the baby owner's manual: operating instructions, trouble-shooting tips, and advice on...

Copyright©2003,2012byQuirkProductions,Inc.

Secondedition2012.Illustrationscopyright©2003,2012byHeadcaseDesignAllrightsreserved.Nopartofthisbookmaybereproducedinanyformwithoutwrittenpermissionfromthepublisher.

LibraryofCongressCataloginginPublicationNumber:2012900532

eISBN:978-1-59474609-3

DesignedbyPaulKeppleandJudeBuffum@HeadcaseDesignProductionmanagementbyJohnJ.McGurkQuirkBooks215ChurchStreetPhiladelphia,PA19106quirkbooks.com

v3.1_r1

Contents

CoverTitlePageCopyright

WELCOMETOYOURNEWBABYTheBaby:DiagramandPartsListTheHeadTheBody

CHAPTER1:PREPARATIONANDHOMEINSTALLATIONPreparingtheHomeConfiguringtheBaby’sNurseryTheCribTheChangingStation/DresserOtherNurseryItems

EssentialBabyAccessoriesEssentialTransportationAccessoriesCarriersStrollersCarSeatsInstallingaCarSeat

GettingtoKnowtheBaby’sServiceProvider

CHAPTER2:GENERALCAREBondingwiththeNewBabyHandlingtheNewBabyPickingUptheBabyTheCradleHoldTheShoulderHoldPassingtheBaby

HoldingaCrawlingBabyTheHipHoldThePotato-SackHold

Crying:TroubleshootingtheBaby’sAudioCues

ComfortingtheBabySwaddlingtheBabyQuickWrapBurritoRoll

SelectingandInstallingaPacifierNaturalPacifierArtificialPacifier

MassagingtheBabyPlayingwiththeBabyMusicGamesStrengtheningGamesSelectingToyAccessoriesToysforMonth1ToysforMonths2to6ToysforMonths7to12

CHAPTER3:FEEDING:UNDERSTANDINGTHEBABY’SPOWERSUPPLYProgrammingtheBaby’sFeedingScheduleGaugingtheBaby’sFeeding,Month1GaugingtheBaby’sFeeding,Months2Through6GaugingtheBaby’sFeeding,Months7Through12

DemandFeedingversusFlexible-ScheduledFeedingBreastMilkversusFormula:SelectingtheBaby’sFoodSourceBreastfeedingtheBabyTheBasicsofBreastfeedingEssentialBreastfeedingAccessoriesHowtoEataGoodNursingDietBreastfeedingPositionsCradleHoldTheFootballHoldLyingDownBreastfeedinginPublic

LatchingOnAlternatingBreastsandProperFeedingFrequency

BottleFeedingCleaningBottlesStoringBreastMilk

WarmingStoredBreastMilkFormula-FeedingtheBabySelectingFormulaWarmingMixableFormulaPreparingFormulaontheGo

Bottle-FeedingtheBabyBurpingtheBabyTheShoulderBurpTheSitUpBurp

EliminatingMiddle-of-the-NightFeedingsIntroducingtheBabytoSolidFoodEssentialSolid-FoodFeedingEquipmentFeedingtheBabySolidFoodPreparingtheBabyforSelf-FeedingSixFoodstoAvoid

WeaningtheBaby

CHAPTER4:PROGRAMMINGSLEEPMODEConfiguringtheBaby’sSleepingSpaceBassinetCribYourBed

UnderstandingSleepModeUnderstandingSleepCyclesAdvancedApplication:TheSleepCycleTest

UsingaSleepChartActivatingSleepModeUser-ActivatedSleepModeUnit-ActivatedSleepMode(Version1.0)Unit-ActivatedSleepMode(Version2.0)

ProgrammingaDaySleeperintoaNightSleeperUsingSleepModeOutsidetheSleepSpaceStrollerAutomobile

Middle-of-the-NightWakingTransitionalObjectsDealingwithOverstimulation

SleepingMalfunctions

CHAPTER5:GENERALMAINTENANCEUnderstandingandInstallingDiapersEstablishingandConfiguringtheDiaperStationClothversusDisposableDiapersInstallingaDiaperUnderstandingandTreatingDiaperRash

TrackingtheBaby’sWasteFunctionBladderFunctionBowelFunction

CleaningtheBaby“Sponge”BathBasinBathBathtubBathCleaningHairCleaningEars,Nose,andNailsCleaningandBrushingtheBaby’sTeethCleaningBrushing

ShorteningtheBaby’sHairDressingtheBabyProtectingtheBabyfromHeatandColdAvoidingExtremeHeatAvoidingExtremeCold

CHAPTER6:GROWTHANDDEVELOPMENTTrackingtheBaby’sMotorandSensoryApplicationsVisualSensors(Sight)AuditorySensors(Hearing)PropulsionApparatus(Movement)OlfactorySensors(Smell)

TestingtheBaby’sReflexesSuckingReflexRootingReflexMoroReflexPalmarandPlantarGraspReflexesSteppingReflexTonicNeckReflex

DefensiveReflexesFirst-YearMilestones3rdMonthDevelopmentMilestones6thMonthDevelopmentMilestones9thMonthDevelopmentMilestones12thMonthDevelopmentMilestones

DeterminingtheBaby’sPercentileVerbalCommunicationBabyTalkNaturalSpeaking

TheBaby’sMobilityCrawlingPullingUpClimbingWalkingDealingwithFalls

CopingwithSeparationAnxietyCopingwithTantrums

CHAPTER7:SAFETYANDEMERGENCYMAINTENANCEChildproofingtheBaby’sEnvironmentGeneralChildproofingStrategiesKitchenStrategiesBathroomStrategiesBedroomStrategiesLivingRoomStrategiesDiningRoomStrategiesTravelStrategies

AssemblingaBabyFirst-AidKitHeimlichManeuverandCardiopulmonaryResuscitation(CPR)IdentifyingRespiratoryProblemsPerformingtheHeimlichManeuverPerformingCardiopulmonaryResuscitation(CPR)

MeasuringtheBaby’sCoreTemperatureMedicalMaintenanceAsthmaBabyAcneBirthMarksandBirthRashes

BumpsandBruisesChickenpoxCircumcisionCloggedTearDuctColicCongestionConstipationCradleCapCroupCutsDehydrationDiarrheaDrugAllergiesEarInfectionsFeverGasHiccupsInsectBitesandStingsNervousTremorsPinkEyeRefluxTeethingUmbilicalCordStumpVaccinationReactionsVomiting

ProtectingtheBabyfromSuddenInfantDeathSyndrome(SIDS)RecognizingSeriousIllnessMeningitisPneumoniaSeizureRSV

APPENDIXABOUTTHEAUTHORSAbouttheIllustrators

Congratulationsonthearrivalofyournewbaby.

This baby is surprisingly similar to other appliances youmay alreadyown. Like a personal computer, for instance, the baby will require asourceof power to executehermany complicated tasks and functions.Likeaninkjetprinter,thebaby’sheadwillrequirefrequentcleaningsforoptimum performance. And like an automobile, the baby may expel

unpleasantodorsintotheatmosphere.Butthereisonemajordifference:personalcomputers,inkjetprinters,andautomobilesallcomewithinstructionmanuals.Newbornbabiesdonot—hence thebookyouareholding inyourhands.TheBabyOwner’sManual is a comprehensive user’s guide to deriving maximumperformanceandoptimalresultsfromyournewborn.Itisnotnecessarytoreadthisentiremanualcovertocover.Foreaseofuse, thisguidehasbeendivided into sevenseparate sections. Ifyouhaveaquestionorencounteraproblem,justturntoanyofthefollowingchapters:

PREPARATIONANDHOME INSTALLATION (this page) describes thebest ways to anticipate the arrival of the baby. It features usefulinformationontheconfigurationofthebaby’snurseryandtheselectionof transportation accessories (including popular devices known asstrollersandcarriers).

GENERALCARE (thispage) features effective techniques forhandling,holding,andcomfortingthebaby.Italsoillustratescomplexproceduressuch as swaddling and baby massage, and presents toy accessories thatmayenhancethebaby’sintelligence.

FEEDING (this page) offers an in-depth guide to understanding thebaby’s power supply. This chapter includes detailed instructions onbreastfeeding,bottle-feeding,burpingthebaby,andtheintroductionofsolidfood.

PROGRAMMINGSLEEPMODE(thispage)describesproventechniquesfor teaching the baby to sleep through the night. It also includesinstructions on sleep malfunction, dealing with overstimulation, andconfiguringthebaby’ssleepingarea.

GENERAL MAINTENANCE (this page) is important for the safety,sanitation,andwell-beingofallnewbornmodels.Thischapter featuresdetailed instructions on re-installing diapers, cleaning the baby, andshorteningthebaby’shair.

GROWTHANDDEVELOPMENT(thispage)teachestheuserhowtotestbaby reflexes and identify important milestones. This chapter alsoexplains advanced motor and sensory applications, such as crawling,pullingup,andbabytalk.

SAFETY AND EMERGENCY MAINTENANCE (this page) explores thebest ways to childproof the baby’s environment. It also featuresextremely important advice on the Heimlich maneuver andcardiopulmonaryresuscitation,andmonitoringthebaby’shealth.UserscanalsorefertoanA-to-Zguideofminormedicalconditionslikecradlecap,hiccups,andpinkeye.

When used properly, the baby will provide years of love, devotion,and joy.Butunderstandinghowtousethebabytakespractice,so it isimportanttobepatient.Overthenextfewmonths,youmayexperiencefeelings of frustration, incompetence, hopelessness, and despair. Thesefeelingsareallnormal—and,intime,thistooshallpass.Onedayinthenear future, the ideas of changing diapers andwarming a breastmilkbottlewillseemaseasytoyouasbootingupaPCorsettingthealarmon your smartphone. And then you will know that you have trulymasteredbabyownership.Goodluck—andenjoyyournewbaby!

TheBaby:DiagramandPartsList

Virtuallyallcurrentmodelscomepre-installedwith the followingfeaturesandcapabilities.Ifthebabyismissingoneormoreofthefunctions described herein, contact the baby’s service providerimmediately.

TheHead

Head: May initially appear unusually large or even cone-shaped,depending on model and delivery option. A cone-shaped head willbecomemoreroundedafterfourtoeightweeks.

Circumference: The average head circumference of allmodels is 13.8inches(35cm).Anymeasurementbetween12.9and14.7inches(32–37cm)isconsiderednormal.

Hair:Notavailableupondeliverywitheverymodel.Tintmayvary.

Fontanels (Anterior and Posterior): Also known as “soft spots.”Fontanels are two gaps in the baby’s skull where the bones have notgrowntogether.Neverapplypressuretothefontanels.Theyshouldsealcompletelybytheendofthefirstyear(orsoonafter).

Eyes:MostCaucasianmodelsaredeliveredwithblueorgrayeyes,whileAfrican and Asian models are usually delivered with brown eyes. Beawarethatthepigmentationoftheirismaychangeseveraltimesduringthefirstfewmonths.Thebabywillautomaticallysettleonaneyecolorbytheageofninetotwelvemonths.

Neck: Upon arrival, this feature may appear “useless.” This is not adefect.Theneckwillbecomemoreusefulintwotofourmonths.

TheBody

Skin: The baby’s skinmay be exceptionally sensitive to the chemicalsfound in new (unwashed) garments. The skinmay react poorly to thechemicals in ordinary laundry detergent. Consider switching to afragrance-free, chemical-free detergent for all of the laundry in thehousehold.

Umbilical Stump: This appendage will become scabbed and, afterseveral weeks, will fall off. It must be kept clean and dry to avoidinfectionandtoformahealthynavel(seethispage).

Rectum:Thisisthesiteofthebaby’ssolidwasteoutput.Athermometerplaced in this port will measure the baby’s core temperature, whichshouldbeapproximately98.6degreesFahrenheit(37°C)(seethispage).

Genitals:Itisnormalforthebaby’sgenitalstoappearslightlyenlarged.Thishasnoreflectiononthefuturesizeorshapeofthebaby’sgenitals.

Fuzz:Manymodelscomepre-installedwithlanugo,adownycoatingofhairontheshouldersorback.Thiscoatingwilldisappearwithinafewweeks.

Weight:Theaveragemodelweighs7.5pounds(3.4kg)ondelivery.Themajorityweighbetween5.5and10pounds(2.5–4.5kg).

Length:Theaveragemodelis20inches(51cm)longondelivery.Themajorityarebetween18and22inches(45–56cm)long.

PreparingtheHome

A newborn baby has limited mobility, so there is no immediateneedtochildprooftheenvironment(seethispage).However, it isrecommendedthatyoumakethefollowingpreparationsbeforethe

baby’sarrival.

[1]Finishanyhomeimprovementprojectswellinadvanceofdelivery.Thedemandsof anewborn candelay the completionof theseprojectsforyearsorevendecades.

[2] Adjust and monitor the house temperature. During the first fewmonthsoflife,thebabywillneedhelpregulatinginternaltemperature.The optimal home temperature for a newborn is 68–72 degreesFahrenheit(20–22°C).

[3]Cleanthehomethoroughly.Putobjectsawaywhenyouarefinishedwiththem.Cleanthekitchenaftermeals.Thedeliveryofthebabymaybeasurprise.Itishelpfultobeprepared.

[4] Increase your food supply. Fill the pantry with dry goods.Accumulate frozen late-night snacks.Onceyouownababy,navigatingtheaislesofagrocerystorewillbeinfinitelymorecomplicated.

[5] Pre-cookmeals. By cooking meals in advance and freezing them,youwillhaveanamplesourceoffoodthatcanlastforweeksafterthebaby’sarrival.

EXPERTTIP:Inthefinalfourweeksbeforethebaby’sarrival,neverletthegastankintheautomobiledipbelowhalf-full.

ConfiguringtheBaby’sNurseryMostuserswill choose to keep thebaby in a special roomofherown. This room is usually referred to as a nursery. It is highlyrecommendedthatyouconfigurethenurserybeforeyourmodelisdelivered. Organization is critical because you may need to findobjectsandtoolsatamoment’snotice.

TheCrib

The crib is themost important object in the nursery. Its locationshouldbesafe,comfortable,andaccessible—inthatorder.

Safe: The crib should be away from windows, heat/air conditioningducts, radiators, loose-hanging items such as curtain cords, and heavyobjectssuchasframedpicturesorlamps.Thecribshouldrestatopasoftcarpetorthrowrug.

Comfortable:Thebabymighthaveanincreasedsenseofsecurityifthecribislocatedinthecornerofaroom.Thecribshouldnotbeplacedindirectsunlight.

Accessible:Theidealcribisvisiblefromthedoortotheroom,souserscanmonitorthebaby’sstatusataglance.

Formoreinformationonselectingtheidealcrib,seethispage.

TheChangingStation/Dresser

The changing station—which also comes in the form of acombinationchangingstation/dresser—isaflatsurface,aboutwaisthigh, that aids in performing diaper removal and reinstallation.Like the crib, an effective changing station will be safe,comfortable, and accessible, andwill be configured so that all ofyourchangingsuppliesarewithinreach.

CAUTION:Never leave the baby unattended on a changing station.Thismayleadtoseriousinjuryand/ormalfunction.

Safe:Acrawlingbabymaygrabthe faceof thechangingstation inanattempttopullherselfuptoastandingposition.Byfasteningthestationtothewallwithsafetybrackets,youcanensureitsuprightposition.Thechanging station shouldnotbeplacednear radiators, curtain cords, orotherhazards.

Comfortable:Manyuserswilllayafoamchangingpadonthechanging

station’s surface to cushion the baby and increase her comfort level.These changing pads are usually accompanied by fitted rubber sheetsandcanbecoveredwithcottonsheets.

Accessible:Theidealchangingstationlocationiswithinanarm’slengthofextrasupplies,extraclothes,awastedisposal,andalaundryhamper.

OtherNurseryItems

RockerorChair: Place this object in the cornerof the room to avoidwastingvaluableplayspace.Onasmalltablebesidetherocker,storeasoftclothforburping,alampwithadimmer,abooktoread,aclocktotimefeedings,andawarmblanket.

ToyChest: If space is limited, consider a low toy chest that can slideunderthebaby’scrib.

Humidifier:Ifyoukeepahumidifierinthenursery,placeitatleastfourfeetfromthecrib.Mistonthecribmayallowbacteriatogrow.

Thermostat: It is recommended that users have a thermostat in thenursery, since different rooms of a home often have differenttemperatures.Theidealtemperatureforthebaby’snurseryis68degreesFahrenheit(20°C).

SpaceHeater: Ifyouhaveaspaceheater in thenursery,keep itawayfromthecribandall flammablematerials.Donot leaveaspaceheateronunattended.

SleepMonitor: This device can be used to monitor the baby’s audiooutput or sleep mode functionality from anywhere in the house. Thetransmitter isusually leftonatall timesandshouldbeplacednearanelectricaloutlet.Avoidusingextensioncordsifpossible.

Nightlight:Placeasmallnightlightnearorbelowthebaby’scrib,outofthebaby’slineofvision.

EssentialBabyAccessoriesAll models require a wide range of accessories, from sleepingsupplies to grooming equipment. Listed below are the mostessential accessories required during the baby’s first month. It isrecommended that you purchasemost of these items before yourmodelisdelivered.

SLEEPINGSUPPLIES2setsoffittedcriborbassinetsheets4–6receivingblanketscribbumper

CHANGINGSUPPLIESwipes,alcoholfreebarriercreamdiapercreamlotioncottonswabs36–60clothdiaperswithsixpinsandsixover-pantsOR1–2packagesofnewborndisposablediapers

FEEDINGSUPPLIES6–12burpcloths2nursingbras4nursingpadslanolinointment4–64-ounce(118ml)bottlesandnewbornnipplesnippleshieldsbreastpumpwithstoragebottlesandbags(optionalORone-weeksupplyofnewbornformula(optional)

CLOTHINGSUPPLIES5–7one-pieceundershirts3–5one-pieceshirt/pantsuits3–5one-pieceflame-retardantpajamas3–5flame-retardantnightshirts3–5pairsofsocksno-scratchhandmittens2–3hatsfleecesuit,sweater,andcoat(dependingonclimate)

BATHINGANDGROOMINGSUPPLIES

smallplasticbathtub2–3hoodedtowels2–3washclothsbabybathsoapbabyshampoogroomingkitwithnailclippersnasalbulb

EssentialTransportationAccessoriesBabyownersrequirespecialaccessoriestotransportthebaby.Usethefollowingguidelinestoselectequipmentthatsuitsyourcurrentlifestyle.

Carriers

A carrier allows users to carry the baby on their person with areduced amount of effort. Consider your comfort as well as thebaby’s;ifyoudonotenjoywearingthecarrier,youarenotlikelytouseit.

FrontPack(Fig.A):Thiscarrier—consistingofshoulderstrapsfortheuserandaharnessforthebaby—allowsthebabytobesupportedontheuser’s chest. The baby should ride “face-in” until she has developedadequate neck strength. Front packs can accommodate babies up toapproximatelyagesixmonths.

Sling/Wrap(Fig.B):Thesecarriers—usuallymadeofsoftcotton,nylon,or Lycra—strap over one shoulder or wrap around a user’s torso andmay be used for infants and older babies. Slings and/or wraps canaccommodatebabiesuptoandbeyondtwelvemonths.

Backpack(Fig.C):Thiscarrier—usuallyametalorplastic framewithsoftcottonornylonpadding—allowsthebabytorideontheuser’sback.The baby will need substantial neck and back strength to ride in abackpack; they are not recommended for models younger than six to

ninemonths.Chooseanadjustablemodelthatincludesasunshadeandstoragepockets.

Strollers

AstrollerallowsuserstomovethebabyoncastersfrompointAtopoint B. Before selecting one, consider its durability, versatility,size, weight, and cost. All primary users should “test drive” thestrollerbeforepurchasingit.Look for the following features when selecting a stroller: five-

point harness, storage pockets, cup holders, sun guard, seatpadding, rain cover, multi-position front wheels, multi-positionseatbacks,shockabsorbers,andsturdyplastic(ordurableair-tube)wheels.

CarSeats

To transport the baby in an automobile, you need a car seatcustom-designedforthebaby’ssize.Mostnewbornsarecompatiblewithtwodifferenttypesofcarseats:theinfantseatandtheinfant-toddler convertible.Eachhas itsownbenefits.Regardlessofyourselection,readtheseatmanualcarefullyandbesuretoinstallthe

seatproperly(seethispage).

Look for the following features: a five-point safety harness, newbornhead support, adjustable seat belt, retractable sunshade, comfortablecushioning, and (for convertible seats only) a seat-to-car tether. If youhaveanyconcerns,callthemanufacturer.

InfantSeat(Fig.A):Theprimarybenefitoftheinfantseatisthatitcanberemovedfromtheautomobilewiththebabyinit.Itcanlinktomoststandardandframelessstrollers(seethispage),andisdesignedtocloselikeaclamshellintheeventofanaccident.Unfortunately,afullyloadedinfant seat weighs nearly 30 pounds (13 kg) and will require safetycheckseachtimeyouplaceitintheautomobile.Theseatwillneedtobereplacedwhenthebabygrowslargerthan20to25pounds(9–11kg),orwhensheexceedsalengthof26inches(66cm).

Infant-Toddler Convertible (Fig. B): Larger than the infant seat, theinfant-toddlerconvertiblewill lastuntil thebaby isapproximately fourtofiveyearsold.Becausethisseat isnotdesignedtoberemovedfromthe automobile, you will need additional carriers upon reaching yourdestination.

EXPERTTIP: In general, it is unsafe to purchase a used car seat.Safetyregulationschangefrequently,andoldmodelsmaybeobsolete.Ifthepre-ownedcarseatwasever inacaraccident, itmaynolongerfunctionatpeakcapacity.

InstallingaCarSeat

By law in theUnitedStates, allbabymodelsmustbe safely restrainedwhen riding in an automobile. Until the baby is 12 months old andweighs 20 pounds (9 kg), she must be seated facing the rear of thevehicle.Whenpossible,positionthebabyinthecenterofthebackseat.

[1]Alwaysdefer to thecar seatmanufacturer’s instructions.Theywillprovide contact information if you are having difficulty with theinstallation.

[2] Obey safety standards. The seat should not be in the path of anairbag or facing a fold-down rear seat armrest. Front automobile seatsshouldneverreclineagainsttheinfantseat;intheeventofanaccident,thiswillpreventthedevicefromsealingshut.

[3]Usetwopeopletoensureasecurefitwheninstallingtheseat.Onepersoncanrestakneeonthecarseat,forcingitdown,whiletheotherpersontightenstheseatbelts.

[4]Performsafetychecks.Thecarseatshouldnotmovemorethanoneinchforward,backward,orside-to-side.Beltsshouldbeinstalledintheproper notches. Attach a locking clip if necessary. The seat shouldreclineattheproperangle(about45degrees).

[5] Check the seat’s harness straps. They should be flat (not twisted),snuglysecure,andfirmlyattachedatsnappoints.

[6] Support the baby’s head. Use the seat’s head support or wrap atowelaroundthe topandsideof thebaby’shead.Besure this supportdoesnotinterferewiththeseat’sstraps.

[7]Checktheseat’sstabilityandsafetyonaregularbasis.

EXPERT TIP:Many hospitals, fire stations, and retailers of babymerchandise will inspect and confirm proper car seat installation free of

charge.

GettingtoKnowtheBaby’sServiceProviderAllmodelswillrequiretheassistanceofaserviceproviderknownas a pediatrician. Set up a face-to-face interviewwith the serviceprovider.Consideraskingthefollowingquestions:

What is your child rearing philosophy? Some service providersmayhavespecificphilosophies,whileothersmaybeopentomultipleviews.Know which philosophy your provider subscribes to, and how it issimilartoordifferentfromyourown.

Will you see the baby every time we have an appointment? Somehospitalsorclinicshavemultipleserviceprovidersonstaff. Inan idealsituation,youwillseethesameserviceprovideroneveryvisit.

Who will treat the baby if you are unavailable? It is normal for aservice provider to have associates work for him or her from time totime.Itisalsonormalforyoutoaskabouttheirqualifications.

Doyouschedulewell-childandsick-childvisitsatdifferenttimes?Doyouhaveseparatewaitingroomsforwellandsickchildren?Thiswilllimitthebaby’sexposuretosickchildren.

