert, (1071)
Ottoman Turks captured Ottoman Turks captured Constantinople in 1453, the end of Constantinople in 1453, the end of
the empirethe empire
Early relations between Byzantium Early relations between Byzantium and Slavic peoplesand Slavic peoples
Byzantines began to influence Bulgarian Byzantines began to influence Bulgarian politics and culture after the eighth centurypolitics and culture after the eighth century
Cyrillic writing stimulated conversion to Cyrillic writing stimulated conversion to Orthodox ChristianityOrthodox Christianity
Education and religion tied together, led to Education and religion tied together, led to more conversionsmore conversions
Byzantium and RussiaByzantium and Russia
Mid ninth century, Mid ninth century, Russians started to Russians started to organize a large organize a large state: Kievstate: Kiev
The conversion of Prince VladimirThe conversion of Prince Vladimir
Kiev served as conduit for Kiev served as conduit for spread of Byzantine spread of Byzantine culture and religionculture and religion
Cyrillic writing and Cyrillic writing and literature and Orthodox literature and Orthodox missions spread missions spread Byzantine cultureByzantine culture
Byzantine art and Byzantine art and architecture dominated architecture dominated Kiev: icons and onion Kiev: icons and onion domesdomes
Princes established caesaropapist Princes established caesaropapist control of Russian Orthodox churchcontrol of Russian Orthodox church
Russian culture flourishes from Russian culture flourishes from eleventh centuryeleventh century
Moscow claimed to Moscow claimed to be world’s “third be world’s “third Rome“Rome“
Sent out many Sent out many missionaries from missionaries from sixteenth century onsixteenth century on
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