the cell all living things are composed of cells all living things are composed of cells all cells...
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The CellThe Cell
All Living things are composed of All Living things are composed of cellscells All Cells have/contain the following:All Cells have/contain the following: Cell Membrane - Lipid BilayerCell Membrane - Lipid Bilayer - Separates inside from outside - Separates inside from outside
CytoplasmCytoplasm CytoplasmCytoplasm - everything but - everything but
DNA/NucleusDNA/Nucleus
Two Cell typesTwo Cell types
ProkaryoticProkaryotic Cells Cells 1.1. Primitive cells – include bacteriaPrimitive cells – include bacteria 2.2. No nucleusNo nucleus
3.3. No Membrane-bound organellesNo Membrane-bound organelles
4.4. Very Small 1-10 micrometersVery Small 1-10 micrometers
5.5. Single Strand of Circular “naked” DNASingle Strand of Circular “naked” DNA
6.6. Contain Contain RibosomesRibosomes
Typical Prokaryotic Typical Prokaryotic CellCell
EukaryoticEukaryotic CellsCells
EukaryoticEukaryotic Cells Cells
1.1. 1.1. Contain a Contain a NucleusNucleus which protects DNA / which protects DNA / ChromosomesChromosomes
2.2. 2.2. Much larger than prokaryotic cellsMuch larger than prokaryotic cells
3.3. 3.3. Have many different types of Have many different types of Membrane boundMembrane bound organellesorganelles - - compartmentalization = efficiencycompartmentalization = efficiency
Eukaryotic CellsEukaryotic Cells
Animal Animal Eukaryotic CellEukaryotic Cell
Plant Eukaryotic Plant Eukaryotic CellCell
OrganellesOrganelles
Membrane-Bound organelles only Membrane-Bound organelles only found in found in EukaryotesEukaryotes
Localize Chemical Reactions Localize Chemical Reactions making the cell far more efficientmaking the cell far more efficient
Major Organelles of the Eukaryotic CellMajor Organelles of the Eukaryotic Cell
The The NucleusNucleus ““eukaryotic” means “true eukaryotic” means “true
nucleus”nucleus” Contains & protects the Contains & protects the
cell’s DNAcell’s DNA Helps coordinate the Helps coordinate the
division of cellsdivision of cells Surrounded by a Surrounded by a Nuclear Nuclear
EnvelopeEnvelope Envelope is double Envelope is double
layered with layered with an an Inner & Inner & Outer membraneOuter membrane
Has perforations called Has perforations called Nuclear PoresNuclear Pores which which allow large molecules to allow large molecules to pass in/out of the nucleuspass in/out of the nucleus
Contains a Contains a NucleolusNucleolus RibosomesRibosomes are made in are made in
this regionthis region Contains DNA packaged in Contains DNA packaged in
structures called structures called chromosomeschromosomes ChromosomChromosom
eses
MitochondrMitochondriaia
Serves as the Serves as the “powerhouse “powerhouse of the cell” by of the cell” by generating generating chemical chemical energyenergy Has it’s own Has it’s own
DNA*DNA* Can divide on Can divide on
its own*its own*
Chloroplasts (Plant Cell Only)Chloroplasts (Plant Cell Only) Is the “cell’s farm” - Is the “cell’s farm” -
meaning food is meaning food is generated here.generated here.
Does this by Does this by photosynthesisphotosynthesis - - the conversion of the conversion of COCO22, H, H22O and O and
sunlight into sugarsunlight into sugar Contain Contain
ChlorophyllChlorophyll - a - a green pigment - green pigment - which does thiswhich does this
Has it’s own DNA*Has it’s own DNA* Can divide on its Can divide on its
own*own*
Ribosomes
Are NOT Are NOT membrane-bound & membrane-bound & also exist in also exist in prokaryotesprokaryotes
Are used to Are used to manufacture manufacture proteinsproteins
Granular in Granular in appearanceappearance
Often found on Often found on “rough” “rough” endoplasmic endoplasmic reticulumreticulum**
Endoplasmic ReticulumEndoplasmic Reticulum Are folds of Are folds of
membranes used to membranes used to package & modify package & modify proteins made by proteins made by ribosomes. They ribosomes. They also make lipidsalso make lipids
2 types2 types ““RoughRough” - which ” - which
is usually near is usually near nucleus and nucleus and covered with covered with ribosomes giving ribosomes giving it its “rough” it its “rough” appearance. appearance. (Finishes proteins)(Finishes proteins)
““SmoothSmooth” - which ” - which is usually away is usually away from the nucleus from the nucleus (produce lipids)(produce lipids)
Examples of Endoplasmic Examples of Endoplasmic ReticulumReticulum
Smooth ERSmooth ER Rough ERRough ER
Golgi Golgi BodiesBodies
Are the post offices of Are the post offices of the cellthe cell
Modify (address) Modify (address) proteins & lipids and proteins & lipids and send them in send them in packages (packages (vessiclesvessicles) ) throughout (or out of) throughout (or out of) the cell.the cell.
LysosomesLysosomes Small Vessicles
which serve to digest particles and clean-up cells
Contain Lysozyme – a powerful digestive enzyme
Digests food particles
Destroys worn-out organelles
Self-Destructs worn-out cells
CentriolesCentrioles(Animal Cell (Animal Cell Only)Only)
Serve as Serve as construction/organization construction/organization points for cellular points for cellular microtubulesmicrotubules
Organize and transfer Organize and transfer chromosomes and other chromosomes and other organelles during Meiosis & organelles during Meiosis & MitosisMitosis
Occur in some prokaryotes, Occur in some prokaryotes, protists & animals. Do not protists & animals. Do not occur with fungi and plantsoccur with fungi and plants
Tube like structures usually Tube like structures usually at right angles to each at right angles to each other.other.
Some animals have Some animals have centriole-like structures at centriole-like structures at the base of flagella called the base of flagella called basal bodiesbasal bodies..
TonoplastTonoplast(water vacuole)(water vacuole)(plant cells only)(plant cells only)
Large HLarge H22O / Lipid / O / Lipid /
waste storage tankwaste storage tank Provides pressure Provides pressure
((Turgor pressureTurgor pressure) to ) to maintain cell maintain cell structurestructure
Cell WallCell Wall Provides support / Provides support /
protection for protection for plant cellplant cell
Two layers of cell Two layers of cell wallwall Primary Cell Primary Cell
WallWall – Outer – – Outer – CelluloseCellulose only only
Secondary Cell Secondary Cell WallWall – Inner – – Inner – Cellulose & Cellulose & LigninLignin
Cell membrane is Cell membrane is innermost layerinnermost layer
CytoskeletonCytoskeleton Network of fibers Network of fibers
which help organize which help organize the internal the internal arrangement within arrangement within cells.cells.
Three basic types of Three basic types of fibers compose fibers compose cytoskeleton:cytoskeleton: Actin FilamentsActin Filaments
• Thinnest fibers ~7nMThinnest fibers ~7nM• Formed from protein Formed from protein
ActinActin MicrotubulesMicrotubules
• Largest component Largest component of cytoskeleton ~25 of cytoskeleton ~25 nMnM
• Formed from protein Formed from protein TubulinTubulin
Intermediate Intermediate filamentsfilaments
• Intermediate in size Intermediate in size and can varyand can vary
• Form from several Form from several proteins inluding proteins inluding vimentinvimentin & & keratinkeratin
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