What are your office hours? This is particularly important if bothparentsworkfulltime.Someserviceprovidershaveflexiblehours.

Isthereaspecifichourthatyoudevotetophonecalls,ordoyoutakecalls throughout the day? Most service providers will do one or theother. Understanding this policy from the beginning will preventconfusionandfrustrationinthelongrun.

Doesyournurseorassistantgiveshots?Mostmodelswillcometofearthepersonwhogivesthemshots.Itispreferableiftheserviceproviderhasanurseorassistantperformthistask.

IntheUnitedStates,whereuserscanchoosetheirserviceprovidersfromawidepool, it is recommended that you setup interviewswith a fewdoctors who accept your insurance. Secure recommendations fromfriends, family, and co-workers. Choose a service providerwithwhomyoufeelmostcomfortable,basedontheinterview.

BondingwiththeNewBaby

It is recommended that users bond with the baby shortly afterdelivery. Often, this bond will develop instantaneously. In othercases,thebabyandtheuserwillrequirealittlemoretime.Notwobaby models are alike, and there is no right or wrong way forbondingtooccur.However,ifyoudonotfeelbondedwiththebabyafter threeto fourweeks, it isrecommendedthatyoudiscuss thisissuewiththebaby’sserviceprovider.

[1]Feel, see,andsmell thebabyat the firstopportunity. If thebaby’shealth allows, ask the nurse,midwife, or doctor to place the baby onyourchestimmediatelyafterdelivery.

[2]Motherswhochoosetobreastfeedshoulddosoassoonaspossible(see this page).Breastfeeding releaseshormones thathelp contract theuterus, limitingpostpartumbleeding.Thephysical act of breastfeedingmayalsoacceleratethegrowthofthebondbetweenmotherandchild.The breastmilk provides innumerable health benefits to the baby (seethispage).

[3]Keepthebabywithyou.Ifthebaby’shealthallows,arrangetokeepthe baby in your room. Speak or sing to her. She may recognize thesoundofyourvoice.

CAUTION:Takeyourtime.Somemotherswillneedtotakethesestepsslowly.Ifyouneedtorecoverfromthetraumaofthedeliverybeforekeepingconstantcontactwiththenewborn,doso.Itisimportantforthemotherandthebaby tobe together—but it isevenmore important for themother tobeready.Nurses,otherparents,orfamilymembersmaysupervisethebabywhilethemotherrecovers.

HandlingtheNewBabyAlways wash your hands before handling the baby. Human skincontainsbacteriathat,whentransferredtothebaby,cancausehimto function improperly. If you do not have access to soap andwater,disinfectyourhandswithababywipe.

PickingUptheBaby

[1] Slide one hand under the baby’s neck and head to support them(Fig.A).Inthefirstweeks,thebaby’sneckhasminimalfunction.Untilitstrengthens,handlethebabywithcaretopreventundesirable“flopping”ofthehead.

[2]Slideyourotherhandunderhisbottomandspine(Fig.B).

[3]Liftthebabyclosetoyourbody(Fig.C).

CAUTION:When laying the baby down, always support the baby’shead with your hands, and ensure that the surface you put him on willsupporthisheadandneck.

TheCradleHold

Bycradling thebabywithhisheadon the left sideofyourbody,youwillexposehisearstoanaudiblerhythmicthumpingproducedbyyourheart.Uponreceivingthissignal,thebabyislikelytoentersleep mode (see this page). This is considered normal—and, formanyusers,desirable.(Theholdcanalsobeperformedontherightside.)

[1] Place your right hand under the baby’s head and neck. Your lefthandshouldsupportthebaby’sbottomandspine(Fig.A).

[2] Guide the baby’s head and neck into the crook of your left arm.Yourrighthandisnowfreetoperformothertasks,whileyourlefthandsupportsthebaby(Fig.B).

[3]Foramoresecurehold,tuckyourrightarmunderyourleftarm.

TheShoulderHold

Thisposition is ideal fornewbabyowners.However,as thebabyages,hemaynolongerenjoybeingheldinthismanner.

[1]Raisethebabysohisheadrestsonthefrontofyourshoulder.Hisheadshouldnotbehangingoveryourshoulder(Fig.A).

[2]Use the crook of your arm to support the baby’s bottom.His legswillhangbelowthisarm.

[3]Foramoresecurehold,keepyourfreehandonthebaby’sback(Fig.B).Ifyoumustleanforwardatanypoint,supportthebaby’sheadandneck.

PassingtheBaby

During the baby’s first twomonths of life, the immune system isextremelyfragile.It isrecommendedthatyoulimitthenumberofvisitors during this period. Before passing the baby to anotherperson,besurethispersonhaswashedhisorherhands.Whenoneuserwishes topass thebabyoff toanother,orwhen

friends and family come to visit, use the following techniques tokeepthebabysafe.

[1]Useonehandtosupportthebaby’sheadandneck.Yourotherhandshouldsupportthebaby’sbottomandspine.

[2]Havetheotherpersoncrosshisorherarms.

[3]Setthebaby’sheadandneckinthecrookofonearm.Instructtheotherpersontosupportthebaby’shead(Fig.A).

[4]Placethebaby’sbodyintothecrossedarms(Fig.B).

HoldingaCrawlingBabyCrawling babies, generally older than six months, will weighconsiderably more than when first delivered. The added weightrenderspreviousholdingmethodsobsolete.Ifthebabyiscrawling,themusclesinthehead,neck,andbackhavestrengthened,makingnewholdingpositionsviable.

TheHipHold

[1]Reachyourarmaroundthebaby,acrossherbackandunderbothofherarmpits(Fig.A).

[2]Placeyourfreehandonthebaby’sbottom(Fig.B).

[3] Raise the baby to hip-level on the same side as the arm that issupportingherback(Fig.C).

[4]Setthebabyonyourhip.Manyusersneedtoangletheirbodiessothehipsticksout,providingadditionalsurfaceareaforthebabytoreston. The baby should be straddling your sidewith one leg in the frontandonelegintheback(Fig.D).

[5]Holdyourarmacrossthebaby’sshoulderblades.Ifthebabygrabsontoyou,youmayloweryourarmacrossherlowerback.

ThePotato-SackHold

Use thishold for short-distance transfers. Since it requires you toholdthebabyhorizontally,mostbabieswillnottolerateitforlongperiodsoftime.

[1]Approachthebabyfrombehind.

[2]Slideyourdominantarmunderthebaby,betweenherlegsandupto the front, bending your elbow as necessary. Rest your hand on herchest(Fig.A).

[3]Placeyourotherhandonherbacktostabilizeheronyourarm(Fig.B).

[4]Liftthebabyandtuckherintoyourside.Yournon-dominanthandshouldcontinuetostabilizethebaby(Fig.C).

Crying:TroubleshootingtheBaby’sAudioCuesThebaby’saudiooutput system includes two lungs,vocal chords,and a mouth. The baby will use these features to communicate.Sincemostmodelsdonotcomewithverbal language facilitypre-installed,yourmodel’sfirstattemptsatcommunicationmaysoundmeaningless. This is a commonmisconception among new users.These audio cues, called cries, often contain a great deal ofinformationforusers.Ababywillcryifhisdiaperiswetorsoiled,andifheishungry,toohotortoocold,tired,gassy,inneedofloveorcomfort,orsick.Somemodelsmaycrytohearthesoundoftheirownvoices.When

yourmodelcries,thepitchandfrequencyofthecryprovidecluestothemeaning.Differentcausescantriggerdifferenttypesofcries.Whenthesourceofacryhasbeendetermined,usersshouldmakeamentalnoteofthetypeofcry,sothatfuturecriesofthattypecanbeimmediatelyunderstood.

Wetor SoiledDiaper: The user’s olfactory system should sensewhenthebaby’sdiaper is soiled,or it canbemanually checkedby insertingonefingerandfeelingforwetness.Reinstallthediaperasnecessary(seethispage)andseeifcryingceases.

Hungry: The baby might feel hungry between seven and ten times aday.Offer food to thebaby.Hemay require amoment to quiet downbeforeeating.Ifcryingceases,hungerwastheprobablecause.

TooHotorTooCold:Mostmodelsaremorelikelytocrywhentheyaretoocoldratherthantoohot.Thebaby’sinternaltemperaturemayrise,butthereisnoalertsysteminplacetowarntheuser.Checkthestatusofthe baby’s clothing and adjust accordingly. Carefully monitor otherexternal signs to determine if the baby may be too hot. Check forflushed,clammyskin.Donotoverdressthebaby.

Tired: The baby might rub his eyes, yawn, or appear drowsy whilecrying and might need to enter sleep mode. See the instructions foractivatingsleepmodeonthispage.

Gassy: If the baby is squirming or raising his legs toward his belly,excess gas might be in the digestive system. Burp the baby (see thispage)orhold thebaby inawaythatwillexpel thegas(seecolic, thispage).

LoveorComfort: If thebaby feels thathehasbeen left alone for toolong,orifoverstimulationhasledtoconfusion,thebabymayneedtobehugged and comforted by one of the primary users. Try installing apacification tool, natural or artificial, into the mouth port (see thispage).

Sickness: If the baby is experiencing a malady, the discomfort mightlead to crying. Check first to see if the cause is not one of the abovereasons. If the crying continues unabated for more than 30 minutes,consultthebaby’sserviceprovider.

CAUTION: Sometimes the source of the baby’s cry is difficult totroubleshoot.Doyourbesttounderstandthecryandtoremaincalm.

ComfortingtheBabyTherearevarioustechniquestheusermayperformtocomfortthebaby.

[1]Swaddlethebaby.Followtheinstructionsbelow.Thebabymaybecomfortedbythewarmthandsecuritythatswaddlingprovides.

[2]Rockthebaby.Sitwiththebabyinarockingchair,placethebabyinasling,or simplyrockyourbodybackand forthwhileholdingher.Thesteadyandsmoothrhythmsmaysootheher.

[3]Bouncethebaby.Beverygentle.Rocksidetosideslightly.

CAUTION: Never shake a baby. Bouncing should be gentle andpurposeful.Shakingcanleadtomalfunction.

[4]Singtothebaby.Herauditorysensorsareveryreceptivetomusic.

[5]Alterthebaby’senvironment.Achangeinlightortemperaturemaystopthecrying.Considertakingawalkinastrollerorcarrier.

[6]Installapacificationtool,naturalorartificial(seethispage).

SwaddlingtheBaby

Swaddlingconsistsofsnuglywrappingthebabyinablanket.Your

modelmightappearsoothedbyfeelingsofwarmthandsecurity,orfrustratedbyhersuddenlackofmobility.Trythetechniqueslistedonthefollowingpage,andgaugeyourmodel’sreaction.

CAUTION: Since swaddling is confining and may restrict a baby’smotordevelopment,afull-bodyswaddleisnotrecommendedafterthebaby’sfirst60days.Whenthebabyhasreachedthisage,itisbesttouseaversionthat leaves her arms unrestricted, such as an altered Burrito Roll (see thispage).

QuickWrap

The Quick Wrap is an effective technique for users with a minimumamountoftime.Useablanketthatwillcoverthebaby’sentirebody.

[1]Layasquareblanketonaflatsurface.

[2]Foldonecorneroftheblanketdownaboutthelengthofyourhand.

[3]Laythebabyontheblanketdiagonallysothefoldisabovethetopofthebaby’sneck(Fig.A).

[4] Pull the right side of the blanket across the baby’s body. Tuck itunderthebaby’sleftside(Fig.B).

[5]Pulltheleftsideoftheblanketacrossthebaby’sbody.Tuckitunderthebaby’srightside(Fig.C).

[6] Lift the baby and tuck the bottom tail of the blanket under thebaby’slegsandback(Fig.D).

BurritoRoll

The Burrito Roll is a more secure (and longer-lasting) version of theQuickWrapswaddle.WhenproperlydressedinaBurritoRoll,thebabywillresembleapopularMexicanfoodstuffthatconsistsofaflourtortillarolledaroundameatorbeanfilling.

[1]Layasquareblanketonaflatsurface.Theblanketshouldbelargeenoughtocoverthebaby’sentirebody.

[2]Foldonecorneroftheblanketdownaboutthelengthofyourhand.

[3]Laythebabyontheblanketdiagonallysothefoldisabovethetopofthebaby’sneck(Fig.A).

[4]Tuckthebaby’shandsintothefoldoftheblanket.Thehandsshouldrestbesidethebaby’sshouldersorface.(Ifyouhaveaparticularlyactivebaby,youcan tuck theblanketunder thebaby’sarmpits, soherhandswillremainmobile.)

[5] Pull the right side of the blanket across the baby’s body. Tuck itunderthebaby’sleftside(Fig.B).

[6] Fold the bottom tail of the blanket up (toward the baby’s head),coveringherfeetandlegsandoverlappingtheright-sidefold.Tuckthetailunderthetoprightedge(Fig.C).

[7]Pulltheleftsideoftheblanketacrossthebaby’sbody.Tuckitunderthebaby’srightside(Fig.C).

SelectingandInstallingaPacifier

Manyusersinstallapacifiertosoothethebaby.Mostmodelsderivegreat pleasure from sucking a pacifier. Natural pacifiers includepinkie fingers,knuckles,andthumbs.Artificialpacifiersaremadeoutoflatexorsiliconemoldedtolooklikeabottle’snippleandareavailable at retailers worldwide. Both natural and artificialversions are suitable for allmodels. Neitherwill cause long-termmedicalorpsychologicalmalfunctions.

EXPERTTIP:Watchforsignsofnippleconfusion.Artificialpacifiersmaycauseababytoforgethowtolatchontothemother’sbreast.Duringthe

crucial first two months, we recommend avoiding pacifiers altogether. Ifduring later months the baby experiences this phenomenon, limit ordiscontinuepacifieruse.

NaturalPacifier

[1]Cliporfilethenailonyourpinkiefingeruntilithasnosharpedges.Thebabywillpreferthisfingertoothersontheuser’shand.

[2]Washyourhandsthoroughly.

[3]Turnyourhandpalm-sideup.Extendyourpinkiefingertothebaby,keepingremainingfingersfoldedintoyourpalm.

[4]Placethepinkiefingerinsidethebaby’smouth.Justthetipshouldtouchtheroofofthebaby’smouth.Thefingerwillnaturallyfitintothecurvatureoftheupperpalate.

[5]Allowthebabytosuckonyourpinkie.Givethebabycontrolofthepinkie,butbesurethatitremainsagainsttheroofofthebaby’smouth.

EXPERTTIP:Asthebabyages,encouragehertouseherownfingers—orthumbs—forpacifying.Ifshelearnstosuckthem,shewillhaveaformofpacificationwherevershegoes.

ArtificialPacifier

[1]Purchaseapacifierfromaretailer.Pacifierscomeinvariousshapesandsizes; tryseveral todeterminewhichtype ismostcompatiblewithyourmodel.

[2]Sterilizethepacifier.Putthepacifierthroughadishwashercycle,orsubmerge it inapotofboilingwater for fiveminutes.Visually inspectthenippletobesurenowaterhasleakedthroughtherubbernipple.Ifithas, squeeze thewater out of the nipple (if possible) orwait for it toevaporatebeforegivingittothebaby.

[3]Placethetipofthepacifierinsidethebaby’smouth.

CAUTION:Donottieapacifiertothebabywithacordorstring—thispresentsachokingandstrangulationhazard.

[4] Purchase several pacifiers.Once you have found a pacifier that iscompatiblewithyourmodel,itisrecommendedthatyoukeeponeinhercrib, one in the diaper bag, one in the car, one in your pocket, andothersinvariouslocationsaroundthehouse.

[5]Replaceoldpacifiers—especiallythosewithworn-outtips.

CAUTION: Pacifiers should be used to soothe the baby betweenfeedings, butnever in placeof them.Withoutanadequate food supply, thebabywillmalfunction.

MassagingtheBaby

Many service providers believe that massage can strengthen theimmune system, improve muscle development, and stimulategrowthofthebaby.Massagehasacalmingeffectonmostmodels,andallowstheuserandbabytodevelopacloserbond.The user’s hands are the only tools required for massage. Usegentlerubbingandsoft,strokingmotions.Laythebabyfaceuponafirm, flat,andcomfortablesurface.Warmtheroomandundress

thebabyifhewillallowit.Ifyoumassagewithoil,optforacold-pressedoilsuchassaffloweroralmond.

[1]Massagethebaby’slegsandfeet.Beginatthethighsandworkyourwaydowntohistoes.Rubonelegatatime.

[2] Massage the baby’s abdomen. With your hand flat and fingersextended,strokethebaby’sabdomeninacircularmotion.

CAUTION:Massaging the baby’s abdomen may trigger emission ofurine or gas. Before performing this massage, place a protective washclothbeneaththebaby.

[3]Massagethebaby’schest.Withyourhandflatandfingersextended,stroke the baby’s chest. Begin in themiddle andmove out toward hisarms.

[4] Massage the baby’s arms and hands. Begin at the shoulders andworkyourwayouttowardhisfingers.Rubonearmatatime.

[5]Massagethebaby’sface.Makesmallcircleswithyourthumbs,thenperformlightstrokeswithyourfingertips.

[6] Turn the baby onto his stomach.Massage the baby’s back. Beginrubbing at the shoulders and work your way down both sides of theback.Avoidthespine.

[7] Complete the massage. Turn the baby onto his back and lightly

brushyour fingersupanddownthe lengthofhisbody.Thissignals tothebabythatthemassageisover.Ifyoudonothavetimeforeachstep,itisrecommendedthatyoualwaysperformthisfinalstep.

EXPERT TIP: Infant massage classes are often taught by certifiedmassage instructors. Your local hospital or community center may provideadditionalinformation.

PlayingwiththeBabyFrequent play time will benefit all models. It serves a trifoldpurpose: it makes the baby happy, can activate sleepmode, andteaches thebabyabouthisrelationshipwith theworld.Findtimetoplaygamesoften.

MusicGames

Musicishighlyrecommendedduringplay;itcanteachthebabythebasicsofrhythm,movement,andvocalization,hasteningthebaby’sintellectualandcreativedevelopment.

[1] Select an appropriate piece of music. Opt for lullabies or othermelodicmusicwithonlyoneor two layersof sound.Select songs thathaveasimplepercussivebeat.

[2]Playthemusic.

[3]Dance to themusicwith thebaby.Hold thebaby inawaythat isappropriateforhisneckandbackstrength.Moveyourentirebodysothebabycanfeeltherhythmandbeat.

[4]Singtothebaby.Ifyoudonotknowthewords,substitutebabytalk.Thebabymayjoinin.

StrengtheningGames

Some forms of play have the added benefit of exercising certainmusclesofthebaby,whichcanaidindevelopment.Properexercisestrengthens thebaby’smuscles, improves thebaby’scoordination,andincreasesthebaby’smotorcontrol.

CAUTION: Users should not feel that they need to be a personaltrainertotheirmodels—thereisnoneedtoexercisethebaby.Thefollowingmovementsmerelyworktostrengthenhisgrowingmusclesandskills.

BellyExercises: Lay the baby facedownon the floor. Lie on the floornext to him and engage him verbally. His responses to you willstrengthenhis neck, back, and abdominalmuscles.Hemay lookup atyou, turnhisheadto lookatyou,pushhisbodyuptoseeyou,orrollhimselfover.

Sit-Up Exercises: Performing these “sit-ups” is enjoyable to manymodelsandhastheaddedbenefitofstrengtheningabdominalandneckmuscles,makingunassistedsittingupeasier.Whilesittingdown,laythebabyfaceuponyourlapwithhisheadonyourknees.Keepinghis legsstraightonyourlap,placeonehandundereacharmpitandbendhimatthe waist, bringing his upper body into a vertical position. For olderbabies,holdhishandsandforearmsandpulltowardyou.Repeat.

CAUTION:Untilthebabyisatleastoneyearold,donotlifthimupbythefeetorhands.Thiscouldcauseamalfunctioninhisjoints.

Stand-UpExercises:Manymodels find this simplemoveenjoyable,astheycan lookdirectlyatyour faceandplaywith their legs. Ithas theaddedbenefitofstrengtheninglegandbackmuscles.Sitwiththebabysittingonyourthighsfacingyou.Foryoungerbabies,placebothhandsunderhisarmpits,raisehimtoastandingposition,andlowerhimbackdowntoasittingposition.Forolderbabies,liftfromthewaist,raisethebabytoastandingposition,andlowerhimdownagain.

SelectingToyAccessories

The use of toy accessoriesmay ormay not be necessary for one-month-old babies, but as the baby becomes more sophisticated,toys become vital to mental stimulation. Select toys that areappropriate for the baby’s age; refer to the manufacturer’sguidelines. The baby’s limited comprehension of dangermakes itimportant to avoid toyswith sharp edges or loose or small parts.Opt for a stimulating toy; thebest accessorieswill engage twoormoreof thebaby’sprimarysenses(sight,sound, touch, taste,andsmell).Chooseabookwithfurrypages,orascentedtoy.

ToysforMonth1

BlackandWhiteMobile:Installamobilewithblackandwhiteshapesabove the crib, just out of reach (about 12 to 15 inches [30–38 cm]above the crib mattress). During early weeks of life, the baby willrespond more positively to black and white shapes than to colorfulshapes.

MusicPlayer:Usearadio,portablemediaplayer,digitalaudioplayer,ormusicboxtointroducethebabytomusic.Studiessuggestthathigher,calmer, and more melodic music, such as lullabies, will be mostappreciatedbythebaby.

Stuffed Animals: Babies frequently mistake these toys as living,breathingcompanions(particularlyifthestuffedanimalhaswideeyes).Thisisatechnicalglitchthatusuallydisappearswithinseventotwelveyears.

ToysforMonths2to6

CAUTION: Be sure the toy is safe. All models will begin to placeobjects in theirmouths.Make sure all toys are solidly built, securely sewn,anddonothaveany loose, small parts. Inspectall toys regularly to ensuretheymeetthesestandards.

ActivityPads:Soldasanaccessoryatmanybaby-supplystores,activity

padsarefloorpadswithmultiplecolors,patterns,andoverhangingtoysthathelpthebabylearnhowtoswatatandeventuallyreachthethingsthatinteresthim.

Books: Select books that the baby can explore with all of his senses.Boardbooks,clothbooks,andfoambooksareallusefultoolsforgettingthebabyinterestedinreading.Lethimplaywiththesebooksashewill,whetherhechoosestolookatthem,feelthem,orgnawonthem.

Instruments:Manybabies enjoyplayingand listening tomusic. Smalldrumsorbells(withoutsharpedges)cantunethebaby’saudiosensors.

Mobiles: At sixmonths, the baby has the ability to see colors and toprocess complex shapes. To help develop his visual sense, choose ahanging or moving mobile with unusual shapes and bright colors.Replacetheblackandwhitemobilewithacolorfuloneoverthebaby’scriborinanareaunderwhichthebabycanliedown.

Rattles,SqueakyToys,andBalls:Asthebabydevelopstheabilitytograbandmanipulateobjects,givehimsmallhandheld toys toenhancetheseskills.Toysthatmakesoundswillteachthebabytheprinciplesofcauseandeffect.

Unbreakable PlasticMirror: Place one next to the changing table orattachonefirmlytothesideofthecribtoprovideafewminutesofdailyentertainmentandself-awareness.

EXPERTTIP:Someofthebest(andleastexpensive)babytoysareeverydayhouseholdobjectssuchasspoonsorcoasters.Theseobjectsmaybefamiliartoyou,buttheyarenewandexcitingtothebaby.Selectobjectsthatare too large to fit in the baby’smouth, and are free of loose parts, sharpedges,orstrangulationhazards.

ToysforMonths7to12

Balls:Thebabymaystillenjoytastingtoys,somakesuretheballsaretoolargetofitinhismouth(andtoohardtobiteapieceoutof).Asthebabyapproaches12months,hemaybegintorolloreventhrowaballbacktoyou.

BathToys:Rubberobjectsthatfloat,holdwater,squirt,and/orsticktothesideofthetubmayentertainthebabyduringcleaning.

Blocks:Woodenandplasticblockswillhelpthebabylearntoplaceandstack objects. Many models prefer knocking over stacks of blocks tostackingthem.Thisisnormalfunctioning.

