the beatles and the british invasion
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1964– 1966
The Beatles and the British Invasion
chapter 4
British pop between 1964 and 1966 American business taken by surprise in
early 1964 by the Beatles An American fad for British music
ensued Two important strains of the story
• Chronicle of British pop• Influence of British pop on American pop
British pop from WWII to 1963
• Prior to 1964 British music was considered inferior in America
• In contrast, American Culture was interesting to Britons
– Result of American involvement in WWII
• British labels licensed music from American independents
– Facilitated the spread of American black pop
British pop from WWII to 1963
• History of British interest in American music includes folk and jazz
– “Trad” jazz
– Skiffle
– Cliff Richard, early rock
Lonnie Donegan
The Beatles, 1960-1962
• Early years
– Formed out of the skiffle-based Quarrymen
– Among the first generation of musicians who listened to rock as youth
– Began performing live actively in 1960
The Beatles, 1960-1962
• Hamburg– Played six and seven hour evenings
– Refined performing skills and repertoire
Beatles at the Cavern Club, 1961
The Beatles, 1960-1962
• Liverpool– Played at the Cavern nearly 300 times through 1962
– Met future manager Brian Epstein in 1961
– Secured Parlophone recording contract in 1962
– First single (“Love Me Do”) goes to 17 on British charts
Beatles at the Cavern Club, 1963
The Beatles, 1960-1962
• Influences
– Beatles learned from cover songs performed in early period
– Songs performed at Star Club and BBC, 1962-1965
• American pop dominates
• Elvis, Chuck Berry, Little Richard, Carl Perkins, Lieber and Stoller, Spector, Motown
The Beatles 1963-1966
• Success in England in 1963
– Two high-profile television performances
– Four consecutive hits
– Led wave of British-based hits in England
Beatles on the Ed Sullivan Show
The Beatles 1963-1966
• Success in America in 1964
– Performed on Ed Sullivan in February
– 30 Top Ten pop hits between 1964 and 1966
– All studio albums went to number 1 in both UK and U.S.
– Feature films
• Hard Day’s Night (1964)
• Help! (1965)
– Controversy over “bigger than Jesus” remark in 1966
– Final public concert in San Francisco, August 1966
The Beatles 1963-1966
• Musical development, 1964-1966– Imitated and extended American models in early
music
– Used songwriting techniques from Brill Building, 1963-1964
• Found variety in solving compositional “problems”
• “I Want To Hold Your Hand”
– Moved from craft to artistic approach, 1964-1966• Experimented with studio effects, stylistic juxtapositions,
and timbre, and structure
• “Tomorrow Never Knows”
The Beatles 1963-1966
– Importance of lyrics• Teenage love in early years
• Unconventional in later music– Self-confidence
– Sexual frustration
– Alienation
– Stylistic range• Widens in 1965 with “Help!”
• Novel instrumentation
• Stylistic eclecticism
The British Invasion
• Beatles led the surge of British music in the United States in 1964
– Groups were British, played guitars, and had long hair
• Broad stylistic range
• Had many hits on the U.S. charts between 1964 and 1966
– Two strains modeled after Beatles and Stones
The British Invasion (Beatles-type)
– Charming, cute, friendly– First wave, 1964
• Gerry and the Pacemakers
• Dave Clark Five
• Billy J. Kramer and the Dakotas
• Searchers
Gerry and the Pacemakers
The British Invasion (Beatles-type)
– Second wave, 1965• Herman’s Hermits
• Freddy and the Dreamers
• Hollies
The British Blues Revival (Stones-Type)
• Bad boys, in contrast to the Beatles-type image
• Followed the lead of the Rolling Stones
• Drew on tradition of Chicago electric blues from 1950s
• Spawned a wave of enthusiasm for collecting and performing American blues
Rolling Stones, Zurich, 1967
The British Blues Revival (Stones-Type)
• Rolling Stones, 1962-1966
– Formed by guitarist Brian Jones as a blues band
– Managed by Andrew Loog Oldham and Eric Easton, 1963
– Started move toward pop in 1963
– Early recordings
• Covered songs by American artists
• “I Wanna Be Your Man” by Lennon and McCartney
• Jagger and Richards achieve success as songwriters in 1964
– Did not achieve widespread success in America until 1965
– Preferred contrasting verse-chorus rather than AABA
The British Blues Revival (Stones-Type)
• Yardbirds
– Guitarists included Eric Clapton, Jeff Beck, and Jimmy Page
– Used studio musicians on early records
– Recorded in Chicago at Chess
Yardbirds
The British Blues Revival (Stones-Type)
• Animals
– Reputation from wild stage act
– “House of the Rising Sun” (1964)
– Bassist Chas Chandler became manager for Jimi Hendrix in 1966
• Spencer Davis Group
Animals (Eric Burdon)
The British Blues Revival
• Other British groups did not fit into Beatles/Stones categories
– Kinks
• Formed in 1963
• Aggressive pop approach
– “You Really Got Me” (1964)
• Mirrored the Beatles move into artistic songwriting, 1965
The Kinks
The British Blues Revival
– Who • Not influential until the late 1960s
• Never made the U.S. Top 40 during the mid-1960s
• Representative of the Mod subculture in London
The Who, 1967
Transformation of American Popular Music
• Rise of the Beatles transformed popular music
– Opened doors for British acts within the UK
– Opened new opportunities for British acts outside the UK
• British Invasion established a cross fertilization between U.S. and UK
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