PuppetryandStuffedAnimals:Entertainthebabybyputtingonshowsormakinghisinanimatefriendsdanceandsing.

Pull Toys: These toys often perform in some way when the string ispulled. Playing with these toys will teach the baby basic cause andeffect. Always supervise the baby when he is playing with any toyfeaturingapullstring.Hemayswallowthestringorpulltab.

Walkers: Once the baby is strong enough to pull up on furniture andtake a few supported steps, many users purchase a walker. Thesewheeleditemscanbeusedbythebabyforsupportwhiletakinghisfirstfewsteps.Walkerscanbewagons,wheeledchairs,oranythingthebabycanholdontoandusetopropelhimselfacrossthefloor.Saucerwalkers,however,arenotrecommended.

ProgrammingtheBaby’sFeedingSchedule

There are no definitive guidelines for how much food the babyshould consume. Every model is unique and has specific needs.However,extensivestudiesindicatethatmostnewbornseattwotothree ounces (59–88 mL) per feeding, every three to four hours.Thesehabitsmayfluctuatebasedonhealth,activity,growthspurts,and even outdoorweather conditions. As the baby ages, shewillrequirefewerfeedings.

GaugingtheBaby’sFeeding,Month1

To ensure a proper feeding schedule for yourmodel, be aware ofthefollowingthreegauges.

WeightGain:Afterherfirstweek—duringwhichthebabymayloseupto one-tenth of her birthweight—anewbornwill generally gainup tooneounce(28g)perday.Ifthebaby’sweightfollowsthisschedule,youcanassumethebaby is receivingenoughfood.Notehowmuchweightthebabyhasgainedatthenextvisittothebaby’sserviceprovider.Ifthebaby’sweightfollows,orcloselymeets,thisschedule,sheismostlikelyreceivingtherightamountoffood.

PhysicalCues: Thebaby’s built-in “rooting” reflex (see this page) canhelp you gauge appetite. If the baby is hungry, she may activate therootingreflex—hermouthmayopenandshemayappeartobesearchingforfood.

Diapers:Mostwell-fedbabieswillhavesixtoeightwetorsoileddiaperseveryday.

GaugingtheBaby’sFeeding,Months2Through6

Duringeachmodel’s second through sixthmonths,breastmilkorformula is consumed on a more reliable schedule. By the fourthmonth, shemay be ready to consume simple solid foods such asrice cereal, though many users do not stop breastfeeding at thistime. There are no definitive guidelines for how much food thebaby should or should not consume. Most models will eat eighttimes a day, and less frequently with age. If you are concernedaboutherintake,focusonthefollowingthreegauges.

WeightGain:During thisperiod, thebabywillgainaboutonehalf toone ounce (14–28 g) per day. Note how much weight the baby hasgained at the next visit to the baby’s service provider. If the baby’sweight follows, or closely meets, this schedule, she is most likely

receivingtherightamountoffood.

Physical Cues: The baby’s rooting reflex will evolve into a morepurposeful search for food. The babymay attempt to latch onto yourarmorsuckonherfingerstoindicatesheishungry.Asaresult,itwillbeeasiertotellwhenthebabyishungry.Duringthisperiod,thebabywillprobablycuetheuserforfoodeverythreetofourhours.

Diapers:Monitor the baby’s diapers to determine if all food has beenproperlyprocessed.Asyouintroducethebabytosolidfoods,thewastewillthickenandwilladoptthecolorofthefood.

GaugingtheBaby’sFeeding,Months7Through12

During the seventh to twelfth months, the baby will begin todemandfoodonaregularschedule.Thoughthebaby’sprimarydietwillbebreastmilkorformula,beginsupplementingthedietwithavariety of solid foods: pureed fruits, vegetables, and eventuallyfingerfoods,meats,andotherproteins.By the seventhmonth, users should have a clear sense of how

much food the baby requires. If you are concerned about herintake,focusonthefollowingthreegauges.

WeightGain:Thebabywillgainapproximatelyhalfanounce(14g)perday.Thisindicatesnormalfunctioningandfoodconsumption.

PhysicalCues:Bythispoint,thebaby’sphysicalcues—crying,gummingobjects,andattemptingto“eat”herhands—shouldbeveryfamiliarandobvious.Also,thebaby’sdesireforfoodmaybegintocoincidewithyourownpersonalmealtimes(thoughthebabywillrequireadditionalsnacksinbetween).

Diapers:Asyoucontinueintroducingthebabytosolidfoods,herwastewillthickenandwillresemblethecolorofherfood.Soileddiaperswillcontinue to be a good indication that the food consumptionprocess isworkingproperly.

EXPERTTIP:Ingeneral,thebabywillconsumeapproximatelysixtoeightounces(177–236mL)ofmilkfourtosixtimesperday,inadditiontoanysolidfoods.

DemandFeedingversusFlexible-ScheduledFeedingMost users employ one or both of the following techniques todetermineiftheirmodelrequiresnourishment.

DemandFeeding:Allmodelscomepre-equippedwithphysicalcuestoindicate thatadditional food isnecessary.Thesecuesmay include(butare not limited to) crying, rooting, and gnawing on hands. Userswhoemploy“demandfeeding”offerfooduponreceivingoneofthesecues.

Flexible-ScheduledFeeding: Preferred amonguserswithbabies olderthan three months, flexible-scheduled feeding involves offering foodeverytwotofourhours(withadjustmentsbasedonthebaby’ssleepinghabits,growthconditions,andhealth).Thisallowstheusertoestablishadailyroutine.

BreastfeedingtheBabyThebreastsofthemaleparentarenotcompatiblewiththebaby’sfoodintakesystem.Ifyouarethemaleparent,werecommendthatyou read this information very carefully and then transfer thissectionofthemanualtothefemaleparentforherreview.

TheBasicsofBreastfeeding

The baby comes pre-loadedwith the instincts and skills to beginbreastfeeding almost immediately. The baby owner, on the otherhand, requires additional training. Familiarize yourself with thefollowingterms.

Colostrum: Breasts produce a thick, orange-yellow fluid during thebaby’sfirstdays.Colostrumisrichinantibodies,proteins,andprotectiveessentials.

ForemilkandHindMilk:Breastsusuallytransfertwodifferentkindsofmilkduring a single feeding. First, thebaby receives foremilk—a thin,wateryliquidthatsatisfiesthebaby’shydrationneeds.This is followedbyhindmilk,whichisricher,thicker,andvitaltothebaby’shealthandgrowth.

Let-Down Reflex: When the baby begins to feed, the let-down reflexmayactivateautomaticallywithinthenursingmother.Herbodyreleaseshormones that stimulate milk production and release milk from hernipples. Be aware that some mothers never experience the let-downreflex—thisisnormal.

Engorged Breasts: The mother’s breasts may fill in advance toaccommodate a feeding schedule, causing a potentially uncomfortableengorgement.Theusermayrelievethepressureofengorgedbreastsbyfeeding thebaby,applyingawarmorcoldcompress,orusingabreastpump.

EXPERTTIP: If youuseabreast pump to relieve engorgement,donotexpressmorethananounce(29mL)atatime.Themoremilkyourbodyexpresses,themoreitwillproduce.

EssentialBreastfeedingAccessories

Thefollowingaccessoriesmayservetomakebreastfeedingeasier.Allarereadilyavailableatyourlocalretailer.

BreastfeedingPillows:Thesespeciallydesignedpillowsfitaroundthemother’sbodyandhelpsupportthebabyduringfeeding.

Slings:Someusersfindthatover-the-shouldercarryslings(thispage)provideusefulsupportduringbreastfeeding.

ComfortableChairsorRockers:Chairsthatmatchthemother’sbodytypeandsittingstylecanincreasecomfortduringfeeding.Manyusersenjoyaddinganottoman.

NursingShirtsandBras:Nursingshirtswithoverlappingslitsratherthanbuttonscanmakeaccessingbreastseasier.Nursingbrascanalsoprovideeasyaccess,aswellasdrynessprotectionafterfeeding.Purchasebrasaftermilkcomesin,asbreastsizewillchange.

BreastPumpsandSupplies(optional):Abreastpumpisamanualorelectromechanicaldevicethatextractsmilkfromtheuser’sbreasts.Thepumpenablesthefemaleparenttotakeabreakfromconstantfeeding—andprovidethemaleparentwithachancetofeedthebaby.Thisaccessoryisratherexpensive;youmayopttorentonefromthebaby’sserviceprovideroralocalhospital.Itshouldbeusedinconjunctionwithstoragebottlesandbagsandwithdeliverybottlesandnipples.

HowtoEataGoodNursingDiet

Thecontentsofbreastmilkvarydependingonwhatkindsoffoodthemother consumes. To give the baby the benefits of a healthydiet—andtoguaranteepeakperformance—followtheseguidelines.

[1]Adjustyourcalorieintake.Usersareadvisedtoincreasetheirdailyintakeby300to500calories.Askthebaby’sserviceprovider if this isnecessaryforyouandyourmodel.

[2]Eatawell-balanceddiet.Thisincludes(butisnotlimitedto)severalservingsofwholegrains, cereals, fruits, vegetables, anddairyproductsdaily,aswellasplentyofprotein,calcium,andiron.

[3] Avoid tobacco, caffeine, and alcohol. Research suggests thatsmokingtobaccowhilebreastfeedinghasadirectcorrelationtoSuddenInfant Death Syndrome (see this page). Caffeine is acceptable inmoderation, but plan accordingly—consume caffeine only afterbreastfeedingsothecaffeinecanpassthroughyoursystempriortothenextfeeding.Similarplanningisnecessaryforalcoholconsumption—butitisrecommendthatyouavoidbeer,wine,andcocktailsaltogether.

[4]Someusersmaywant toexercisediscretionwithspicy foods.Milkthat is tainted with flavors such as curry, garlic, or ginger will makesomemodelsunhappy;otherswillnotnotice.Bemindfulofwhenyoueatthesefoods,andnoteyourmodel’sresponse.

[5]Avoidgassyfoodsifthebabysuffersfromcolic(seethispage).

[6]Consultthebaby’sserviceprovideraboutvitamins,medications,andsupplements. Many users continue taking pre-natal vitamins whilebreastfeeding. Always check with the baby’s service provider beforetakinganysupplementsorprescriptionmedications.

[7]Drinkaminimumof64ounces(1.9L)ofwaterperday.

[8]Avoidweight-lossdiets.

CAUTION: If you elect to begin aweight-loss diet, consult a serviceprovidertoensurethebabywillreceivethepropernutrition.Avoiddietpillsandplanon losingonlyonepoundperweek,balancingahealthydietwithexercise.Wait at least sixweeks after the baby’s birth before attempting toloseweight.Beawarethatmostfemaleuserswillnotreturntotheirpre-babymass until 10 to 12 months after delivery. Also be aware that the act ofbreastfeedingburnsabout300caloriesaday.

[9]Watchforallergysymptoms.Ifthebabyexhibitssymptomssuchasgas, diarrhea, rash, or general fussiness, hemay have a dairy allergy.Eliminate dairy products from your diet for twoweeks and see if thebaby’sconditionimproves.Ifitdoes,presentthesefindingstothebaby’sserviceprovider.

BreastfeedingPositions

The user may choose to breastfeed the baby in any number ofpositions. Listed below are three of themost common. Advancedusersmaymodify these positions into a variation that feelsmostcomfortable.

EXPERTTIP:Many users undress themselves and the baby beforebreastfeeding. Increasing the amount of skin-to-skin contact may stimulateboththefeedingresponseandtheproductionofmilk.

CradleHold

This general “all-purpose” hold is one of the easiest positions forbeginninguserstomaintain(Fig.A).

[1] Sit in a comfortable seat.Usepillows to support your arms, back,andthebaby’sweight.Placefeetonafootstool,ifdesired.

[2]Cradlethebabywiththeheadnearthebreastyouwishtouse.

[3]Turnthebabysohefacesyou.Yourbreastwillfacethebaby’sface.

[4]Tuckinthebaby’sarmstodecreasehismobility.

[5]Promptthebabytolatchon(seethispage).

TheFootballHold

This hold is often used by mothers recovering from cesarean section,becauseitpreventsthebabyfromrestingontheincision.Itcanbeusedwithanymodel,regardlessofmodeofdelivery(Fig.B).

[1]Sitinacomfortableseat.Wedgepillowsunderyourarmandplaceyourfeetonafootstool.

[2] Slide one armunder the baby’s body, back, and head, so that hisfeet are between your side and arm. If you are feeding from the leftbreast,usetheleftarm.Ifyouarefeedingfromtherightbreast,usetherightarm.Supportthebaby’sheadandneckwithyourarm.

[3]Turnthebaby’sbodytofaceyourown.

[4]Tuckthebaby’storsosnuglyunderyourarmpit.

[5]Encouragethebabytolatchon(seethispage).

LyingDown

Thispositionismostfrequentlyusedatnight.Itisalsobeneficialifthemotherisfeelingtired(Fig.C).

[1]Liedown.Ifyouwishtouseyourleftbreast,lieonyourleftside.Ifyouwishtouseyourrightbreast,lieonyourright.

[2]Placeonepillowbehindyourbody,anotherunderyourhead,andonebetweenyourknees.

[3]Placethebabynexttoyourbreast.Hisbodyshouldfaceyourbody,andhisfaceshouldbelevelwithyourbreast.

[4]Placeapillowonthebacksideofthebabytokeephimsnugagainstyourbody.

[5]Promptthebabytolatchon(seethispage).

BreastfeedinginPublic

Breastfeeding inpublic isacceptable inmostvenues.Usethe followingtechniquestomakethepracticemorecomfortable(Fig.D).

[1] Find a quiet, comfortable location. If you are outside, find anunpopulated area, preferably with a bench or seat. If you are in arestaurantordepartmentstore,askthehostessorasalesclerkifthereisaprivateareaorofficeavailable.

[2]Usethecradleorfootballhold.Spreadablanketoverthebabyandyourshoulder.Thisblanketfunctionsasatent,coveringthebaby’sheadand your exposed breast. The blanket should not be too heavy or tooclosetothebaby’sface.

[3]Beginfeeding(seethispage).

[4]Burpthebaby(seethispage)withtheblanketcoveringyourbreastandthebaby’sbody.

[5]Whenyouarereadytoswitchbreasts,movetheblanket.

LatchingOn

A proper latch is essential for good breastfeeding. A weak latchbetween your model and your breast will lead to inefficient,frustrating,andoftenpainfulbreastfeeding.

[1]Facethebabytowardthebreast.Thiswillgivethebabyaclearviewofhisfoodsource.Thebaby’sbodyshouldbestraightfromheadtotoe.

[2] Activate the baby’s rooting reflex. Stroke the baby’s cheekwith afinger;thebabyshouldturninthedirectionofthestimulus,hismouthportopenandreadytoacceptfood(Fig.A).

[3]Raisethebaby’sheadandbodytowardthebreast.Alwaysbringthebabytowardthebreast;neverbringthebreasttowardthebaby.

[4]Sealthebaby’smoutharoundthenippleandareola.Aproperlatchwill formatightsealbetweenthebabyandbreast(Fig.B).Thebaby’sbottom lip shouldbe foldedoutward. Ifheonlyhas thenippleand/orpartof theareola, the latchmaybepainful forthemother(andnotassatisfyingforthebaby).

[5]Oncehehas latchedon,move thebaby’sentirebody towardyourown.Dependingonyourposition, addadditionalpillows for increasedsupport(Fig.C).

[6]Feedingshouldbeginautomatically.Asthebabyfeeds,theearswillmove,andyouwillhearhimswallowing.

[7]Tobreakthelatch,insertonefingerintothebaby’smouthtobreakthe suction, and remove the breast. If the mother wishes to switchbreasts,orifthelatchwasnotgood,repeatsteps1through6.

EXPERT TIP: Never touch the back of the baby’s head duringfeeding. This activates a pulling-back reflex that can cause damage to thebreast.Holdthebabybythebackoftheneck,underhisears,soyourhandfunctionsasthebaby’snecksupport.

AlternatingBreastsandProperFeedingFrequency

Ideally, thebaby should spendequal timeonbothbreastsduringthe day—but the exact amount of time on each breast will varyfrom model to model and from feeding to feeding. Many factors(including growth spurts, frequency, and feeding philosophy) caninfluence the duration of the feeding. In general, however, werecommendthefollowingguidelines.

EXPERTTIP:Ifyoudon’tproduceenoughmilkforthebaby,trytoincrease the frequency of the feedings. The more stimulation the breasts

receive, the more milk they will produce. Consult with the baby’s serviceproviderbeforesupplementingbreastmilkwithformula.

[1]Beg inevery feedingwith the lastbreastusedduring thepreviousfeeding.Keeptrackbyaffixingapapercliporsafetypintoyourbra,orjotarecordonanotepad.Thiswillequalizeyourmilkproduction;manymodelsspendmoretimeonthefirstbreastthanthesecond.

[2] Allow the baby at least 10 to 15minutes on the first breast. Themajorityofthemilk—bothforemilkandhindmilk—shouldbeexpressedduringthistime.Letthebabynurseuntilhepullsoff.

[3]Burpthebaby(seethispage).

[4]Offerthesecondbreasttothebabyandallowhimtonurseaslongasdesired.

[5]Burpthebaby(seethispage).

[6]Ifnecessary,installacleandiaper.

[7]Notewhichbreastwasusedlast(seestep1).

EXPERTTIP:Often,anewbornbabywillfallasleepduring,orrightafter, a first-breast feeding. To rouse the baby and continue feeding, tryreinstallingthediaperorstrokingthebaby’sfeetorback.

BottleFeedingFeedingababyusingabottle is a convenientandeasy techniqueformanyusers.Userswhobreastfeedcanexpressthemilk,whichthen canbe served to thebabybypeopleother than themother.Userswhodonotbreastfeed can feed thebaby formula from thisconvenient receptacle. Always choose a shatter-resistant bottle,preferablyonethatslantsnearthenipple.Thispreventsexcessairbubblesfromcollectingnearthenipple.

CleaningBottles

To protect the baby from contamination, thoroughly wash thefeeding equipment daily for the first sixmonths.When you havehadthebabyforsixmonths,usesoapandwaterdailyandsterilizeweekly.Sterilizeallequipment, includingfeedingbottles,nipples,storagebottles,andcaps.

[1]Washyourhandsthoroughlywithsoapandwarmwater.

[2]Emptyandwashallfeedingequipment.Usesoap,warmwater,andabrush.Cleaneachpiecethoroughlyandrinse.

[3]Placeallsuppliesinalargepotfilledwithwater.

[4]Boilthewaterandthesuppliesforaminimumoftenminutes.Leavethepotuncoveredtopreventthesuppliesfrommelting.

[5]Removethepotfromtheheat.

[6]Removethesupplies,drain,andallowtoairdry.

StoringBreastMilk

[1] Pump the breastmilk.Use your breast pump, or express themilkmanually into a sterile container, such as a bottle. It is recommendedthatusersstockpiletheamountofafullfeeding(twotofourounces[59to 118mL]) plus a fewpartial feedings (one to twoounces [29 to 59mL]).

[2]Sealthecontainertightly.

[3]Markthecontainerwiththedateandtime.

[4] Place the container in the refrigeratoror transfer its contents to aplastic bag and store in the freezer. Breast milk can remain in the

refrigeratorforfivedays—andcanbefrozenatanypointduringthefivedays.Breastmilkcanremaininthefreezerfortwotofourmonths.

CAUTION:Anybreastmilkthatisthawedafterbeingfrozenshouldbeusedwithin24hours.Discardanyunusedmilk.

WarmingStoredBreastMilk

[1] Ifmilkwas stored in the freezer, thaw itbyholding thecontainerunder warm (not hot) water, or allow the container to thaw in therefrigerator.Transfertheliquidtoabottle.

[2]Placethebottleinabowlofwarmwateruntilthemilkislukewarm.

CAUTION: Do not use a microwave oven to heat breast milk.Microwaves heat liquids unevenly and eliminate valuable enzymes frombreastmilk.

[3]Attachanippletothebottle.

[4] Gently roll the bottle from side to side. Sometimes, themilk’s fatcontentwillseparateduringwarming,andthiswillmixitbackintotheliquid.Donotshakethebottle.

[5]Testthetemperatureofthemilk.Shakeafewdropsofmilkontotheundersideofyourwrist.Themilkshouldbebodytemperatureorcooler.Ifthemilkistoowarm,letitcoolintherefrigerator.

[6]Serve(seethispage).Discardanyunfinishedmilk.

Formula-FeedingtheBaby

Therearenumerousbrandsandvarietiesofformula.Themajorityofthesebrandsarecow’smilk–basedformulas,processedtomakethemilkcompatiblewiththebaby.Otherformulascanbesoy-milk

based.

SelectingFormula

Mostcommercialformulasareavailableinthefollowingformats.Selectaformatthatworksbestforyourlifestyle.

($$$)Single-Servings:Pre-mixedandpackagedinfour-andeight-ounce(118and236mL)bottles,thesecontainersarereadyuponwarmingandinstallationofasterilizednipple.Thisisthemostconvenientandmostexpensiveoption.

($$)LiquidFormulas:Availableincans,liquidformulaispouredintoasterilizedbottleandwarmedbeforeserving.Thisoptionismoderatelyconvenientandreasonablypriced.

($)MixableFormulas:Availableincansorsingle-servingpackets,mixableformulaisahighlyconcentratedpowder(orliquid)thatismixedwithsterilizedwater.Thepowderedversioncanbemeasuredintoanemptybottleandstoredwithoutspoilinguntiltheuseraddswater,makingthisoptionconvenientfortravel.Thisrequiresmoreeffortthanotherformulas,butitisthemostaffordable.

WarmingMixableFormula

Mixformulaasneeded.Donotprepareformulainadvanceoffeedings.

[1] Heat a small amount of water in a clean saucepan until it boils.

Followtheinstructionsontheformulapackagetodeterminehowmuchwater you need. Some users will use presterilized water, which isavailablefromretailersofbabyaccessories.Thiswaterdoesnotneedtobeboiled.

[2]Washyourhandsthoroughly.

[3]Letthewatercooluntilitisslightlyabovebodytemperature.

[4]Pourtherequiredamountofwaterintothebottle.

[5]Addtheformula.

[6]Attachthenipple.

[7] Shake the bottle to mix, keeping one finger (or a cap) over thenipple.Shakeuntiltherearenolumps.

[8] Test the temperature of the formula. Shake a few drops onto theunderside of your wrist. The formula should be body temperature orcooler.Ifitistoowarm,placeitinarefrigeratortocool.Ifyouareusingpresterilizedwater,setthebottleinawarmwaterbathtobringittoalukewarmtemperature.

PreparingFormulaontheGo

Ifyouarefeedingmixableformulatothebaby,alwayskeepabottleandafewpacketsofformulainthediaperbag.Mostrestaurantsandcoffeeshopscanprovideyouwiththewateryouwillneed.

[1]Askaserverorcoffeeshopworkerforacupofwarmwater.

[2] Add the formula and the water to the bottle. Shake vigorously,coveringthenipplewithonefingeroracap.Besuretherearenolumpsinthemixtureorinthenipple.

[3]Addsomeicechipsorcoldwatertocooltheformulatolukewarm.

[4]Testthetemperature.Shakeafewdropsontotheundersideofyourwrist.Theformulashouldbebodytemperatureorcooler.Ifitistoohot,addmoreicechips.

[5]Serve(seebelow).

Bottle-FeedingtheBaby

Bottlefeedingscantakeplaceanywhere,anytime.Theusercanbesittingcomfortablyorevenstanding.Alwaysholdthebabyupright;lyingdown increases the baby’s risk of choking or getting an earinfection.

[1] Immediately before feeding, hold the bottle nipple under warmwatertobringittobodytemperature(Fig.A).

[2]Cradlethebaby(seethispage).Holdthebaby’sheadslightlyaboveherbody(Fig.B).

[3] Activate the baby’s rooting reflex. Stroke the baby’s cheekwith afinger;thebabyshouldturninthedirectionofthestimulus,hermouthportopenandreadytoacceptfood(Fig.C).

[4]Placethenippleinsidethebaby’smouth.Aimthenipplesothatittouches the roofof thebaby’smouth.Thebaby’s lips shouldpointoutratherthanfoldin(Fig.D).

EXPERTTIP:Tryinsertingthenippleonelipatatime.Gentlypushthebaby’stoplipupwardasyouinsertthenipple.Pushdownandoutonthebaby’sbottomlipasyouletthenipplesettleinhermouth.

[5]Holdthebottleupright.Themilkorformulashouldcompletelyfillthebulbousregionofthebottle.Neverpropthebottlesothebabycan

feedherself.Thiscouldleadtoinjuryand/ormalfunction.

CAUTION:Avoidlettingairfillthebulbousregionofthenipple.Thiscancausegasanddiscomfort.

[6] Remove the bottle after five to ten minutes, or when empty.Roughlytwotothreeouncesshouldhavebeenconsumed(Fig.E).

[7]Burpthebaby(seethispage)(Fig.F).

[8]Resume feedinguntil thebaby consumes a total of several ounces(approximately100mL),orappearstobefull(Fig.G).

BurpingtheBabyWheneverthebabyeats,hewillswallowair.Thisairmayleadtofalsefeelingsoffullness,uncomfortablegas,ortheurgetospitup.Theuser canprevent these consequencesby regularlyburping thebaby.During the first fewmonths of operation, burp the baby inthemiddleandattheendofeachfeeding.Afterapproximatelyfour

months, burp the baby periodically during feedings, particularlyafter two or three ounces have been consumed from a bottle, orwhenswitchingbreasts.

EXPERT TIP: Some babies might have trouble eating after aninterruption.Ifyourmodelexperiencessuchdifficulties,waituntiltheendofthefeedingtoburphim.

Useeitheroneofthesetechniquestoburpthebaby.

TheShoulderBurp(Fig.A)

[1]Drapeaburpclothortoweloveroneshoulder.

[2]Holdthebabyusingtheshoulderhold(seethispage).

[3]Rubthebaby’sback.Makesmallcirclesnearhisshoulderblades.Ifthis does not activate the baby’s burping feature, proceed to the nextstep.

[4]Gentlypatthebaby’sbackfromhisbottomtohisshoulderblades.

[5]Repeatsteps3and4forfiveminutes.Ifyoudonotproduceaburpin this time, proceed with feeding (or cleanup). The baby shouldfunctionnormally.

TheSitUpBurp(Fig.B)

[1]Drapeaburpclothortoweloveronehandandsitinachair.

[2] Sit the baby on your lap, facing away from you. Place your freehand on his back. Place the hand with the burp cloth on his chest,supporting thebaby’s head andneckwith your fingers. Lean thebabyforward.

[3]Rubthebaby’sback.Makesmallcirclesnearhisshoulderblades.Ifthis does not activate the baby’s burping feature, proceed to the nextstep.

[4] Pat the baby’s back. Gently pat from his bottom toward hisshoulders.

[5]Repeatsteps3and4forfiveminutes.Ifyoudonotproduceaburpin this time, proceed with feeding (or cleanup). The baby shouldfunctionnormally.

EliminatingMiddleoftheNightFeedingsThebabywill requiremiddleof thenight feedingsuntil she is atleastninetotwelvemonthsold.Byoneyear,thesefeedingsmaybemoreduetohabitthanphysicalnecessity.Phaseoutnightfeedingsinthefollowingway.

[1]Reducetheamountoffoodadministeredbysmallincrements.Ifyouarefeedingfromabottle,preparesevenounces(207mL)thefirstnight,six ounces (177 mL) the second, and so on. If you are breastfeeding,reducethetimethebabyfeedsbyoneminuteeachnight.

[2]Observethebaby’sdaytimeeatinghabits.Mostmodelswillmakeupfor the lost night feeding by eating more during waking hours.Eventuallyshewillnolongerrequireanynightfeedings.

IntroducingtheBabytoSolidFoodWhen the baby is sitting up on his own, chewing or biting onobjects, and has doubled his birth weight, he may be ready toconsumesolidfood.Thisusuallyoccursbetweenthebaby’sfourth

and sixth month. Contact the baby’s service provider beforeintroducingthebabytosolidfood.

EssentialSolid-FoodFeedingEquipment

The transition frombreastmilkor formula tosolid foodsrequiresthefollowingnewequipment.

Small Baby Spoons: These spoons are made of shatterproof plastic.They are small enough to be compatiblewith the baby’s smallmouthportandsoftenoughnottohurtthebaby’sgums.Twotothreeoftheseshouldbeenough.

Baby Bowls: Bowls made especially for the baby are made ofshatterproofplasticandholdonlyasmallamountoffood.

Bibs:Thesesmallpiecesofclothcanbetiedaroundthebaby’snecktominimizetheamountofspit-uporsmearedfoodthatgetsonthebaby’sclothing.Theyareavailableforpurchaseatbabysupplystores.

Highchair:Thisaccessorywill limitthemobilityandmovementofthebaby during feeding. Many different versions are available; most willcome with a tray feature upon which food can be placed. Opt for ahighchairwithsturdyconstruction.

CAUTION:Donotfeedthebabyinahighchairuntilthebabycansitupunassisted.Neverleaveababyunattendedinahighchair.

FeedingtheBabySolidFood

Anidealfirstsolidfoodforthebabyisricecereal,aninstantcerealdesignedespeciallyforbabies.Initialmealsofsolidfoodshouldbeconsidered practice feedings, and do not count toward that day’stotal number of feedings. Give the baby one solid-food meal perday, but continue with the normal breastfeeding or formula

routine.

[1] Prepare the cereal.Mix one tablespoon (15mL) cerealwith threetablespoons(45mL)breastmilk,water,orpreparedformula inabowlor cup.Keepmixinguntil thereareno lumps.The food shouldhavearunnyconsistency.Itcanbeservedcoldorwarm.

[2]Seatthebabyonyourlaporinasupportivehighchair.

[3]Placeabibonthebaby.

[4] Fill half a baby-sized spoonwith rice cereal and insert it into themouth.Thebabymaypushitoutwithhistongue.Thisisnormal,sinceall models move their tongues forward and back while sucking. Withpractice, the babywill discoverhow to keep the food inhismouth toswallowit.

[5]Repeatstep4withanewspoonfulofcerealorwith foodexpelledfromthebaby’smouthuntilthecerealisfinishedorthebabyappearstobefull.

[6]Bepatient.Thebabyislearningacomplicatednewskill—onethatis

very different from sucking. Consult with the baby’s service provideraboutthebesttimetointroducepureedfruitsorvegetables,eitherfreshorjarred,andanychunkyfoods.

PreparingtheBabyforSelf-Feeding

Thebabycomespre-installedwithapincergraspthatenablesthebabytoautomaticallyfeedhimself.Thisgrasprequiresatleast12months to become fully functional. Practice self-feeding exerciseswiththebabytopreparehimforthisindependence.

[1]Placeaspillmatunderthebaby’shighchair.

[2]Tieabibaroundthebaby’snecksoitlaysflatonthebaby’schest.

EXPERT TIP: Some users undress the baby before a feeding andforgoabib.Thebabyisthenwashedafterthemeal.

[3]Setoutthreefoodchoices.Providingtoomanychoiceswillconfusethebaby.Opt forbite-sized foods—drycereals, smallcrackers,and thelike—or cut larger foods into small pieces. If the foods have differenttextures and varying flavors, you will allow the baby to discover hispersonalpreferences.

[4]Setoutbaby-sizedutensils.Thebabywillnotbeable touse thesetoolsatfirst,buthewillbenefitfrombecomingfamiliarwiththem.

[5] Allow the baby to experiment with the foods. Let him reach forthemandtrytopickthemup.Hemaynotrealizetheyaremeanttobeplaced in hismouth, butmostmodelswill ultimately taste any objectplacedbeforethem.

[6]Leadbyexample.Showthebabyhowtoeatbypickingupapieceofthefoodyourself.Putitinyourmouth,chewit,andswallowit.

[7]Bepatient.Donotgetfrustratedifthebabyprogressesslowly.Thisisaveryslowprocess.

[8]Praise thebaby’saccomplishments.Clapandcheerwhen thebabypicksupapieceoffoodorplacesitinhismouth.Hemaytryitagaininordertoelicityourenthusiasticresponse.

CAUTION: Never force the baby to eat. If you offer food and herefuses,tryagaininafewminutes.Forcingfoodmaycausethebabytovieweatingasnegative.

EXPERTTIP:Anindispensableproductforanynewuserisano-spillcup.Thisitemhasalidandspoutoutofwhichliquidcannotescapewithoutsuction,soadroppedcupwillnotspill.Mostmodelswillnotdrinkfromano-spill cup until approximately one year of age. Somemodels are simply notcompatiblewith thesecups.Theuseofno-spill cupswill save theuser frommuchworryandcleanup.Followthemanufacturer’sinstructionsforutilizingone.

SixFoodstoAvoid

Asthebabyconsumesmoresolidfoods,heshouldnotbeexposedtoanyof the following substances,which can causeapotentiallydangerousallergicreaction.

Honey:Thissweetsubstancecancauseatoxintodevelopinthebaby’sintestines. Do not feed the baby honey until at least two years afterdelivery.

Peanuts and/or Peanut-DerivedProducts: Peanuts and other peanutproducts,includingpeanutbutterandpeanutoil,cancausethebabytoexperienceasevereallergicreaction.Donotfeedthebabyanyoftheseproductsforatleastthreeyearsafterdelivery.

CitrusFruitsorJuices:Theacid incitrus is too strong for thebaby’s

delicatedigestivesystem.Somemodelscanexperienceallergicreactionsor upset stomachs. Discuss with the baby’s service provider theappropriatetimetointroducecitrus.

Caffeine:Substancescontainingcaffeineorrelatedcompounds,suchaschocolate,tea,coffee,orsoda,willinterferewiththebaby’sabsorptionofcalcium.

EggWhites: These can be difficult for the baby to digest. Avoid eggwhitesuntilthebaby’sserviceproviderrecommendsthem.

Cow’s Milk: Whole cow’s milk can cause an allergic reaction in thebaby.Stayawayfromcow’smilkuntilthebabyisatleastoneyearold.

WeaningtheBabyWeaningistheprocessbywhichababypermanentlyswitchesfrombreastfeedingtobottle-feedingordrinkingfromacup.Donotbeginthe weaning process during the first six months, which serviceproviders seeas themost important time tobreastfeed.When theuserorbabyisreadytowean,takethefollowingsteps.

[1] Introduceacuporbottleofbreastmilkor formulaasanalternatesourceoffoodatfeedingtimes.

[2] If the baby has difficulty adjusting to the new source of food, tryfeeding her in a different location, or change the lighting and music.Createadifferentmoodforthenewfeedings.

[3] Gradually diminish the number of daily breastfeedings. Eliminateone breastfeeding from the baby’s daily routine every two weeks,replacing it with a bottle or solid meal. Consult the baby’s serviceprovidertoensurethebabyisreceivinganadequatesupplyofnutrients.

[4] When you are down to one breastfeeding session per day, do itbeforebedtime.

[5]Shortenthebedtimefeedingbyafewminuteseverynight.

EXPERT TIP: Your baby may try to wean herself. Many modelsautomatically detect when the time is right, sometimes after approximatelynine months. If your model shows signs of weaning before nine months,ensure that there are no other problems interferingwith feeding. Itmay bethat the baby is distracted or uncomfortable, not that she is ready to beweaned.Consultthebaby’sserviceprovidertoeliminateanyhealthconcerns.Manymodelswillrefusetobreastfeedaftersixmonths,butthisisoftenjustatemporary strike—the baby will usually resume breastfeeding after a fewdays.

ConfiguringtheBaby’sSleepingSpace

Thesleepingareaisthemostimportantspaceofthebaby’sroom,and it requires careful configuration. Some users configure theirownbedroomstoaccommodatethebaby.Whereverthebabysleeps,alwayspositionhimonhisback.ThishasbeenshowntogreatlyreducetheriskofSuddenInfantDeathSyndrome (see this page). After approximately four months, thebabywillnaturallybegintosleeponhissideorbelly.

CAUTION:When the baby enters sleep mode, remove all pillows,heavy quilts, and stuffed animals from the sleeping space. If slept upon orunder,theseobjectscouldinterferewiththebaby’soxygensupplyandmightresultinseveremalfunction.

Bassinet(Fig.A)

Abassinetisaportablebeddesignedforthefirstfewmonthsafterdelivery. Bassinets can be purchased at baby-accessory stores orconstructed out of baby-safe padding and a solid dresser drawerthathasbeenremovedfromthedresser.Manyusersfindabassinetappealing for its portability; thebaby andbassinet canbewithinarm’sreachforconvenientnightfeedings.Theidealbassinethasafirm,well-fittedmattress,withnomorethanoneinch(2.5cm)ofspacebetweenthemattressandthesides.Look forsolidconstructionandasturdystandthatcanwithstandanaccidentalbump.

Crib(Fig.B)

Agoodcribshouldaccommodatethebabyuntilheisoldenoughtosleep in his own bed. According to current regulations, the idealcribhasstrongslatsspacednomorethan2⅜inches(6cm)apart.Thetoprailshouldbeatleast26inches(66cm)abovethelowestpoint of the mattress. Traditional drop-rail cribs are no longerlegally manufactured, sold, or resold by legitimate dealers. Allmattress supports and hardware should be sturdy and durable.There should be no more than one inch (2.5 cm) between themattressandthesidesofthecrib.Checkthatyourcribmeetstheseand any updated regulations, especially if the crib is a familyheirloom.Cribbumperscanbeinstalledtopreventthebabyfrombanginghisheadontheslats.Ifyouinstallcribbumpers,thetiesshouldbeshort,firmlyknotted,andfacingtheoutsideofthecrib.

CAUTION: Once the baby becomes mobile (usually seven to ninemonths), remove all crib bumpers, or theymay be used as footholds if thebabytriestoclimboutofhiscrib.

YourBed(Fig.C)

Many users opt to sleep with the baby in their bed. This isacceptable if youhave a firmmattress; softmattresseshavebeenlinked to Sudden Infant Death Syndrome (see this page). Beforeplacingthebabyinyourbed,clearanypillows,heavyquilts,andlarge blankets from the sleeping area. Provide a light blanket forthe baby. The safest configuration has the baby between bothparents, who function as guard rails. A body pillow is not asubstitute for a second parent; the bed must be clear of suchbedding.

CAUTION:Do not let the baby fall asleep on a pillow. This couldinterferewiththebaby’soxygensupplyandcauseseveremalfunction.

UnderstandingSleepModeNewborns do not contain an internal clock feature that candistinguishbetweendayandnight.Becauseof theirnear-constantneedforfood,mostmodelswillsleepintwo-orfour-hourintervals,oftenpreventingtheuserfromgettingmuchsleep.These characteristics are not defects of the manufacturer, and

theycanbeovercomewithpropermaintenance.Asageneralrule,anewbornbabywillrequireatleast16hoursofsleepeveryday—butthisnumberfluctuatesgreatlyfrommodeltomodel.Thebaby’ssleep schedule can be influenced by hunger, growth spurts, anddisturbances from within the environment (televisions, electricalstorms,etc.).Duringthesecondtosixthmonths,thebabywillneedlesssleep

than required during the first month. By the end of the thirdmonth, some models will sleep for six hours straight, sometimesduring the night. Other models will not start to sleep for longperiodsduringthenightuntilafteroneyear.Thebaby’sabilitytosleep longer might be influenced by where the baby sleeps andwhatmethodyouusetoputthebabytosleep.Atthisstageinlife,allmodelsrequireatotalof14to15hoursofsleepeveryday.Byseventotwelvemonthsofage,thebabyshouldsleepforlong,

uninterrupted periods of the night. This evolution continues tooccur because the baby needs to eat less frequently and hasmaturing sleep cycles.Asduring the second-to sixth-month stage,thedurationofthebaby’ssleepcyclemightbeinfluencedbywherethebabysleepsandwhatmethodyouusetoputthebabytosleep.Thebabywillstillrequire13to15hoursofsleepeveryday.

UnderstandingSleepCycles

During the baby’s first fewmonths, sleep cycles follow a distinctpattern.First,thebabywillexperienceRapidEyeMovement(REM)sleep, then non-REM sleep. After a fewmonths, the baby’s sleepsystem will reverse, and non-REM will precede REM. Familiarizeyourselfwith thesecycles soyoucanunderstand thebaby’s sleeppatterns.

REMSleep:As thebabyenterssleepmode,shewillbegin in theREMphase.Thisisaverylightsleepphase.Thebaby’shands,face,andfeetmaytwitch.Shemayappearstartled.Theseareall indicationsthathersleepmodeisfunctioningcorrectly.

Non-REMSleep:Thissleeppatterninvolvesthreeseparatecycles.Lightsleep:Indicationsincludenoeyemovement,anda“light”feelingwhenyouliftthebaby’slimbs.Deepsleep:Signsincludedeep,slowbreathinganda“heavier”feelingofthebodyandlimbs.Thebabyshouldfeelalmostcompletelyrelaxed. Very deep sleep: Signs include an extremely “heavy” feeling of thebodyandlimbs.Thebabymaynotreactifyoutrytowakeher.

AdvancedApplication:TheSleepCycleTest

Ifyouhaverockedthebabytosleepandwanttodetermineifshecanbesetdownwithoutwaking,performthefollowingtests.

[1]Takeoneofthebaby’sarmsbetweenyourthumbandforefinger.

[2]Gentlyraisethearmtwoinches.

[3]Letgo.

If the baby’s arm falls to her side and she does not stir, deep or verydeep sleep mode has been activated, and the baby can be set downwithout incident. If she stirs, REM or light sleep mode has beenactivated,andmovingthebabymayrouseher.

UsingaSleepChart

Sleepchartscanbeusedtotrack,alter,andreprogramthebaby’ssleeping schedule. The sample chart on the next page shows atypical one-week sleeping pattern. It is recommended that youmake copies of the blank chart found in the appendix (see thispage)totrackyourmodel’shabitsforthefirstfewmonths.

[1] When the baby enters sleep mode, mark the start time. It isrecommendedthattheusertakethistimetosleepaswell.

[2]Whenthebabyexitssleepmode,marktheendtime.

[3]Fillthespacebetweenthetwolineswithpencilorink.

This chart allows you to study the baby’s sleep habits over oneweek.Use multiple charts to study his sleeping habits over the course ofmonths.Note if thebabyenters sleepmodeat thesame(ornearly thesame)timeseveryday.Ifthebaby’ssleepdeviatesfromtheestablishedpattern,noteanyunusualcircumstances.

ActivatingSleepModeThebabymightcomepre-programmedwithcuesthatindicateheisreadying to enter sleep mode. These include rubbing his eyes orpullingathisears.Ifyouseethesesigns,quicklyworktoactivate

sleepmode. If you do not, the babymay become overstimulated(seethispage)andsleepmodemaybedelayedindefinitely.Therearetwogeneraltechniquesforactivatingthebaby’ssleep

mode:User-ActivatedandUnit-Activated.

User-ActivatedSleepMode

User-ActivatedSleepModeconsistsofconstant stimulationduringthe day and less activity at night. This approach requires moreeffortthaneitherversionofUnit-ActivatedSleepMode.

[1]Tendtoandstimulatethebabythroughouttheday.Wearthebabyinacarrierfrequently.Play,sing,anddancewiththebaby.

[2]Setdependablebedtimes,andkeeptotheschedule.

[3]Relaxthebabybeforebed.Feed,bathe,rock,orreadtothebaby.

[4]Conditionthebabytosleepusinganyofthefollowingtechniques:Feedthebabytosleep.Byallowingthebabytofallasleepafterameal,thebabywillbegintorecognizefeedingsasprecursorstosleep. Have the non-breastfeeding user put the baby to sleep. The baby’sability to smell themother’smilkmay trigger thebaby to expect foodratherthansleep. Cuddle and rock the baby to sleep. The babymay feel safer in yourarmsthanaloneinhiscrib.Softlycuddleuntilthebabyfallsasleep.

[5] Use any of the following techniques to keep the baby asleep atnight: Go to the baby at the first sign of waking. Your presence may becomfortenoughforthebabytofallbackasleep.Swaddlethebaby(seethispage).Theaddedsecuritymayhelphimfallbackasleep. Place the baby in a mechanical, rocking cradle. The regular motionmayhelphimfallbackasleep.Changethebaby’ssleepingposition.Hemayhavebeenuncomfortable;

anewpositionmayencouragehimtofallbackasleep. Keep one hand on the baby until he falls asleep to provide addedwarmthandcomfort.Feedthebabybacktosleep.Themilkandtheactoffeedingmayrelaxthebaby,preparinghimforsleep.

Unit-ActivatedSleepMode(Version1.0)

Thisvariationallowsforslightlymoreparental interactionduringthe night. Begin this process no earlier than the baby’s fourth orfifthmonth.Ensurethatthebaby’sdiaperisdry,heisnothungry,andthatheisingoodhealth.

[1] Establish a calming bedtime routine to signal to the baby thatbedtimeisnear.Itmayincludeabath,storytelling,orsinging.

[2]Bringthebabyintohisroomandlayhiminhiscribproperly.

[3]Tuckhiminandsay,“Goodnight.”

[4]Turnonthenightlightandturnoffthemainlights.

[5]Leavetheroomandclosethedoor.Ifthebabycries,waitonetofiveminutesbeforereturning.Manymodelswill soothethemselves tosleepandself-activatesleepmodeinthattime.Ifnot,proceedtothenextstep.

[6] Return to the room. Do not pick up the baby. Do not feed him.Comforthimverbally.Afteraminute,leave.

[7] Repeat steps 5 and 6 but add one to fiveminutes to thewaitingperiodeachtime.Eventually,thebabywillsoothehimselftosleep.

[8]Thenextnight,waitaninitialonetofiveminutesbeforereturningto the baby’s room.On the following night,wait an initial five to tenminutes. Continue adding five minutes to the initial waiting period.Withinthreetosevendays, thebabyshould learntoself-activatesleep

mode.

Unit-ActivatedSleepMode(Version2.0)

This method teaches the baby to self-activate sleep modeindependently. Once your unit learns to self-activate sleepmode,he may use this programming more effectively during nighttimewakings. Begin this process no earlier than the baby’s fourthmonth.Ensurethatthebaby’sdiaperisdry,heisnothungry,andheisingoodhealth.

[1] Establish a calming bedtime routine to signal to the baby thatbedtime is near. It may include a bath, storytelling, singing, and/orrocking.

[2]Bringthebabyintohisroomandlayhiminhiscribproperly.

[3]Tuckhiminandsay,“Goodnight.”

[4]Turnonthenightlightandturnoffthemainlights.

[5]Leavetheroomandclosethedoor;leaveababymonitorturnedonsoyoucanhearhim.Donotreturnuntilmorning.Thebabymightcryfor extended periods of time. As long as you have placed him in aproperlyconfigured sleeping space,hewillbe safe.Eventually,hewillfall asleep.Over the courseof several nights, hewill learn that cryingdoesnotcauseyoutoentertheroom.

ProgrammingaDaySleeperintoaNightSleeperBecausethereisnointernalsettingonthebabyfordistinguishingdayfromnight,yourmodelmightsleepmoreduringthedaythantheevening.Butwithpersistenceandthefollowingguidelines,anymodel can be re-programmed from a day sleeper into a nightsleeper.

[1]Establishdefinitivedayandnightmoods.Duringtheday,opentheshades, turn on the lights, andmake the house activewithmusic andmovement.During thenight, close the shades, turn the lightsdownoroff, and make the house quiet and calm. The baby will prefer beingawakeduringthedayandwilladjusthisinternalsettingsautomatically.

[2] If you must change or redress the baby during the night, do itquicklyandquietly.Speaktothebabyaslittleaspossible.

[3]Ifthebabyissleepingforalongperiodoftimeinthelateafternoonorearlyevening,changetheschedulemanually.Wakehimforafeeding.Keep him entertained and awake. He will naturally move this longersleepperiodtothenighttime.

UsingSleepModeOutsidetheSleepSpaceUsethefollowingguidelinestoactivatesleepmodewhenthebabyisinastrollerorautomobile.

Stroller

[1]Providewarmth.Makesurethebabyisdressedappropriatelyfortheweather.Addablanketifitiscoldoutside.

[2] Darken the baby’s environment. Raise the sun shield, if available.Drape a blanket across the front of the stroller. If the baby cries inresponse,pullbacktheblanketononeside.

[3]Navigatethestrollerthroughquietneighborhoods.

[4]Monitorthebabyperiodicallytoseeifshehasenteredsleepmode.

[5] Continue walking or return home. If you return home, take thestrollerinsideandallowthebabytocontinuenappingthere.

Automobile

[1]Strapthebabysecurelyinhercarseat.

[2] Pull any baby sunshades down or hang towels from the sidewindowstoblockthesun.Asunshadecanbepurchasedatbaby-supplystoresandaffixedtowindowswithasuctioncup.

CAUTION:Donotblock thedriver’sviewof theroadwith towelsorsunshades.

[3]Chooseyourroutecarefully.Trytodriveinadirectionthatdoesnotexposethebaby’seyestodirectsunlight.

[4]Playquietmusic.

[5]Observethebaby.Somemodelsaresoothedbysmoothroads,whileotherspreferbumpyterrain.Adjustyourrouteaccordingly.

MiddleoftheNightWakingThebabymayawakeninthemiddleofthenightforanynumberofreasons. All models are pre-programmed with different cries foreach problem; the usermust learn to interpret the cries (see thispage).Hunger, wet diapers, and a change in daily schedule are allcommon reasons forwaking in themiddle of the night. Rule outthese causes first. If you still have difficulty discerning why thebabyisawake,considerthesepossibilities.

Growth Spurt Waking: Most models experience growth spurts (asuddenincreaseinbodymass)attheagesof10days,3weeks,6weeks,3months,and6months.Duringthesespurts,thebabymayberestlessatnight,andhisappetitemayincrease,especiallyduringthenight.Thesespurts,whichcanlastupto72hours,areanessentialpartofthebaby’sgrowth,andthereislittletheusercandotochangethem.Feedthebaby

asnecessary,thenre-activatesleepmode.

MilestoneWaking:Milestonewakingusuallyoccursafterthebabyhaslearned a new skill such as sitting up, crawling, orwalking. The babymaywakeseveraltimesanightandwanttopracticehisnewabilities.

HealthWaking:Symptomsofillness(fever,congestion,andcough)willinterferewiththebaby’ssleepcycle.Otherhealthydevelopments,suchas teething,canalsodisrupt thebaby’s sleep.Theseareglitches in thebaby’s functioning that cannot be reset by the user—provide comfortand treat the health issue as best you can. Consult the baby’s serviceprovider about administering a one-night dose of antihistamine to putthebabyintosleepmode.

TransitionalObjects

Thereareobjectsthatmayaidthebabyinself-comfortingandself-activatingsleepmode.Referredtoastransitionalobjects,theycanactassurrogateparentsintimesofstressandwillprovidecomfortforthebaby.Transitionalobjectsusuallytaketheformofblanketsorsmallstuffedanimals.Manyusersgivetheobjectsnames.

CAUTION: Transitional objects may be suffocation hazards to youngbabies,andshouldnotbeintroduceduntilyourmodelhasfullcontrolofhisrolling-overfeature.

[1]Introduceseveraltransitionalobjectstothebabyduringtheday.

[2]Atnight,putalloftheobjectsinthebaby’scrib.Thebabywillfindoneortwoobjectsmoredesirablethantheothers;hemaysleepclosertoone,orwillgrabatonewhenyoulifthimfromthecrib.

[3]Oncethefavoredtransitionalobjecthasbeenidentified,presentittothe baby during bedtime preparation. He will begin to associate theobjectwithbedtime.Theobjectwillsignaltothebabythatitistimetoreadyhimselfforbeingalone.

EXPERT TIP: If you use pacifiers to soothe the baby, considerspreadingseveral(uptofive)throughoutthecrib.Ifthebabyawakensinthemiddle of the night, he may glimpse a pacifier, reach for it, and soothehimselfbacktosleep.

[4]Holdtheobjectwiththebabyduringfeedings.Allowtheobjecttoabsorbyourscent.Someusersplaceasmallamountofbreastmilkonit.

[5]Oncethebabyhasbondedwithatransitionalobject,purchaseoneortwoback-upmodels.

[6] Allow the baby to take the object with him during the day. Hisattachmenttotheobjectwilldeepen,strengtheningthebaby’ssenseofsecurity.

DealingwithOverstimulation

If thebaby staysawakepast the timewhenhe is tiredenough toactivatesleepmode,herunstheriskofbecomingoverstimulated.Itis difficult for an overstimulated baby to fall asleep. Try thefollowingtechniquestoactivatesleepmode.

[1]Avoidoverstimulationinthefirstplace.Encouragethebabytoentersleepmodewheneverheexhibitssignsoffatigue.

[2] If the baby has become overstimulated, do not work to entertainhim.Donotintroducetoys,rattles,orotherformsofstimulation.

[3] Cradle the baby (see this page). Put a light blanket over him andyourshouldertodarkenthebaby’senvironment.

[4]Letmotioncalmthebaby.Puthiminthestrollerforaridearoundtheblock,orputhiminthecarseatforadrivearoundtheneighborhood(seethispage).Spend15minuteswithhiminarockingchair.

[5] If all else fails, let him cry. Place the baby in a safe location and

waitseveralminutes.Thecryingmayhelpreleaseexcessenergy,andthebabymayentersleepmodeautomatically.

SleepingMalfunctionsIf thebabywakesconsistently in themiddleof thenightandyoucannot find the source of the disturbance, the baby might beexperiencingasleepmalfunction.However,suchmalfunctionsarerare; consult with the baby’s service provider for diagnosis andadditionalinformation.

SleepApnea:Thisphysiologicalconditionwilltemporarilyconstrictthebaby’s airway during sleep. The baby has a built-in system that willwakenhersonormalbreathingcanresume.Symptoms includesnoringor noisy breathing during sleep, coughing or choking during sleep,sweatingduringsleep,andaconfusedorfrightenedwakingduringsleep.Thebabymightalsoindicatesignsofsleepdeprivation(seebelow).

EXPERTTIP:Ifthebabyishavingdifficultybreathingwhileasleep,wakeherby strokinga fingeracross thebottomofher foot.Never shakeababytostimulatebreathing.

SleepDeprivation: If the baby iswaking frequently during the night,she may be sleep deprived. Symptoms include general crankiness andirritabilityandexcessivelylongnapsincarsandstrollersduringtheday.Ifyoubelievethebabyissleepdeprived,developamoreregularsleepschedule.Ifthisfails,consultthebaby’sserviceprovider.

UnderstandingandInstallingDiapers

Duringthebaby’sfirstyearoflife,youwillneedtoreinstalldiapersnumerous times a day. Although many users find this processtedious,thebenefitsfaroutweightheinconvenience.Thefrequentreinstallationofdiapersisthemosteffectivewaytopreventdiaperrash,whichcanirritateanddamagethebaby’sskin(seethispage).

EstablishingandConfiguringtheDiaperStation

Beforeinstallingadiaper,itisimportanttohaveallthenecessarymaterials on hand. Experienced users keep these materials in acentral household location that is generally referred to as achangingstation.

ChangingTable:Thesurfaceofthechangingtableshouldstandafewinches above your waist. Some users purchase this accessory from amanufacturer.Othersplaceafoamchangingcushiononalowdresser,alowbookcase,oranordinary table.Eitherapproach isacceptable—butconsiderusingatablethatfeaturesstorageareasforthesupplies listedbelow.

Diapers: Expect to install at least 300 diapers during the baby’s firstmonth,andthenplanaccordingly.Awell-stockedchangingstationwillhaveatleast12extradiapersonhand.

Waste Receptacle: Place a medium-sized trash container (with lid)withinreachofthechangingstation.Soileddiapersmaybestoredthereuntiltheyarereadytobecleanedordiscarded.Thereceptacleshouldbelinedwithaplasticbagandemptiedfrequentlytominimizeodor.

EXPERT TIP: If you wash the baby’s cloth diapers, do not cleanthemwithanyotherarticlesofclothing.Soakthediapersinahotwatercyclein a washing machine, and run the rinse cycle twice. Use baby-safe soapinstead of detergents with harsh chemicals. Dryer sheets can also containharshchemicalsandshouldbeavoided.

Washing Supplies: A small bowl ofwarmwater and/or half a dozenwashclothsorcottonroundsshouldbeadequate.Babywipesarepopularwith many users, but they should be avoided during the baby’s firstmonth; most wipes contain alcohol, which will dehydrate the baby’sskin.Afterthefirstmonth,babywipescanbeusedfortimeswhenthebabyisfreeofdiaperrash.

BarrierCreams,Lotions,andOintments:Theseproductstreat,soothe,andconditionthebaby’sskin.Purchaseasneeded,andstorethemnear

thechangingstation.Talcumpowderisnolongerrecommendedbymostserviceproviderstodryaffectedareas.Ifthebabyinhaleslargeamountsoftalcumpowder,respiratoryproblemscanresult.Ifyouusetalc,applyittoyourhands—notthebaby—andgentlyrubthebaby.

Extra Baby Clothes: Babies are unpredictable and may release theirwasteduringthechangingprocess.Thiswastemayappearintheformofa gushing spray or an explosive projectile. Take precautions—keep anextrasetofbabyclothesnearby.

MobileorToy: These simpleprops canbeused to entertain thebabyduringadiaperreinstallation.

DiaperBag:Thediaperbagshouldaccompanyyouandthebabyonanyjourneyoutsidethehome.Itshouldincludeatowelorportablechangingpad,diapers,extrapins(ifyouareusingclothdiapers),cottonrounds,washclothsorwipes,aThermosofwarmwater,barriercream,asparesetofclothes,andasmalltoyortwo.Replenishitscontentsregularly.

BlowDryer(optional):Ablowdryerwithano-heatsettingcanbeusedtohastendryingofthebaby’sbottom.

ClothversusDisposableDiapers

Today’s baby owners must choose between cloth diapers (whichcanbewashedandre-used)anddisposablediapers(whichareusedonceandthendiscarded).Thisdecisionwillhavelittletonoeffectontheoperationandperformanceofthebaby.Baseyourdecisiononyourownneedsandcircumstances,andconsiderthefollowingbenefits:

CLOTHDIAPERSfeelsofteragainstthebaby’sskinaremoreaffordablethandisposablediapersdonotwastespaceinlandfills

DISPOSABLEDIAPERSabsorbmoreofthebaby’swastecanbeinstalledmorequicklythanclothdiapersdonotwastewateranddetergentsareeasilyportable

InstallingaDiaper

Ifthebabyhasanunpleasantodororbeginscryingfornoapparentreason, her diapermay need to be reinstalled.With practice, theuserwillbegintoascertainadiaper’sstatussimplybytouchingitand feeling for additional weight. Alternatively, a finger can begently inserted to check for wetness. Be sure to have all of thenecessarytoolsassembledbeforeremovingthesoileddiaper.

CAUTION:Neverleavethebabyunattendedonachangingtable.

[1]Laythebabyonthechangingtableandunfastenthediaper.

[2]Peelawaythefrontofthediaperandassessitscontents(Fig.A).Ifthediaperisonlywet,proceedtostep6.

[3]Raisethebaby’slegstokeepthemclean.Graspbothfeetwithonehandandgentlyliftthemabovethebaby’sstomach.

[4] Using a clean edge of the soiled diaper, wipe the feces from thebaby’sskin(Fig.B).Withmales,wipefrombacktofront.Withfemales,wipe from front to back. (This will minimize the risk of vaginalinfection.)

EXPERTTIP:Anypersonreinstallingadiaperrisksbeingsprayedbyliquid waste. Placing a washcloth over the baby’s penis or vagina willminimizethisrisk.

[5]Removethesoileddiaper(Fig.C).

[6] Clean the areawith a cotton round orwashcloth dipped inwarmwater.Rinseandcleantheclothwitheverypass(Fig.D).

[7]Drytheareabyfanningordabbingwithacottoncloth(Fig.E).Ahairdryersetonnoheatcanspeedtheprocessalong,butsomemodels

maybestartledbythenoise.

[8]Toinstalladisposablediaper,openthediapercompletelyandlayitunderneaththebaby,withthefasteningtabsattherear.Centerthebabyover the diaper. Stretch the front over the baby’s genitals and secureeachfastener(Fig.F).Proceedtostep10.

[9]Toinstallaclothdiaper,foldthediaperintoatriangle.Laythebabyin thecenter.Liftup thebottompoint.Foldoveronesideandhold inplaceasyoufoldovertheotherside.Fastenwithacoveredsafetypin.

[10] Thediaper should fit snugly—butnot tightly—around thebaby’swaist.Makesureyoucan insertoneor twofingersbetweenthediaperandthebelly.

CAUTION: If the baby still has her umbilical stump, fold down thefrontof thediaperaboutone to two inchesbefore fastening.Donotdiaperovertheumbilicalstump.

UnderstandingandTreatingDiaperRash

This inflammatory condition can affect any area of the baby thatmakes contact with a diaper—typically, the buttocks, genitals,lowerabdomen,andthighs.Themostcommonvariationiscontactdiaperrash,whichappearsasrednessand/orsmallbumps.Contactdiaper rash usually occurs if the baby has spent long periods oftimeinawetdiaper(moisturemakestheskinmoresusceptibletochafing).Thebesttreatmentforcontactdiaperrashispreventive.Replace

wet diapers often, especially during waking hours, andimmediatelyafterabowelmovement.Minimizethebaby’scontactwith waste materials. When treated with the methods describedbelow, the rash should fadewithin three to five days. If the rashpersists,contactthebaby’sserviceprovider.

[1]Beforeinstallinganewdiaper,useawashclothwithwarmwatertoclean your model’s genitals and buttocks. The alcohol and lotions insomewipesmayaggravatetherash.

[2]Usegentlepattingmotionswhencleaningthearea.Excessivewipingcanaggravatetherash.

[3]Allowthebabytoairdry,oruseahairdryersetonnoheattospeedtheprocess.Donotpatdry.Donot install anewdiaper if thebaby iswet.

[4] If the rash persists, apply a mild ointment to the affected area.Applyingbarriercreamovertheointmentwillkeepmoistureoutoftheareaandpreventtheointmentfromrubbingoffonthediaper.

[5] If the inflamed area has blisters, the babymight have a bacterialrash.Contactthebaby’sserviceprovider.

[6]Iftheinflamedareaissurroundedbyreddots,thebabymighthaveayeastinfection.Contactthebaby’sserviceprovider.

TrackingtheBaby’sWasteFunctionIt is not unusual to develop a keen interest in the baby’s wastefunction. Many owners employ the use of charts to record theirmodel’swaste function.This informationmaybebeneficial to thebaby’s service provider, particularly if the baby ever suffers fromdiarrheaorconstipation.

BladderFunction

Babiesvaryfrommodeltomodel,butnearlyallwillurinatefourtofifteentimesdaily.Ifthebabywetsfewerthanfourdiapersaday,hemightbeillordehydrated.Contactthebaby’sserviceprovider.When tracking the baby’s bladder function, count each wet

diaperasonebladderfunction,evenifitappearsthebabyurinated

twoorthreetimesinthesamediaper.Placeahashmark(I)intheappropriatebox.Thesamplechartonthefollowingpageshowsatypicalone-week

bladderfunctionpattern.Copytheblankchartintheappendix(seethispage)tochartthebaby’sbladderfunction.

EXPERTTIP:Manydisposablediapersaresoabsorbentitisdifficulttotelliftheyarewet.Placingasmallstripofcottongauzeinthediapercanhelpyoudetermineifadiaperisactuallywet.

BowelFunction

The three main characteristics of the baby’s bowel function arefrequency, color, and consistency. A healthy baby might exhibitsomevariationinthefollowingexamples.

Frequency:Thebabycanpassasmanyaseight stoolsperdayandasfewasoneinthreedays.Breastfedbabiesusuallypassmorestoolsthanformula-fedbabiesbecausebreastmilkhasalaxativeeffect.

Color: During her first week, the baby will pass meconium, which isdigested amniotic fluid. This greenish-black substance comes pre-installed in the baby’s intestines and must be expelled before normal

digestion can begin. After the first week, the baby’s bowel waste willbecome greener and will eventually turn mustard yellow (forbreastfeeding babies) or tan (for babies feeding on formula).Once thebaby begins to eat solid foods, the color of the bowelwastewill varydependingonthemeal.

Consistency:Meconiumtendstobethickandtar-like.Abreastfedbabywillhaveslightlyrunnywastewithseed-likepiecesthroughout.Ababyfeeding on formulawill have slightly stiffer waste, with a consistencylikesoftbutter.

Thesamplechartontheprecedingpageshowsatypicalone-weekbowelfunctionpattern.Copytheblankchartintheappendix(seethispage)tochartthebaby’sbladderfunction.

CleaningtheBabyTo guarantee quality performance, eachmodel should be cleanedafter every two or three days of use. If the baby still has herumbilicalstump,itisrecommendedthatyoucleanthebabyusingaspongebath.Once the stumphasdetached,youcanadvance toabasinwash.Whenthebabyisbigenough,bathsinthebathtubarewarranted.

Beforecleaningthebaby,makesurethefollowingitemsarenearby(Fig.A):drytowelsfreshclothingnewdiaperwashclothsorcleanspongessmallcupsorbowlshaircomb(optional)shampoo(optional)

EXPERTTIP:Toensurethebaby’scomfort,werecommendthatyoutemporarilyraisethetemperatureofyourhouseto74degrees(23°C)during

bathtime.

“Sponge”Bath(Fig.B)

[1]Preparetwobowlsoflukewarmwater—onewithsoap,onewithout.Useasoappreparedespeciallyforbabies.

[2]Positionthebabyonatowelonaflatsurface,oronyourlap.

[3] Remove the baby’s clothes. If your model does not mind beingundressed,removeallofherclothesbutkeepherlowerhalfwrappedinadrytowel.Otherwise,exposeeachpartofthebodyinturn.

[4]Dipaclothorspongeinsoapywaterandapplytothebaby.Washonesectionatatime.

[5]Dipawashclothinthenon-soapywater.Rinsethebabywithshort,gentlestrokes.

[6]Cleanthebaby’sface.Dipawashclothinthenon-soapywaterandpatthebaby’sfacewithit.Workfromthecenteroutusingshort,gentlestrokes.Washbehindthebaby’searsandunderanyfoldsinherneck.

CAUTION:Donotwashtheumbilicalstump.Avoidwettingacircumcisedpenisuntilithashealed.Donotwashinsidethevulva.

[7]Washthebaby’shair(seethispage).

[8]Wrapthecleanbabyinatowelandpatdry.

[9]Ifthebaby’sumbilicalstumpisstillpresent,donotwetorcleanthearea.Checkforproperhealing.Youmightwanttoswabarounditwithrubbingalcohol.Thisdecreasestheriskofinfection(seethispage).

[10] Reinstall a diaper (see this page) and dress the baby (see thispage).

BasinBath(Fig.C)

[1]Obtainasmalltub,basin,orsink,andlineitwithapadortowel.

CAUTION:Neverleavethebabyunattendedinabasin.Thebabycandrowninaslittleasonetotwoinches(2.5–5cm)ofwater.

[2]Fillthebasintwoorthreeinches(5–7cm)deepwithwarmwater.Useathermometertocheckthetemperature—itshouldbebetween85and95degreesFahrenheit(29–35°C).Ifyoudonothaveathermometer,dipyourelbowinthewater togaugethecomfort level. If thewater istoo hot for you, it is too hot for the baby. Adjust and recheck thetemperatureasnecessary.

[3]Undressthebaby.

[4] Place the baby in the bath. Use your hand to support the baby’shead,neck,andshouldersabovewater.

EXPERTTIP:Wetanextrawashclothand lay itacross thebaby’schest.Pourwateronitduringthebath.Thiswillkeepthebabywarmwhileyouwashotherpartsofherbody.

[5]Washthebaby.Applybaby-safesoaptoawashclothandcleanthe

babywith it.Continuetosupport thebaby’shead,neck,andshoulderswithonehandasyouwashherwiththeother.

[6]Cleanthebaby’shair(seethispage).

[7]Rinsethebaby.Useasmallcupfilledwithlukewarmwaterfromthefaucettorinseawayanysoapyresidue.

CAUTION:Ifthehomewaterheatermalfunctions,waterfromafaucetmaybescaldinghot.Neverplacethebabyinthebasinbeforeaddingwater.Alwaystestwaterbeforesettingthebabyintothebasin.

BathtubBath

By the sixth month, most models will have outgrown their bathbasins and will be ready for a standard adult-sized bathtub. Thebaby’s increased mobility will require slight adjustments to theroutine.Duringthisperiodusersshouldcontinuetowashthebabytwotothreetimesaweek.

CAUTION:Neverleavethebabyunattendedinabathtub.Thebabycandrowninaslittleasonetotwoinches(2.5–5cm)ofwater.

[1]Installarubberbathmatinthebathtubtopreventslipping(Fig.A).

[2]Coverthefaucetandhandles.Usesmalltowelsorcustom-designedcovers from a retail supply store. These covers prevent the baby fromturningonthewateroraccidentallybangingherhead(Fig.C).

[3]Fillthebathtubwithwarmwater.

[4]Checkthewaterlevel.Whetheryouaregoinginthebathwiththebaby or kneeling beside the tub, the water level must be below thebaby’swaist—abouttwotothreeinches(5–7cm)high(Fig.B).

[5] Turn off the hot water first, ensuring the faucet is tight. This

preventsburnsfromadrippingorleakyfaucet.

[6]Check thewater temperature.The temperature shouldbebetween85and95degreesFahrenheit(29–35°C).Checkitwithathermometerordipyourelbowintothewatertogaugethecomfortlevel.

EXPERTTIP:Topreventaccidentalscalding,besurethethermostatonthewaterheaterissetbelow120degreesFahrenheit(44°C).

[7]Adjustthewatertemperatureifnecessary.

EXPERTTIP:If thebabyseemsreluctanttobathe,youmightwanttojoinherinthetub.Ifyouarealone,setthebabyonthefloormatbesidethe tubasyouget in, then lifther inwithyou.Reversewhengettingout. Ifyouare aided byanother user, have your partner handyou the baby onceyou’resettled in the tub.Handthebabyout to theotheruserbeforegettingoutofthebath.Nevergetinoroutofthetubwhileholdingthebaby,asafallcouldresultininjury,leadingtomalfunction.

[8]Whilekneeling,gentlysitthebabyinthewater(Fig.D).

[9]Letthebabyspendtimeplayinginthetubbeforewashing.Initially,thebabymaybereluctanttoenterthetub.Makebathingfunbyplayinggameswithsquirting,floating,orotherbathtoys.(Fig.E)

[10]Washthebaby.(Seethispage.)

CAUTION: Babies—particularly girl models—are susceptible tourinary tract infections if theysit forextendedperiods ina tubof soapyorshampoo-filledwater.Alwayssavewashingfortheendofthebath.

CleaningHair

Even if your model did not come pre-equipped with hair, it isimportant to wash her head every three to five days. Thisminimizes the risk of cradle cap (see this page). Use a shampoodesignedespeciallyforbabies.

[1]Moistenthehairorheadwithfresh,warmwater.

[2]Workavery small amountof shampoo (about the sizeofapencileraser) intoa light latheron thebaby’shead.Beparticularlygentleasyoupassthefontanels(seethispage).

[3] Lean the baby back and rinse. Use a small cup to pour fresh,lukewarmwater over thehair.Avoid spilling shampoo into the baby’seyesandears.

[4]Patdrywithatowel.

CleaningEars,Nose,andNails

Mostmodelswill resist additional cleaning after bathing, drying,anddressing.Consequently,manyuserssavetheseproceduresforalatertime.

Ears:Toclean theears,usean infant-sizedcotton swab to swabawayexcesswaxordirtontheoutsideof theear.Water inoronthebaby’searisnotaconcernorrelatedtoinnerearinfection.

CAUTION:Itisnotnecessarytocleanplacesyoucannotsee.Placingcottonswabs(oranythingelse)insidetheearcanalornasalcavitymayleadtomalfunction.

Nose:Useaninfant-sizedcottonswab—wetwithadabofwater,whichwillsoftenmucus—tocleaninsidethebaby’snostrils.

Nails: Scissors designed for infants will make this task easier. Cutfingernailsasyouwouldyourown.Cuttoenailsstraightacross.Considerfilingratherthancuttingfingernailsifthebabyoffersresistance.

EXPERTTIP:Ifthebabyresistshavinghernailscut,cutthemwhenthebabyisasleep.Thisminimizestheriskofinjury.

CleaningandBrushingtheBaby’sTeeth

Most models’ gums will sprout teeth between the fourth andtwelfthmonths. There is no built-in self-cleaning function on thebaby;itistheuser’sresponsibilitytocarefortheseteeth.Initially,theuserneedsonlyasoftclothtocleantheteeth.Asthe

teethgrowlargerandmorenumerous—whenthebabyis10to12months old—users can purchase a toothbrush. Special brushesdesignedforbabiesareonthemarket.Alternatively,userscanoptforastandardtoothbrushwithasmallheadandsoftbristles.Allowthebabytoplaywithitandchewonitbeforeattemptingtobrushhisteeth.Thisfamiliarizesthebabywiththebrushandmayhelptorelievethepainofteething.

Cleaning

Performthefollowingcleaningprocedureoneverytoothtwiceaday.

[1]Moistenaclean,softclothorpieceofgauzewithwarmwater.

[2]Pinchaninchofclothbetweenyourthumbandforefinger.

[3]Gentlycovertheteethwiththecloth.Lowerittothegumlineandgentlypinch.

[4]Wipetheteethasyouremovethecloth.

[5]Repeattwiceforallteeth.

Brushing

Before making the switch from cloth to toothbrush, check with thebaby’sserviceprovidertoensurethatthetimeisright.

[1]Moistenthebristleswithwarmwater.

[2] Apply half a pea-sized amount of children’s fluoride toothpaste tothebrush.Mostadulttoothpasteisnotrecommendedforchildrenundertheageof36months.

[3]Sitthebabyonyourlap,facingyou,orholdherinfrontofamirror.

[4]Placethebrushinhermouthandrubthebristlesagainsttheteeth.Use light, circularmotions. Brushing too hardmay damage the baby’sgums.

[5]Givethebabyasipofwatertorinsehermouth.

CAUTION:Alwayscleanthebaby’steethbeforeactivatingsleepmode.Depositsofmilkleftontheteethcanleadtotoothdecay.

ShorteningtheBaby’sHairDuringthefirstyear,someusersshortenthebaby’shair.Thefirsttimeyoushorten thehair, itmaynotgrowback immediately.Donotbealarmed;thebabyisnotmalfunctioning.Asthebabyages,hairgrowsbackonaregularbasis.

[1]Gather your supplies. Youwill need an assistant, a towel, a spraybottlewithwater, baby-safe scissors, and a toy (or similar distraction)(Fig.A).

[2]Sit thebabyontheassistant’s lapwiththebabyfacingyou.Coverthebabyfromtheneckdownwithatowel(Fig.B).

[3]Dampenthebaby’shair.Coverthebaby’seyeswithyourhand,thensprayafinemistofwateronhisheadusingthespraybottle.

[4] Distract the baby from the scissors, or he might attempt to grabthem, making the cutting process both difficult and dangerous. Theassistant should distract the babywith amirror, balloon, puppetry, oranother form of entertainment. Turning a television onmay captivatethebaby,makinghimmoreinclinedtositstill.

[5]Holdasectionofhairbetweenyourindexandforefingersandsnipwiththescissors.

[6]Repeatuntilallstrandsareatthedesiredlength.

EXPERTTIP: If thebabyoffersresistance,youmaynotbeable tofinishthetaskatthattime,sotrimthelongest,mostproblematichairfirst.

DressingtheBabyTheuseofcertainaccessoriescalledclothingwillprotectthebabyfromdirectsunlight,moisture,scratches,dust,andothercommonhazards. More important, clothing helps the baby regulate herinner thermostat. These accessories may be purchased at anynumberofspecialtyretailers.Itisimportanttoavoiddressingthebabytoowarmly,whichmay

putheratriskforSuddenInfantDeathSyndrome(seethispage).Itis recommended that you keep the house at a temperature of 68degreesFahrenheit(20°C),andthatyoudressthebabyinonemorelayer than is comfortable for you. (If you feel comfortable in anundershirt,dressthebabyinanundershirtandalightbutton-downshirt.)Ablanketcountsasanadditionallayer.

[1]Choosedaytimeclothingthatiseasytoremove.Optforwide-neckopenings, stretchy fabrics, loose sleeves, and snaps.Nighttime clothingshouldbeflameretardantandfitmoresnugly.

[2]Clearabedorchangingstationforthebabyto lieon.Ifyouhavenot reinstalled the baby’s diaper in the past hour, check to see if itrequireschanging(seethispage).

[3] The baby may resist being changed. Consider distracting her.Soothingmusic,mobiles,andpuppetryarerecommended.

[4]Stretchoutneckopeningsbeforefittingthemoverthebaby’shead.The baby’s head may be larger than most neck openings, requiringmanual stretching of the clothing. This is not a defect in the baby’sdesign and does not reflect poorly on the current (or future) physicalappearanceofthemodel.

[5] Reach through thewrist-end of a sleeve, take the baby’s forearm,and gently guide the sleeve over the arm. Repeatwith the other arm,andperformsimilarlyforanypantsorlegopenings.

[6]Whenclosingazipper,liftthegarmentawayfromthebodytoavoid

makingcontactwiththebaby’sskin.

ProtectingtheBabyfromHeatandColdThebabyshouldneverbekeptforlongperiodsinextremeheatorcold.Whentransportingababyoutdoors,takethefollowingstepstoprotecthimfromthenaturalelements.

AvoidingExtremeHeat

Thebestway toavoidoverheating is toavoiddirect sunlightandoverdressing. Dress the baby in the following items to maximizecoolingandminimizetheamountofdirectsunthebabyreceives.

TightlyWoven,Loose-FittingCottonClothinginLightColors:Tightweaves prevent sunlight from passing through the fabric. Loose-fittingcotton garments help the baby regulate her inner thermostat. Lightcolorshelpdeflectsunlight.

Long-SleevedShirtsandLong-LeggedPants:Guardingthebaby’sskinagainstdirectsunlightwillhelptomaintainalowerbodytemperature.Coverexposedsurfaces.

Socks:Theskinonfeetisparticularlysusceptibletosunburn,andifthebabyisinastroller,oftenthefeetaremoreexposedthantherestofthebody.Coverthemwithcottonsocks.

BrimmedHat:Thiswillprotecthishead,face,andears.

Sunglasses:Thesewillprotecthiseyes,whicharemostsensitiveduringthe first year. Straps that hold sunglasses in place are availablecommercially. Fit the straps snugly so they do not present astrangulationhazard.

CAUTION:Sunscreenshouldnotbeusedonbabiesbeforesixmonthsof age, unless proper dress and protection are not available. The chemicals

may react with or be absorbed by the baby’smore delicate skin. Once thebabyissixmonthsold,asmallamountshouldbeusedwheneverthebabyisin the sun.Make sure the SunburnProtection Factor (SPF) rating is 15 orgreaterandthatthelotionisPABAfree.

AvoidingExtremeCold

The baby should wear one more layer than the user findscomfortable.When bringing the baby into the cold, dress him inthefollowingitems:

WarmHat:Thispreventsheatfromescapingthroughthehead.

BootiesandMittens:Thesecoverthebaby’sextremitiesandhelpkeepthebaby’scorewarm.

WinterCoat:Thisouterlayerprotectsthebabyfromfrozenorunfrozenprecipitation.

Blanket:Dependingontheseverityoftheweather,bundlingthebabyinablanketcanprovideadditionalwarmth.

EXPERTTIP: Ifyouplanontravelingbyautomobile,warmupthevehicle before installing the baby in the car seat. If you will be in theautomobileforlongerthan15minutes,unfastenthebaby’scoatandhisinnerthermostatwillself-regulate.

TrackingtheBaby’sMotorandSensoryApplications

Allmodels develop differently. Following youwill find a generalguide detailingwhatmanymodels accomplish by the age of onemonth, a crucial time in the baby’s life. If your model has notreached thesemilestones by the firstmonth, shemost likelywillshortly.Watchforlackofdevelopment(seethispage).

VisualSensors(Sight)

By the end of the first month, the baby should have the visualabilitytoseeobjectsupto12inchesaway.Thebabyshouldalsobeableto“track”objectsfromsidetoside.The baby will prefer to look at faces instead of objects. Mostmodels will prefer black and white objects more than coloredobjects.Thesearedefaultpreferencesandcannotbealteredbytheuser.Thesesettingswillnaturallychangeasthebabymatures.

AuditorySensors(Hearing)

Bytheendofherfirstmonth,thebabyshouldhavefullymaturedhearing. She should recognize sounds and turn toward sound inresponseto familiarvoices.Userswishingtoenhancetheirbaby’sauditory sensors can assist by playingmusic, talking, or singing.These activities quicken the baby’s programmed rate ofdevelopment.

PropulsionApparatus(Movement)

Bytheendofthefirstmonth,allmodelsshouldrecognizethattheyhavearms,legs,hands,andfeet.Thebabyshouldbeabletoclench

her hands into fists and bring them to hermouth. Shewill havesome,butnotfull,headandneckstrength.Althoughthebabycanbegintoholdherheadup,shewillstillneedexternalsupport.Userswishingtoenhancethebaby’spropulsionapparatusshouldtry layingthebabyonherbelly.Thiswilldevelopheadandneckstrength. Playing with the baby’s arms and legs will help herrealizetheyarepartofher.

OlfactorySensors(Smell)

By the end of the first month, the baby’s olfactory sensors willrecognize her mother’s scent and the scent of the milk. Userswishing to enhance the baby’s olfactory sensors should not wearperfumeorcologneorusescentedsoapsduringthebaby’sfirstfewmonths of life. The use of such products will interfere with herabilitytorecognizetheuser’sscent.

EXPERT TIP:Users should not be concerned if the baby has notreachedthesemilestonesbytheendofherfirstmonth.Everymodeldevelopsatadifferentrate.However,youshouldcontactthebaby’sserviceproviderifthebabydoesnotrespondtoloudsounds,doesnotmoveherarmsandlegsoften,ordoesnottrackobjectsorblinkwhenabrightlightshinesinhereyes.

TestingtheBaby’sReflexesThe baby comes pre-installed at birth with multiple reflexes toensuresurvivalandtoaccelerateadaptationtotheenvironment.Areflex is an involuntary action resulting from the directtransmissionofastimulustoamuscle.Performasimplediagnostictestofthebaby’spre-installedreflexes,asoutlinedbelow.

SuckingReflex

This reflex helps the baby secure food (in the form of milk orformula)during the first fewweeksof life. Itusuallyevolves into

purposefulanddeliberatesuckingbytheendofthefirstmonth.

[1]Putacleanfinger,pacifier,ornippleintothebaby’smouth.

[2]Thebabyshouldpinchtheobjectbetweentheroofofhismouthandhis tongue. He will also move his tongue back and forth across theobject,creatingsuction.

RootingReflex

This reflex helps the baby find food. It should evolve into apurposeful turn toward a breast or bottle within the first fourmonths.

[1]Cradlethebabyandstrokehischeek.Thebabyshouldturninthedirectionofthestimulus,hismouthportopenandreadytoacceptfood.

[2]Repeatonthebaby’sothercheek.

MoroReflex

This reflex causes the baby to throw out his arms and legs andretract these limbstowardhischest. It is triggeredby loudnoisesand/or suddenmovements. This reflex expires within four to sixmonths.

[1]Laythebabyonhisback.Whenheiscalm(butnotasleep),sneezeorcoughsuddenly.

[2]Thebabyshould immediately react, flingingouthisarmsand legsandretractingthem.

CAUTION:Donotmakeexceptionally loud,frighteningnoises totesttheMoro reflex. Simplymonitor the baby’s behavior. If a sneeze or coughdoesnotelicitaresponse,abarkingdog,aknockatthedoor,araisedvoice,

oranotherloudsoundmight.

PalmarandPlantarGraspReflexes

These are tactile reflexes that prompt the baby to grip with hisfingers(Palmargrasp)orcurlhis toes(Plantargrasp).The formerevolvestopurposefulreachingwithinsixmonths.Thelatterfadesafteroneyear.

[1] Stroke your finger across the baby’s open palm. The baby shouldclose(orattempttoclose)hisfingersaroundyours.

[2]Strokeyourfingeracrossthebaby’sfoot.Thebabyshouldcurl(orattempttocurl)histoes.

[3]Repeatwiththeotherhandandfoot.

SteppingReflex

This reflex causes the baby to step down on his own two feet,regardlessofwhetherhislegscansupporthim.Userswillhavetolendsupport.Mostmodelswillevenadvancetowardtheuser.Thesteppingreflexwillexpireafterafewmonths,andwillbereplacedbypurposefulstandingandwalkingataboutoneyear.

[1] Grip the baby under his armpits, facing you. Use your fingers tokeephisheadfromfallingbackward.

[2]Sitinachairandliftthebabyintoastandingposition.Placehisfeetflatonyourthighs.

[3] The baby should press down on his feet as if holding his ownweight.

TonicNeckReflex

This reflex assists the baby in coordinating head and armmovement.Itusuallyexpiresbythebaby’ssixthmonth.

[1]Laythebabyonhisback.

[2]Gentlyturnthebaby’sheadtotheright.

[3]Thebaby’srightarmshouldextendoutfromhisside.His leftarmmaybenduptowardhishead.

[4]Turnthebaby’sheadtotheleft.Hisleftarmshouldextendwhilehisrightarmbendsup.

DefensiveReflexes

These reflexesenable thebaby todefendhimself against realandimaginary attackers. Defensive reflexes will not expire until thebabyhasmoreprecisemotorcontrol.

[1]Laythebabyonhisback.

[2]Hold a toy 12 inches (30 cm) abovehis head and slowlymove itdirectlytowardhisface.

[3]Thebabyshouldturnhisheadtoonesideortheother.

First-YearMilestonesAsthebabymatures,shewillbegintoachievevariousmilestones—butbecausebabiesvaryfrommodeltomodel,noteverybabywillreachspecificmilestonesbyspecifictimes.The milestones listed on the following pages are based on theaverageamongdifferentmodels.Donotbealarmedifthebabyyoureceiveddoesnotmatchthesesetaverages.Thereisalwaysarangeof performance, and deviations from average do not reflectfavorably or unfavorably on the baby’s abilities. Note that each

milestoneisindependentofothers;somemodelsareearlywalkersbut late talkers. If you have genuine concerns about the baby’sdevelopment,contactthebaby’sserviceprovider.

3rdMonthDevelopmentMilestones

Bytheendofthethirdmonth,mostmodelswill:recognizethesightandvoiceoftheiruser(s)smileinresponsetoseeingorhearingtheiruser(s)becomeinterestedinmorecomplicatedvisualpatternsbecomeinterestedinstrangers’facesdevelopmoreheadcontrolsleepinlongerblocksoftimedevelopmoreadvancedcoordinationtendtoreachtowardorgrabobjectsmoreoften

WARNINGSIGNS: Ifanyofthesestatementsapplytoyourmodelafter the first 90 days, it is recommended that you contact thebaby’sserviceprovider.Thebabycrosseshereyes.Thebabyhastrouble“tracking”objectswithhereyes.Thebabydoesnotrespondtoloudsoundsortheuser’svoice.Thebabydoesnotuse(ortrytouse)herhands.Thebabyhastroublesupportingherhead.

6thMonthDevelopmentMilestones

Bytheendofthesixthmonth,mostmodelswill:beabletofocusonsmallobjectslooktowardthesourceofasoundrepeatandbabblesimplesoundsmadebytheusereatlessoftenandpracticeeatingsolidfoods

playaloneforlongperiodsoftimewithoutcryinggnawonobjectsfrequentlymovemoreindependentlyandlearntorolloverandsitup(withsomehelp) beginexaminingtheworldwiththeirhands

WARNINGSIGNS:Ifanyofthesestatementsappliestoyourmodelafter the first sixmonths, it is recommended that you contact thebaby’sserviceprovider.Thebabydoesnot“babble”backtotheuser.Thebabydoesnotgraspobjectsandbringthemtohermouth. The baby still appears to have active Moro and Tonic Neckreflexes(seethispageandthispage).

9thMonthDevelopmentMilestones

Bytheendoftheninthmonth,mostmodelswill:lookfortoysthathavemovedoutofsightbecomeupsetwhenyousaygood-byeandleavetrytoimitateyourwordsbybabblingmovemoreindependently,learningtocrawland/orpullupbegintomanipulateandunderstandhowobjectswork

WARNINGSIGNS:Ifanyofthesestatementsappliestoyourmodelafterthefirstninemonths,itisrecommendedthatyoucontactthebaby’sserviceprovider.Thebaby“drags”onesideofherbodywhencrawling.Thebabydoesnot“babble”inresponsetocomplextones.

12thMonthDevelopmentMilestones

Bytheendofthe12thmonth,mostmodelswill:lookforandfindobjectsasyounamethemcomefindyouwhenyoucallfromanotherroomsaywords(withsomeclarity)otherthan“mama”and“dada”respondwhenyousay“no”movemuchmoreindependentlythanever,learningtowalkandclimbpointtowardplacestheywanttogo

WARNINGSIGNS:Ifanyofthesestatementsappliestoyourmodelafter the first twelvemonths, it is recommended that you contactthebaby’sserviceprovider.Thebabydoesnotarticulateanysounds.Thebabydoesnotimitateanyofyourgestures.Thebabycannotstandwithhelp.

DeterminingtheBaby’sPercentileMonitoringthebaby’sphysicaldevelopmentisaidedbycalculatingherpercentile.Thisnumberdescribeshowyourmodel isgrowingin relation to national averages of othermodels of the same ageand sex. There are three variables that are compared usingpercentiles:weight,height(length),andheadcircumference.For your model to be in the 20th percentile for weight, for

example, is to say that heweighsmore than 20 percent of otherbabies in the country and less than 80 percent of the remainingbabies. Note that many models are in different percentiles fordifferentmeasurements.

[1]Weighthebaby.Onewaytodothisistoweighyourself,andthenweighyourselfholdingthebaby.Subtractyourweightfromthetotaltodetermine the baby’s weight. The service provider will also routinelyweighthebaby.

[2]Measurethebaby’sheight(length).Placeasheetofpaperonaflatsurfaceandlaythebabyontopof it.Markthepaperatthetopofherhead.Straighten thebaby’s legsandmark thepaperat thebaseofherfeet.Placebothmarksthesamedistancefromtheedgeofthepapertoensurethatthemeasurementisaccurate.Measurethedistancebetweenthetwomarkstodeterminethebaby’sheight.

[3] Measure the circumference of the baby’s head. Wrap a flexiblemeasuringtapearoundthelargestpartofthebaby’shead,justabovetheears.Measuretheheadinthesameplaceeverytime.

[4]Chartthemeasurements.Usethegraphsonthispagetodeterminethebaby’spercentileandunderstandhowyourmodelcomparestoothermodelsinoperation.

EXPERTTIP:Donotworrytoomuchaboutyourbaby’spercentile.Ababyinthe10thpercentileforheightcangrowuptobequitetall.Themostimportant factors in determining a baby’s growth pattern are the growthpatternsofherparents.Peoplewhoweresmallduringinfancyandchildhoodmayhavesimilarlysmallchildren.

VerbalCommunicationBy six months, the baby will realize she has a pre-programmedabilitytospeakinyourlanguage.Talkingtothebabywillactivatethisrealization.Initially,shewilllearntorepeatsoundsyoumake,andwilleventuallylearntospeakherself.Some users prefer to speak to the baby in their natural dictionandvocabulary.Thebabymighthavedifficultyrepeatingsomeofthe sounds, but she will ultimately learn the correct names ofpeople,places,andthings.Other users choose to speak in “baby talk.” This style ofcommunicationmakesiteasierforthebabytorepeatyoursounds.However,itcanleadtofutureconfusionaboutthecorrectnamesofpeople,places,andthings.It is recommended that users employ a mixture of bothtechniques. For optimal results, speak in a higher octave. Thesehigher-pitched tones are easier for the baby’s auditory sensors toregister.

BabyTalk

The baby comes pre-installed with many baby talk expressions,including:CooGooAhhh

When the baby emits one of these sounds, repeat it back to her. Thisencouragesthebabytomakecertainsounds,andeventeachesthebasicsofconversation.

NaturalSpeaking

Bysixmonths,somemodelswillbegintomakesoundsresemblingfragmentsofadultwords—soundslike“da,”“ba,”“ma,”and“ladl-ladl.” To help her expand these sounds into words, employ thefollowingtechniques.

[1]Repeatthesoundshehasmade.

[2]Encouragehertoimitateyou.Applaudorcheerwhensherepeatsasoundyouhavemade.

[3] Respond to sounds the babymakeswith natural speech. Respondwith, “Really? Is that so?” or “I think you are right.” Smiling andshowing enthusiasm will encourage the baby to continue theconversation.

EXPERTTIP:While interactingwith thebaby,manyusersverballydescribe theiractionsas theyperform them.Thesedescriptionscancome intheformofstatementssuchas,“Iamgivingyouabottlenow.”Thebabywillappreciate the attention, and might learn more quickly about the uses oflanguage.

TheBaby’sMobilityAs thebaby’smotor skills increase, hewill develop the ability tocrawl,pullup,walk,andevenclimb.Untilhehasmasteredtheseskills, it is important to be watchful and to make sure the babydoesnotinjurehimself.

Crawling

At aroundninemonths, the babywill usually start to crawl. Youmightobservehimcrawlingbackward, favoringonesideover theother, trippingoverhishands,or fallingwhen turning.Theseare

normaloperationsandshouldnotbeviewedasmalfunctions.Somemodels will never crawl. This is not a malfunction either—manyroll or slide across the floor until they walk. All models willdevelop some form of pre-walking mobility, however. When thebabypracticescrawling,followtheseguidelines.

[1]Staywithinarm’sreachof thebabyuntilhebecomesproficient incrawling.

[2] Stayon thebaby’s “weak” side.Youmightnotice thebaby favorsone side over the other. If so, the baby ismore likely to fall onto hisweakerside.

[3] Limit thebaby’s crawling to soft surfaces suchas carpets, rugs,orgrass.Ifthebabyfallsortrips,hewillsufferlittleornoinjury.

PullingUp

Once the baby has mastered crawling, he might begin to pullhimself up on furniture, bookshelves, or the user. Until he hasmastered pulling up, take the following precautions to preventaccidentsandinjuries.

[1]Setupasoftfallzone.Keepapilloworsoftblankethandytoplaceatthebaby’sfeetwhenhebeginstopullup.

[2]Steadythebabywithyourhands.Whenthebabybeginstopullup,hewill fall in unpredictableways until his balance, coordination, andarmstrengthhavematured.

Climbing

The baby does not have to be an accomplished walker to beginclimbing. Crawling and pulling up might eventually lead toclimbing stairs, furniture, and other household objects, on oraround12monthsofage.

[1]Stayclose.Whilethebabycanmanagescalingobjects,mostmodelsdonotcomewiththecapabilitytoclimbdown.

[2] Support the baby as he climbs over objects. The baby might notrecognizehisbuilt-incenterofgravityandmight fall forwardontohisfacewhenhalfwayoveranobject.Supportthebabyuntilherecognizesthisfeature.

[3]Alwayssupervisethebabyduringstairclimbs.Afallonastaircasecanbeextremelydangerousforthebaby.Keeponehandonhimatalltimes,andwatchforbackwardorsidewaysfalling.

EXPERTTIP:Teachthebabytogodownstairs,chairs,andthelikebackward.Manuallyturnthebabyaroundandhelphimlowerhimself.Soon,thebabywilldeveloptheskillstodothisonhisown,butyouwillstillneedtomonitorthebaby.

Walking

Bythetimethebabytakeshisfirststeps,atoraround12monthsofage,hewillbemuchmoreadeptatcatchinghimself (after fallingforward) or landing on his bottom (after falling backward). Still,

thereareprotectivestepsuserscantaketohelphimavoidinjury.

[1] Let him walk barefoot. Do not rush to add shoes to the baby’swardrobe.Walkingbarefootwillhelphimgetthefeelforwalking,andshoeswill be awkward at first. Use soft, flexible shoes onlywhen thebabywalksoutside.

[2]Clearapathforthebaby.Hewillmostlikelybewatchinghistargetdestination—youorafavoritetoy—ratherthanhisfeet.

[3]Bewareofsharporhardfurnitureedges.Thesecancausedamagetothebabyintheeventofafall.

DealingwithFalls

All models are far more durable than many users realize, andinevitable fallswill not likely injure thebaby.Uponwitnessing afall,followtheseguidelines.

[1]Donotpanic.Thebabycan sense fearandpanic.Thecalmeryouappear,thebetterthebabywillreacttothefall.

[2]Moveslowly(ifthefallisnotsevere).Ifthebabyseesauserrushingtowardhim,hemaybecomefrightened.

[3]Comforthimverballyasyouapproach.Say,“Youareokayandwillbebackonyourfeetinnotime.”

[4]Liftthebabyifherequiresadditionalconsolation.

[5]Inspectthebabyforinjuriesandtreatasnecessary.

[6]Distract thebaby ifhecontinues tocry.Anewtoymaycause thebabytoforgetaboutthefall.

CopingwithSeparationAnxiety

Oncethebabyunderstandswhoyouareandhowmuchsherelieson you, she might experience anxiety when you leave. This isknownasseparationanxiety.Thisemotionusuallyappearsaround thebaby’s eighth to tenth

month. The baby might appear extroverted around the user butintrovertedwith strangers.Thebabymight crywheneveryouareoutofsight,evenifjustforfiveminutes.Thebabymightalsowakeandcallforyouinthemiddleofthenight.Separationanxietywill typicallypeakby the15thmonth.Until

then, practice the following strategies to help you and the babymanagehernewfeelings.

[1]Comfortherwhenshefeelsanxious.

[2]Askstrangerstospeakquietlyandtoapproachthebabyslowly.

[3]Introduceatransitionalobject(seethispage).

[4] Introducenewplacesslowly.Ifyourmodelsuffersfromseparationanxiety, thismaynotbethe ideal timetoplaceababywithadaycarefacility.Ifyoumustbringthebabytosuchafacility,spendthefirstfewdays there with her. Then begin leaving for short five-or ten-minuteintervals.Alwayssayasimplegood-byetobuildtrust.

CopingwithTantrumsAs the baby begins to understand his world, he might becomefrustrated when trying to communicate what he wants. Thisfrustrationoftenmanifestsitselfintheformoftantrums.Tantrums usually appear between the baby’s 10th and 12th

months.Hemaycryorwhine,reachforanobjecthewantstohold,kick his legs, throw his fists, or flail his arms. In some models,tantrums have been known to persist for several years. Use thefollowingtechniquestomanageearlytantrums.

[1]Throughoutthefirstyear,introducetheword“no.”Thebabymightnotunderstandthisworduntilheisoneyearold.Useitinfrequentlyand

onlyinimportantstatementslike,“No,don’ttouch.That’shot!”or“No,don’teat!That’sabug!”Thepowerof“no”willbecomeusefulwhenthebabyhastantrums.

[2] Try to explain as much as possible. All models have built-infunctionsthatwillbegintounderstandyourverbalexplanationforwhyhecannotplaywithaknifeortouchahotstove.Theseexplanationswillhelphimadjusttohisboundaries.

[3]Donot reinforcehisbehaviorby reactingemotionally tocryingorwhining.Thiswillteachthebabythathisbehaviorgetsareactionfromyou. If thebaby’s safety isnotat stake,donot respond to thecriesorwhinesatall.

[4]Focusonpositivereinforcement.Praise thebabywhenhebehavesinanacceptableway.Clapand smilewhenheputsa toyawayonhisown.

[5]Bepatient.Serviceproviderscallthisa“phase,”anditwillpass.

ChildproofingtheBaby’sEnvironment

Asthebabybecomesmoremobile,ataboutninemonthsofage,sheis likely to begin exploring her surroundings. Ensure that yourmodel remains safebychildproofing thehome.Someusershireaprofessional service to do this, but users can easily perform thistask themselves. Once users understand the basic concepts ofchildproofing,theycanalsochildproofotherhomesorroomsthatthebabyandusermayvisit.

GeneralChildproofingStrategies

[1] Findanyobjects that couldbe ingestedor chokedonand removethem.

[2]Coverelectricaloutletsandsecureelectricalcords.Usesafetyplugstorestrictaccesstounusedoutlets.Useelectrical-cordchannelstomountdanglinglampcordstothefloororwall.

[3] Install door stops on interior doors. These devices, found inhardwarestores,preventdoorsfromopeningorclosingalltheway.Thisensures that the baby’s fingers are never closed in the door and shecannotcloseherselfinaroom.

[4] Install locksonthewindows.Ifyouhavecrank-operatedwindows,removethecranksandstorethemoutofreach.

[5]Securelooseorhangingwindowshadestringsuphigh.Thesecanbeastrangulationhazard.

[6]Installgatesacrossstairwaysandinthedoorwaysofoff-limitrooms.Installpressure-fittedgatesonlyatthebottomofthestairs.Top-of-stairgatesshouldalwaysbefastenedsecurelytothewall.

[7]Securebookcasesandotherfurniturethatcantipover.Ifthebabyattempts to pull herself up by holding one of these objects, she couldpullthefurnituredownontoherselfifitisnotsecure.

[8]Vacuumthe floorsandcarpets frequently. Inhaleddustordirtcanlead to breathing malfunctions, and dirt transferred from the baby’shandstohermouthcanmakehersick.

[9] Install fire-safety devices. Fire extinguishers, smoke and carbonmonoxidedetectors,andescapeladdersshouldbefullyfunctioningandeasilyaccessible.

[10]Secureheatingventsandcold-airreturns.Installplasticshieldson

heating vents to prevent burns. If the cold-air return is built into thefloor,makesureit issturdyenoughtosupporttheweightofthebaby.Replaceitifnecessary.

EXPERTTIP: If you live in an old building, or have any loose orchipping paint, test for lead.Removeany chipping paint andall lead-basedmaterials.

[11]Removeor secure any guns in thehome. Lock any firearms in abox,andstoreammunitioninaseparateroom.

KitchenStrategies

Whenyouarecookingorbaking,itisrecommendedthatyoukeepthe baby out of the kitchen. Take the following precautions forsecuringthekitchen.

[1]Put all knives,plasticbags, and sharpkitchenutensils ina lockeddrawer.

[2] Lock away cleaning supplies, fire extinguishers, and other poisonthreatsinhighplaces.

[3] Secure all appliances. Put a lock on the refrigerator and plasticguards on the stove knobs. Be sure the dishwasher and/or trashcompactorlockoperatesproperly.Unpluganyappliancesthatarenotinuse.

[4] Practice safe cooking.Use thebackburners first, andkeepall pothandlesturnedtowardtherearofthestove.

[5]Createababy-safedrawerorcupboardthatthebabyisallowedtoexplore.Fillitwithwoodenspoons,smallpotsandpans,plasticbowls,andothersafeitems.

BathroomStrategies

Thebathroomisfullofhardandpotentiallyslipperysurfaces,andthe baby should not be allowed to explore this area alone. Fortimes when the baby joins users in the bathroom, take thefollowingprecautions.

[1] Install a toilet seat lock.Get in thehabit of closing the toilet seatandlid.Thelockwillsecurebothtothebowl.

[2] Lock away toiletries. Put all medicines, lotions, toothpastes, andmouthwashesinacabinetoutofthebaby’sreach.Lockthecabinetforaddedsecurity.

[3] Install ground fault circuit interrupt (GFCI) outlets. These outletswill break the circuit, cutting off power, if an outlet becomes wet oroverloaded.

[4]Keepbathroomappliancesunpluggedandstoredaway.

[5]Avoidplacingpotentiallydangerousobjectssuchasrazorbladesoremptymakeupbottlesinthetrashcan.

[6]Layacarpetorrugonhardortiledsurfaces.

[7]Makesurethebathtubissafe(seethispage).

BedroomStrategies

[1]Ifthebabyspendsalotoftimeintheuser’sbed,installsafetyrailstopreventfalls.

[2]Securetheareaunderneaththebed.Removelargeboxesthatcouldtrap the baby under the bed. Remove small items that could pose achokinghazard.

LivingRoomStrategies

[1] Secure the fireplace. Install grills to restrict the baby’s access.Removeandstoreanykeysorknobsthatoperateagasfireplace.Storematchesforawood-burningfireplaceoutofthebaby’sreach.

[2]Installpaddingonsharpcornersorontheedgesoflowlyingtables.Consider trading inaglass, stone,metal, or square table fora circularwoodenone.

DiningRoomStrategies

[1]Removetablecloths.Ifyouuseoneforadinnerorparty,removeitimmediatelyaftertheevent.Ifthebabytugsonit,itemsrestingatopitcanfallontothebaby.

[2]Placeallalcoholicbeveragesinahigh,lockedcabinet.

TravelStrategies

Whenyou travel, it is important tomake thenewspace safe.Give thebabyanextralevelofsupervisionuntilyouhavesecuredthearea.

AssemblingaBabyFirst-AidKitAllusersshouldcreateafirst-aidkitcontainingtools,patches,andaccessories designed to treat the baby in the event of anemergency.Someuserswillcreateonekitforthehome,anotherforthecar,andaportablekittousewhiletraveling.Thekitsshouldbereadily accessible but out of the baby’s reach. It is recommendedthatyoucheckthekitmonthlytoreplaceanyexpiredmedicationsoroutdatedsupplies.Purchaseaplasticbinforthesmallitemsandkeeplargeitemsnearby.

Thefirst-aidkitshouldcontain:

Bandages,tape,andpadsSterilegauzebandagesandstripsCottonballsCottonswabsAdhesivebandagesSurgicaltapeDigitalthermometerScissorsTweezersMedicinedropperordispenserFlashlightwithextrabatteriesExtrablanketAntisepticcreamAntibioticointmentCalaminelotionBurnsprayorointmentHydrocortisonecream(1%orless)PetroleumjellySoapBottleofcleanwaterIbuprofenoracetaminophenDiphenhydramineorotherantihistamineDecongestantsCoughsuppressantsOthermedicationsspecifictoyourmodel’shealthCPRandHeimlichmaneuverinstructioncardormanualIpecacorpoisonkitListofemergencyphonenumbersSterilehandwipes

HeimlichManeuverandCardiopulmonaryResuscitation(CPR)Ifthebaby’sairwaybecomesobstructedbyanobject,theHeimlichmaneuver can be used to remove it. If the baby’s breathing hasstopped,cardiopulmonaryresuscitation,orCPR,willrestoreit.Allprimary and secondary caregivers should be familiar with both

procedures.Yourlocalhealthagenciesmightofferfreetraining.

IdentifyingRespiratoryProblems

[1]Watchforwarningsigns.Isthebabyhavingdifficultybreathing?Isthe baby turning blue? Is the baby choking, unconscious, orunresponsivetostimulus?

EXPERTTIP:Youcanusuallylistenand/orfeeltoseeifthebabyisbreathing.Ifyouholdanunbreakablemirroruptothenoseandmouthofababy,themirrorwillfogifthebabyisbreathing.

[2] Instruct someone to call emergency paramedics. If you are alone,proceedwith theHeimlichmaneuverorCPR foroneminute, thencallandreturntothebaby.

[3] Evaluate the problem. Is the baby not breathing? Is she in themiddle of ameal? Is an object lodged in her throat? If so, utilize theHeimlichmaneuver(seenextpage).Is the baby’s breathing partially impeded? Can you hear wheezing,gagging,orcoughing?Ifso,sitthebabyforwardandallowhertotrytoclear the obstruction through the natural reflexes of coughing andgagging.Ifchokingpersistsaftertwotothreeminutes,seekemergencyassistance.DonotperformtheHeimlichmaneuverinthissituation;yourisklodgingtheobjectfurther.Ifthebabyisunconsciousbutdoesnotseemtohaveanobstructioninherairway,performCPR(seethispage).If the baby is currently sick, or if the baby has allergies thatmightaffectherability tobreathe,donotperformtheHeimlichmaneuverorCPR; call emergency paramedics immediately and follow theirinstructions.

PerformingtheHeimlichManeuver

[1]Sitdown.Extendonelegoutstraight.

[2] Hold the baby so she straddles your forearm belly-side down.Supportthebaby’sheadandneckwithyourhand.Supportyourarmandthebabywithyouroutstretchedleg.Thiswillanglethebabysothatherheadislowerthanherbody.

[3] With your other hand, perform back blows (Fig. A). Deliver fivegentlebutfirmblowsdirectlybetweenthebaby’sshoulderblades.Iftheobstructionfallsout,stopperformingtheprocedure.Ifchokingpersists,gotothenextstep.

[4]Turnthebabysosheislayingfaceupalongyouroutstretchedleg’sthigh, with her head near your knee and turned up to one side. Thisanglesthebaby’sbodysoherheadislowerthanherbody.Supportherheadandneck.

[5] Perform front compressions (Fig. B). Visualize an imaginaryhorizontallineacrossthebaby’snipples.Placetwofingersabouthalfaninch (1.3 cm) below this imaginary line, on the baby’s sternum. Pressdowngentlybutfirmlyfivetimes.

[6]Repeatsteps2through5untiltheairwayisclear.

[7]Checkforbreathing.Donotinsertyourfingerintothebaby’smouthand sweep fromside to side—this could force theobjectback into thethroat.

[8] If you cannot clear the airway, continue steps 2 through 7 untilparamedicsarrive.

PerformingCardiopulmonaryResuscitation(CPR)

[1]Checkthebaby’spulseusingthefollowingprocedure(checkfornolongerthan10seconds): Bring one arm away from her body and fully extend it to one side,makinga90-degreeanglewithherbody.Placetwofingersontheinsideofthebicep,betweentheshoulderandelbow.Youshouldbeabletofeelapulse(Fig.A,nextpage).

[2] If you feel a pulse but the baby is not breathing and you haveperformedtheHeimlichmaneuver,gotostep5andperformmouth-to-mouthresuscitation.Ifnopulseisfound,beginCPRusingthesequencecompressions,airway,breathing(C-A-B).Beginwithin10seconds.

[3] Visualize an imaginary line across the baby’s nipples. Place twofingersabouthalfaninch(1.3cm)belowthisimaginaryline,justonthebaby’ssternum.

[4]Compressthechestonehalftooneinch(1.3–2.5cm)30timesinan18-secondspan.

[5]Deliverabreathusingmouth-to-mouthresuscitation.Liftthebaby’schinsothatherheadistiltedslightlybackward(Fig.B).Placeyoumouthoverthebaby’snoseandmouth.Delivertwobriefbreaths,onebreathevery3to5seconds(Fig.C).

CAUTION:Usejustamouthfulofair.Rememberthatthebaby’slungsareverysmall.Donotattempttotransferalloftheairinyourlungstothebaby’slungs.Onemouthfulofairwillsuffice.

[6]Watchthebaby’schest.Itshouldriseandfallasyoudeliverbreaths.Ifthebabybeginstobreatheonherown,stopperformingCPR.

[7] Check the baby’s breathing and pulse. If they have not beenrestored,repeatsteps4,5,and6.Ifthebaby’sbreathingandpulsearerestored,proceedtostep8.

[8]Oncethebabyisresuscitated,visit theemergencyroom.Thebabyshouldbeexaminedtomakesuretherearenootherinjuries.

MeasuringtheBaby’sCoreTemperatureThe core temperature of the baby should be approximately 98.6degrees Fahrenheit (37°C). This numberwill fluctuate throughouttheday,registeringlowerinthemorningthanintheevening.

The easiest andmost accurate way tomeasure the baby’s coretemperature is by inserting a digital thermometer into the baby’srectum.Traditionalglassthermometersmayalsobeused,buttheybreakeasilyandcancausedamagetothebaby.

CAUTION: Babies lack the patience and motor skills to have theirtemperaturetakenorally(Fig.B).

[1]Preparethethermometer.Rinsewithwarmwateranddry.Applyasmallamountofpetroleumjellyorotherlubricanttothetip.

[2] Prepare the baby. Lay the baby on a flat surface on his back andremovehisclothinganddiaper.Alternatively,laythebabyonhisbellyacrossyourlap.

[3] Insert the thermometer. Spread the baby’s buttocks and insert nomorethanoneinch(2.5cm)ofthethermometer(Fig.A).

[4] Hold the thermometer in place for two minutes. Keeping thebuttocks held together will minimize discomfort. Most digitalthermometersbeeptoindicatetheyhavefinishedmeasuring.

[5]Removethethermometer.Coverthebaby’sbottomwithaclothordiaper.

CAUTION:Rectalthermometerscanstimulatethebaby’sbowels.Placeatowelunderthebabybeforetakinghistemperature.

[6] Read the baby’s temperature. If it is higher than 101 degreesFahrenheit(38°C),contactthebaby’sserviceproviderimmediately.

EXPERT TIP:You might want to measure the temperature at thearmpit(Fig.B).Beawarethatthistemperaturemayregisterasslightlylowerthanatemperaturerecordedattherectum.Gaugetemperatureshiftsonlybycomparingmeasurementstakenatthesamelocation.

MedicalMaintenanceMostmodelswillexperienceanaverageoffourillnessesinthefirstyear. It is recommended that users contact the baby’s serviceprovider at the first signs of illness. The service provider candiagnose and treat any illness or, if needed, recommend aspecialist.

Asthma

Asthma is a condition that affects the baby’s bronchial tubes,restrictingbreathing.Anasthmaattackcanbeseriousifnottreatedproperly.Symptomsincludecoughing(especiallyatnight),wheezing,andfast or labored breathing (your unitwill be using auxiliary chestmuscles to breathe). The baby’s service provider should diagnoseandprescribea courseof treatment.The frequencyof theattacksmightbereducedbylimitingthebaby’sexposuretocertainfoods,medications,pollutants,temperatureshifts,orallergens.

BabyAcne

Babyacneismoreunsightlythanserious,andtypicallydisappearsafter sixweeks of its appearance. Itwill assume the formof tinypimplesonthebaby’sface.Totreatbabyacne,washthebaby’sfacedaily,withorwithoutamildsoapandlukewarmwater.Keepthebaby’sbedsheetsclean.Thebaby’sserviceprovidercanprescribetheuseofamildtopicalsteroidcream.

BirthMarksandBirthRashes

Birthmarksandrashesarealterationsinthepigmentofthebaby’sskin.Thesearenothealthrisksbutshouldbeidentifiedinthefirstfewweeks,soyouwillnotconfusethemwithbruisesorlocalizedrashes later.Somemarkings takeweeks to fadeaway,others takeyears.Ifyouhaveanyconcernsaboutamark’ssignificance,discussitwiththebaby’sserviceprovider.Themostcommontypesincludethefollowing:

MongolianSpots:Thesebluish-greenmarks,oftenmistakenforbruises,are typically foundonoraroundababy’sbuttocksand/or lowerback.MongolianspotsaremostcommononbabiesofAfrican,Latino,NativeAmerican,andAsiandescent,buttheycanappearonanyinfantmodel.Thespotswillgenerallyfadebythetimethebabyistwoorthreeyears

old.

Stork Bites: These pink-or salmon-colored patches, oftenmistaken forrashes, are typically found on the baby’s neck, forehead, nose, oreyebrows. The spots may redden when the baby cries or develops afever;theygenerallydisappearbytheageofsixmonths.

ErythemaToxicum:Theseyellow-white“blisters,”sometimesmistakenforaninfection,aresurroundedbyaredlining.Duringthebaby’sfirstfewweeksoflife,thesemarkscanspreadalloverthebaby’sbody—buttheyusuallydisappearbytheageofthreeweeks.

Milia:Theseyellow-whiteareaswilltypicallyappearonthebaby’snose.Theyarecausedbyglandsecretionsandusuallydisappearwithinthreeweeksofappearance.

Café-au-Lait Spots: These pale brown patches might appear on thebaby’s trunk or extremities. If you find more than six of these spots,contactthebaby’sserviceprovider.

BumpsandBruises

Bumps and bruises should heal themselves within a week to 10days. Unless they are accompanied by other symptoms, they areeasilytreatableathome.

[1]Applyacoldcompresstotheimpactsite.Holdacoldwashclothorgelpackonorneartheaffectedarea.Thecoldmaydiminishthesizeofthebumporbruise.

[2] Avoid touching the area; it will be tender and sore. Adjust yourhandlingandfeedingpositionstominimizecontact.

[3]Observetheareaasitheals.Bumpswillgrowsmallerastheyfade.Bruiseswillchangefrompurpletoyellowandthenfade.

Chickenpox

Chickenpox is a viral infection that causes a rash. Until all of itssoreshavescabbedover,chickenpoxishighlycontagioustoanyonewhohasn’thadit(orbeenvaccinatedagainstit).Therashinitiallyappearsasreddotsandquicklyacceleratesto

blisters and scabs within 24 hours; all sores are usually scabbedoverwithinthreetofivedays.Thelesionsareextremelyitchyandwill cause the baby much discomfort. (Many users soothe theselesions with an oatmeal bath—supplies can be purchased atdrugstores.) If you believe the baby has chickenpox, contact thebaby’s service provider and quarantine the baby from otherchildren.

Circumcision

Circumcision is a procedure inwhich the foreskin of the penis isremovedbyaserviceproviderorritualcircumciser.Thisprocedureusuallytakesplaceinthehospital(onetotwodaysafterdelivery)or in thehome (eight days after delivery, or as religious practiceprescribes).Inthemajorityofcases,thereisnomedicalreasontohaveababycircumcised.However,acircumcisedpenisiseasierforayoungboy to clean,and somestudies suggest that circumcisionwillresultinadecreasedriskofinfection,HIV,andpenilecancer.Thecircumcisionmustbetendedtoproperlytoavoidinfection.

[1]Avoidwater.Donotusewatertocleanacircumcisedpenisuntilithashealedcompletely.Wipegentlywithasoftcloth.

[2]Applypetroleumjelly.Spreadaliberalamountovertheareaofthediaper that will make contact with the penis. This will help keep thecircumcisiondry,andwillkeep theglansof thepenis fromsticking tothediaper.Dothiseverytimeyoureinstalladiaper.

[3] Monitor the penis for bleeding and infection. Do not touch thecircumcised area until it has healed. Look for blood or pus. If you

suspectaninfection,contactthebaby’sserviceprovider.

CloggedTearDuct

Ablockageinthetearductcanleadtoaninfection.Thisconditionis not contagious and will usually clear up automatically by thetimethebabyisninemonthsold.Symptoms of clogged tear ducts include a wet or mucous

dischargefromtheeye(oftenonlyoneeye).Ifyoususpectthebabyhasablocked tearduct,wipe thedischargewitha soft clothandwarm water and contact the baby’s service provider, who mightprescribeantibioticdrops.

Colic

Colic isatermusedtodescribeasetofsymptomsthatcausesthebaby to feel distressed. The specific causes of colic are unknown,but theconditionrarelyoccursbeyondthebaby’ssecondor thirdmonth.Symptomsofcolicincludefrequentwaking,inconsolablecrying,

and gassy discomfort. If you suspect the baby is suffering fromcolic,contactthebaby’sserviceprovider,whomightprescribetheuse of anti-gas drops. You can also consider the followingtechniques.

[1]Comfortthebaby.Taketurnswithanothercaregiver,workingin10-minuteshifts.Rock,sway,orwalkthebaby.Anymovementmaydistracther.Considerwearingthebabyinasling,ortakingthebabyforadrive.

[2]Applygentlepressuretothebaby’sabdomen.Thiscanhelpthebabyexpel gas. Lay the baby so she is straddling one arm. Alternatively,reclineonachairorsofaandcradlethebabysoherbellyrestsagainstyourribs.

[3] If you are breastfeeding, eliminate gassy foods such as cabbage,beans,milk,andcaffeine.

EXPERTTIP:Eachuserhasapersonaltrickforhandlingcolic.Somesay baby massage and warm baths are effective; others advocate frequentfeedings.Thebaby’sserviceprovidermighthavesomesuggestions.

Congestion

Congestionoccurswhenthebaby’snasalpassagesare impededorobstructed by mucus. This is typically the symptom of a cold,allergy, or teething, and should clear up with the associatedcondition.

[1]Ifthebabyhasloosemucus,proceedtostep2.Fordrymucus,usesalinedropsfromthebaby’sserviceprovidertoloosenthecongestion.Placeonedropinsideeachnostril.Thebabyislikelytostartcrying.Waitforthecryingtostop.

[2] You will need a nasal bulb (readily available at drugstores) toremovethemucusfromthebaby’snostrils.Squeezethebulb.Insertthetubeintoonenostril.Releasethebulb.Withdrawthetube.Expelthemucusintoatowelortissue.Repeatwiththeothernostril.

[3]Wipethebaby’snosewithasoftclothortissue.Applylotionaroundthenostrilstopreventchafing.

[4] Bring the baby’s car seat inside and strap her into it at bedtime.Sleepingproppedupwillhelpherdrainthecongestion.

Constipation

Constipation isaconditionthat interfereswith theregularoutputof the baby’s waste system. This condition can last for an

undeterminedamountoftime,butisusuallynotseriousiftreatedproperly.Symptomsofconstipationincludeinfrequentorverylargestools

withahardconsistency,oralongtime(fivedaysormore)withnowaste output. If you suspect the baby suffers from constipation,contact thebaby’sserviceprovider.Youmightalso tryanyof thefollowingtechniques.

[1]Measure the baby’s temperature (see this page). The thermometermightstimulatethebaby’sbowels.

[2]Givethebabyaglycerinsuppository.Thesearereadilyavailableatmost pharmacies. Insert half a suppository into the baby’s rectum andreinstalladiaper.Resultsshouldappearwithin30minutes.

[3]Provideamplefluids.Makesurethebabyhasenoughfluidstokeephisstoolsoft.Thisusuallymeansthreeounces(89mL)ofwaterdailyforeverytwopounds(900g)thebabyweighs.

[4] Adjust the baby’s diet. Reduce or remove foods that can causeconstipation,suchasbananas,pears,rice,andcereal.

[5]Changetheformula.Ifthebabyisformula-fed,changetoalow-ironorsoyformulauntilconstipationclears.

CradleCap

Cradle cap is a skin condition that affects the baby’s scalp; itappearsintheformofyellowscalesonthescalpthatoccasionallyextendtotheface.Itwillusuallydisappearbythetimethebabyisthreemonthsold.Ifyoususpectthebabyhascradlecap,contactthebaby’sservice

provider. The following maintenance routine can also help treatcradlecap.

[1]Applyoliveoiltothebaby’sscalp.Dothispriortoshampooing,and

besuretoselectacold-pressedoil,whichischemicalfree.Massagetheoilintothescalpfor20seconds.

[2]Washthebaby’shead.Applyamild,anti-dandruffbabyshampootothescalponceaday.Youmightneedtowashthehairtwicetoremovealloftheoliveoil;useamildbabyshampooforthesecondwashing.

[3]Brushawayloosescales.Useasoftbabyhairbrush.

Croup

Croupisaviralconditionthataffects thebaby’svoicebox.Croupsymptomswillbemostsevereonthefirstnightandwillfadeafterafewdays.Symptoms of croup include a barking cough, a hoarse throat,

stridor (a gasping sound made by the baby when she inhales),fever,rapidbreathing,poorcoloring,andlethargy.Ifyouthinkthebaby has croup, contact the baby’s service provider. Changes intemperatureoftenhelpthesymptomsofcroup.Holdthebabyinasteamedbathroomorallowbriefexposuretothenightair.

Cuts

Cuts are a break in the skin caused by a sharp object. Cutsgenerallyhealinaweekto10days.Aprolongedhealingmaybeanindicationofasecondaryinfection.Symptomsofaninfectedcutincludebleeding,redness,swelling,

ordrainageofpusanywherenearthesiteofthecut.Ifyoususpectthebabyhasan infected cut, or if the cutwillnot stopbleeding,contactthebaby’sserviceprovider.

[1]Wash theareawithmild, soapywater. If it is no longerbleeding,allowtheareatoairdryandproceedtostep3.

[2]Ifthecutisbleeding,applydirectpressure.Useasterile,softgauzepad.Presstheskintogetherasyougentlypushdownonthecut.Check

afterafewminutestodetermineifthebleedinghasstopped.

[3]Applyasmalldabofantibioticointmenttotheaffectedarea.

[4]Applyabandage.Monitorthebandagethroughoutthedaytoensureitdoesnotcomeoff.Loosebandagescanpresentachokinghazard.

[5]Changethebandagedaily.Removethebandagewhilesubmergingitunder running water or during a bath to loosen the glue and makeremovallesspainful.Repeatallstepsuntilthecuthashealed.

Dehydration

Dehydration is caused by an imbalance in the baby’s fluid intakeandoutputsystem—namely,thebabyoutputsmorefluidsthanhereceives.Dehydrationwill persist until the baby’s fluid levels arerebalanced.Symptoms of mild dehydration include decreased urine output

(fewerthanthreetofourwetdiapersperday),cryingwithlittleorno tears, severe lethargy, weight loss, and chapped lips. If yoususpectthebabyisdehydrated,increasethebaby’sintakeofsimplefluids(waterorlightformula).Ifthebabyisbreastfed,increasethefrequency or duration of his feedings. If the baby is bottle-fed,introduceapediatricelectrolytesolution(availablecommercially).Ifsymptomspersist,contactthebaby’sserviceprovider.

Diarrhea

Diarrhea is a condition that changes both the consistency andfrequencyofthebaby’swasteoutput.Thecondition,causedbyanynumberofbacteriaorviruses,usuallylastsfivetosevendays.Symptoms of diarrhea include increased waste output with a

liquid-likeconsistency.Thewastemightalsobemoreodorousthanusual.Ifyoususpectthebabyissufferingfromdiarrhea,orifyounoticeanybloodormucusinherwasteoutput,contactthebaby’sserviceprovider.

[1]Useacottonroundandwarmwaterduringdiaperchangestoavoidaggravatingtheareaduringthefrequentdiaperreinstallations.

[2]Providelightmealsandincreasefluidintake.Breastfeedingmothersshould increase the number or duration of feedings to keep the babyhydrated.Ifthebabyisformulabottle-fed,reducetheamountofformulaadded to the water by half. Offer the baby a bottle with pediatricelectrolyte solution. Once diarrhea has decreased in frequency, slowlyreintroducesolids,ifanyarepresentalready,intothebaby’sdiet.

[3]Watchforsignsofdehydration.

[4]Addadashofyogurttothebaby’smeal.Theactiveculturesfoundinyogurtcanhelptorestoreherregularstool.

DrugAllergies

A drug allergy is an allergic reaction to a specific medication.Symptoms of a drug allergy include hives, runny nose, difficultbreathing, and a change in skin color. If you think the baby ishaving an allergic reaction to a drug, immediately contact thebaby’s service provider,whomight change the baby’smedicationortrytotreattheallergywithdiphenhydramine.

EarInfections

Earinfectionsaretheresultofaviralorbacterial infectioninthemiddleear.Mildearinfectionscanlastfromthreetofivedays,orcanrecurforseveralweeks.Ifanearinfectionlastsforlongerthanfivedays,consultthebaby’sserviceprovider.Symptoms of an ear infection include inconsolable crying,

grabbingattheear,distressuponchangingpositions,andfever.Ifyoususpectthebabyissufferingfromanearinfection,contactthebaby’sserviceprovider.Earinfectionsaresometimestreatedwithantibiotics.Thisisthe

quickestcurefortheinfection,andwillprevent it fromspreading

andcausingmoreseriousproblemslikemeningitis(seethispage).Differentantibioticsarecompatiblewithdifferentmodels,anditisimpossible to know in advancewhat yourmodelwill respond to.Several different kinds of antibiotics couldbeprescribedbefore amatchisfound.Tomaintainabalanceofstomachbacteria,feedthebabyyogurt

whilesheisonantibiotics.Itisnotuncommonfortreatmentofearinfectionstolastanentiremonth.

EXPERTTIP:Adropofoliveoilcanprovideshort-termreliefforthebaby.Useaneyedroppertoplaceonedropineachofthebaby’sears.Allowtheoil towork itsway into thecanal.Thismaycomfort thebabyuntilherserviceprovidercanofferamorepermanentsolution.

Fever

Mostserviceprovidersbelievethatlow-gradefeversarebeneficialto thebaby,because theyslowdownviral replication.Thiskeepsthebabyfromgettingsicker.Asaresult,manyserviceprovidersdonot recommend treating a fever under 100 degrees Fahrenheit(38°C).

CAUTION:Ifyourmodelislessthanthreemonthsoldandhasafeverhigher than 100 degrees Fahrenheit (38°C), contact the baby’s serviceprovider.

[1] Feel the baby’s forehead—if it is warm to the touch, take hertemperature. See guidelines for measuring the baby’s temperature onthispage.

[2] If the baby’s temperature is between 101 and 103 degreesFahrenheit (38.5–39.5°C), contact the baby’s service provider. It isrecommendedthatusersadministersmalldosesofibuprofeneveryfourhours until the fever subsides; discuss this with the baby’s serviceprovider.

[3] If the baby’s temperature is at or above 103.5 degrees Fahrenheit(40°C),thebabyhasahighfeverandthebaby’sserviceprovidershouldbe contacted immediately. Sponge her with warm water, whichevaporatesquicklyandcools thebaby faster thancoldwater,andgivehersmalldosesofibuprofeneveryfourhours.Ifthebaby’sfeverremainsatthislevel,thereisgoodreasontosuspectasecondaryinfection.

Gas

Gasistheresultofairbubblesformingwithinthebaby’sintestinaltract. This condition often occurs in conjunction with a feeding,and might pass naturally. Symptoms of gas include burping,flatulence,crying,andliftingthekneestotheabdomen.To reduce gas, burp the baby after every feeding. If you are

breastfeeding,removegassyfoodssuchasbeansandcabbagefromyourdiet.Performagas-releaseholdon thebaby (see thispage).Thebaby’sserviceprovidermightprescribeanti-gasdrops.

Hiccups

Hiccupsareverycommoninnewbornbabies,andtheystemfromatemporary disorder in the baby’s diaphragm. Try the followingtechniquesforendingthebaby’shiccups.

CAUTION: If thebabyhashiccups,donotattempttoendthemwithadultmethods.Donottrytoholdthebaby’sbreath.Donotfrightenthebabywithaloudnoise.Blowon thebaby’s face.Thismightcausehim to inhalequicklyandchangethemovementofhisdiaphragm.Feedthebaby.Theregularswallowingandbreathingmightreset thediaphragm. Take the baby outside. A sudden burst of cool airmight change therhythmofherbreathing.

InsectBitesandStings

Insect bites or stings are only threatening if the baby develops asevere allergic reaction. Severe allergic reactions includeabdominalpain,vomiting,difficultybreathing,orhives(inaplaceother than the location of the bite); if such a reaction occurs,contact the baby’s service provider immediately. A mild reactionsuchasitchinessatthesiteofthestingorbitecanbetreatedwithacoolcompress.Holditinplaceforatleast15minutes,oraslongasthebabywillallow.

CAUTION:Testthetemperatureofthecompressonyourownskinbeforeapplyingittothebaby.Neverapplyanicepackdirectlytoskin;wrapitinadrytowelfirst.

NervousTremors

Nervous tremors are an involuntary firing of nerves that causesmildmuscular shaking (usually in thearmsand legs),whichmaybemistakenforshivering.Thisisafairlycommonconditionamongnewborns; tremorswill usuallydisappearby the time thebaby isthree to six months old. If the baby appears to suffer fromparticularly dramatic tremors, you should contact the baby’sserviceprovider.

PinkEye

Pinkeyecanbecausedbyaninfectionoranallergy,andcanaffectone or both of the baby’s eyes. If the pink eye is caused by aninfection, it is contagious and users should wash their handsfrequently.Whentreatedproperly,itshouldclearupinafewdays.Symptomsofpinkeyeincludearednessoftheeyeball(s),rednessontheinnerpartoftheeyelid(s),andagreenoryellowdischargefromtheaffectedarea.Thebabymayattempttorubhereyes—donotlether.Swaddlingthebabywillpreventherfromreachinghereyes(seethispage).Ifyoususpectthebabyissufferingfrompinkeye, quarantine the baby from other children and contact thebaby’sserviceprovider.

Reflux

Refluxresults fromstomachacidrisingup theesophagus throughthe inadequate closure of a valve between the baby’s esophagusand stomach. The condition typically appears within the baby’sfirstfewweeks,andcanlastforseveralmonths.Symptomsincludetheregurgitationofliquidssoonaftertheyareingested,irritability,frequentcrying,inconsolableabdominalpain,archingherback,andfrequentbutshorterfeedings.Ifyoususpectthe baby is suffering from reflux, contact the baby’s serviceprovider,whomightprescribethickeningthebaby’sfeedingswithricecereal,placingthebabyinanuprightpositionafterfeedingorwhilesleeping,and/oravarietyofantacidmedication.

Teething

The baby comes pre-installed with teeth that will automaticallyemergefromthegumsinthelatterhalfofthebaby’sfirstyear.Thisprocessisknownasteethingandwillcausethebabytofeelpain.Symptomsofteethingincludeexcessivedrooling,bitingonhardobjects,nightwaking,andagitation,andoccasionallycongestion,arunnynose,diarrhea,orlow-gradefever.Thereislittletheusercando to treat teething. Users can manage the baby’s discomfort byincreasing the baby’s number of naps or giving the baby cold,chewable items such as frozen celery or washcloths. The baby’sserviceprovidermightalsorecommendsmalldosesofibuprofenoratopicalanesthetic.

UmbilicalCordStump

Upon delivery of the baby, you will notice an inch or two ofumbilical cord protruding from his navel. If the stump is alwayskeptdryandclean,itshouldscabandfalloffinapproximatelytwoweeks.Sometimesastumpwillbecomeinfected—thisisamedicalemergency. The cord stump provides a direct line to the baby’sbloodstream,andaninfectionwouldspreadrapidly.

Symptomsofaninfectedumbilicalcordstumpincluderednessorswelling around thenavel, a pus-likedischarge, and fever. If yoususpectthebabyissufferingfromaninfectedumbilicalcordstump,contact the baby’s service provider,whomay need to hospitalizethebabyorprescribeantibiotics.

VaccinationReactions

The baby may have an allergic or other reaction to the regularvaccination shots service providers administer. Though somewhatseldom,mostreactionsoccurfromtheDtaP(diphtheria,whoopingcough, tetanus) shot. Reactions will appear immediately or soonafterthebabyreceivestheshotandareeasilytreated.SymptomsofavaccinationreactiontoDtaP(andothers)includefever, irritability,swellingorrednessat thesightof theshot,andanaphylactic shock (a severe reaction including hives and/ordistressedorimpairedbreathing).Ifyouthinkthebabyissufferingfromavaccinationreaction—particularlyifbreathingistroubled—call emergency paramedics immediately. Users can contact thebaby’sserviceproviderforlessseveresymptoms.Relievethesymptomsofaminorvaccinationreactionbytakingthefollowingsteps.

[1]Checkwiththebaby’sserviceprovider:Heorshemayrecommendibuprofentotreatfeveranddiscomfort.

[2] Apply a cold or warm pack to the site of the shot. Somemodelspreferawarmpacktorelievepain;othermodelswantacoldpack.Tryeach to determine which is compatible with your model. Test thetemperatureofthepackbeforeapplyingittoavoiddamagingthebaby’sskin.

EXPERTTIP:Thebaby’sserviceproviderwillscheduleregularvisitsat which vaccinations will be administered (see this page). These updatesgenerallyoccuratages2,4,6,and12months.Givethebabyanappropriate

dosageof ibuprofenhalf anhourbefore visiting the service providerand inthefollowing24hourstominimizediscomfort.

Vomiting

Vomiting is theprocessbywhich thebaby expels the contents ofher stomach through her mouth. It can be related to foodintolerance, gastrointestinal disorder, reflux, head injury,meningitis (see this page), or other concerns. As a result, thedurationofthevomitingvarieswithitsassociatedcondition.Ifthebaby is vomiting, contact the baby’s service provider, and followtheguidelinesfortreatingadehydratedbabyonthispage.

ProtectingtheBabyfromSuddenInfantDeathSyndrome(SIDS)SuddenInfantDeathSyndrome(SIDS)istheunexpecteddeathofanotherwise healthy baby; it is also sometimes referred to as cribdeath.AlthoughthecauseofSIDSisunknown,researchinstitutionssuch as the American SIDS Institute and the Foundation for theStudy of Infant Deaths have established guidelines to reduce therisk of SIDS. To check for themost up-to-date guidelines, consultthe baby’s service provider. Service providers recommend thefollowingtodecreasetheriskofSIDS.

Putthebabytosleeponhisback.Providethebabyafirmmattresstosleepon. Keep the sleeping area free of stuffed animals, pillows, and heavyblankets.Coverthebabyuptohisabdomenwithalightsheet.Keephisarmsabovethesheet. Do not overdress the baby. His room should be a comfortabletemperature(between68and72degreesFahrenheit[20–22°C]).Breastfeedthebaby.Donotexposethebabytotobaccosmoke.Askvisitorstowashtheirhandsbeforehandlingthebaby.Keepthebabyawayfromvisitorswithrespiratoryinfections.

Placethebabyonhisbellyduringwakinghours.

CAUTION:Ababy ismost at risk forSIDSduringhis first and fourthmonths.Thebabyalsohasanincreasedriskifheispremature,wasexposedtounprescribeddrugsinutero,orhasasiblingwhodiedofSIDS.

RecognizingSeriousIllnessAll baby owners should recognize the symptoms for meningitis,pneumonia, seizures, and RSV. If your model begins to exhibitthese symptoms, follow the instructions described below andcontactthebaby’sserviceproviderimmediately.

EXPERT TIP: Trust your instincts. If you feel that something isseriously wrong with the baby, do not hesitate to call the baby’s serviceprovider.

Meningitis

Meningitis can be either a viral or bacterial infection of themeninges—the covering of the brain and spinal cord. This illnesscanresultinlong-termhealtheffectsandmighthinderneurologicaldevelopment.Fortunately,manyformsaretreatableandsomearecompletelycurable.Symptoms of meningitis include fever, irritability, lethargy,vomiting, seizure, and/or bulging fontanels (resulting fromincreased pressure in the brain). If you suspect the baby hasmeningitis,contactthebaby’sserviceproviderorgotothehospitalimmediately.

Pneumonia

Pneumoniaisaviralorbacterialinfectionofthelungs.Pneumonia

affectsthealveoli—theairsacksofthelungs.Thecommoncoldcandevelopintopneumonia.Mostformsarecompletelycurable.Symptomsofpneumoniaincludecoughing,fever,rapidbreathing(more than30 to40breathsaminute),andretractionof theskinbetween the ribs (itwill appear sunken). If you suspect the babyhas pneumonia, contact the baby’s service provider or go to thehospitalimmediately.

Seizure

A seizure results when abnormal electrical activity in the braintriggers neuromuscular activity in the body. Seizures can havemanydifferentcauses,includingmeningitis,metabolicimbalances,headinjuries,congenitalabnormalities,and/orfever.Themajorityof seizures, however, are idiopathic—whichmeans that there arenospecificcauses.If the baby is having a seizure, her arms and legs will shakeuncontrollablyforanextendedperiodoftime—between30secondsand10minutes.Duringorafter the seizure, thebabymayvomit,losecontrolofherbowelsandbladder,andexperiencesleepiness.To treat a seizure,hold thebabyonher side. Thiswill preventasphyxiation if she vomits. Do not put anything in the baby’smouth—maintain an open airway. Contact the baby’s serviceprovideroncetheseizurehaspassed.

CAUTION:Iftheseizurelastsmorethantwominutes—orappearstorestrictthebaby’sbreathing—callemergencyparamedicsimmediately.

RSV

RSV—respiratory syncytial virus—is a viral infection of the lungsthattypicallyaffectstheairwaysratherthanairsacs.Mostmodelswho experience RSV are usually younger than one year old. Thisinfectioniscontagioustobothbabiesandadults,thoughthevirusismoreseriousforbabies.

SymptomsofRSVincludecoughing,rapidbreathing(morethan30to40breathsperminute),fever,andwheezing.Ifyouthinkthebaby is suffering from RSV, contact the baby’s service providerimmediately.

ScheduledMaintenanceTo ensure your unit operates at peak efficiency in all areas,recommendedservicecheckupsshouldbeperformed.Thefollowingserviceintervalchecklistsdescriberecommendedmaintenanceandupdatesforababyfunctioningundernormaloraverageoperatingconditions. Variations in your baby’s health and/or your own

lifestylemayrequireadifferentmaintenanceschedule,whichwillberecommendedbyyourserviceprovider.Withregardstoimmunizationsandotherupdatestoyourbaby’simmune system, schedules may vary from the intervals listedbelow. Some updates may be installed over a different period.Consult your service provider for a schedule that best suits therequirementsofyourbaby.Charts follow for newborn, 3–5 days, 2 months, 4 months, 6months,9months,and12monthsscheduledmaintenance.Well-child scheduled maintenance should continue to beperformed by your service provider at 15, 18, 24, 48, and 60months. Immunization schedules should be continued based onprevious service installations and will be recommended by yourserviceproviderbasedoninstallationhistory.

EXPERT TIP: Numerous reputable studies have found no linkbetween MMR and autism, and an original study from England in 1998suggesting such a link has since been discredited. An official schedule ofimmunizations may be found at www.cdc.gov/vaccines, which takes intoaccountallnewvaccinesandevidenceregardingimmunizations.

Interval:Newborn

HOURSOFOPERATION:0–1Year_____Make_____Model_____

History–N/AMeasurements

Length_____Height_____Weight_____HeadCircumference_____

BloodPressure_____/_____SensoryScreening

Vision/OpticalSensors(Pass/Fail)Hearing/AudioSensors(Pass/Fail)

DevelopmentalScreening(Pass/Fail)PhysicalExaminationFluidChecks

BloodTestImmunizations

HepatitisB(HepB)–firstdoseNotes_____________________

ScheduledMaintenancePerformedby____________________

Interval:3–5Days

HOURSOFOPERATION:72–120Year_____Make_____Model_____

HistoryMeasurements

Length_____Height_____Weight_____HeadCircumference_____BloodPressure(optional)_____/_____

SensoryScreeningVision/OpticalSensors(Pass/Fail)Hearing/AudioSensors(Pass/Fail)

DevelopmentalScreening(Pass/Fail)PhysicalExaminationFluidChecksImmunizations–N/ANotes_____________________

ScheduledMaintenancePerformedby________________________

Interval:2Months

HOURSOFOPERATION:1,440Year_____Make_____Model_____

HistoryMeasurements

Length_____Height_____Weight_____HeadCircumference_____BloodPressure(optional)_____/_____

SensoryScreeningVision/OpticalSensors(Pass/Fail)Hearing/AudioSensors(Pass/Fail)

DevelopmentalScreening(Pass/Fail)PhysicalExaminationFluidChecksImmunizations

HepatitisB(HepB)–seconddoseRotavirus(RV)–firstdose

Diphtheria,Tetanus,Pertussis(DTaP)–firstdoseHaemophilusInfluenzae,Typeb(Hib)–firstdosePneumococcal(PCV)–firstdoseInactivatedPoliovirus(IPV)–firstdose

Notes_____________________

ScheduledMaintenancePerformedby________________________

Interval:4Months

HOURSOFOPERATION:2,880Year_____Make_____Model_____

HistoryMeasurements

Length_____Height_____Weight_____HeadCircumference_____BloodPressure(optional)_____/_____

SensoryScreeningVision/OpticalSensors(Pass/Fail)Hearing/AudioSensors(Pass/Fail)

DevelopmentalScreening(Pass/Fail)PhysicalExaminationFluidChecksImmunizations

Rotavirus(RV)–seconddoseDiphtheria,Tetanus,Pertussis(DTaP)–seconddose

HaemophilusInfluenzae,Typeb(Hib)–seconddosePneumococcal(PCV)–seconddoseInactivatedPoliovirus(IPV)–seconddose

Notes_____________________

ScheduledMaintenancePerformedby________________________

Interval:6Months

HOURSOFOPERATION:4,320Year_____Make_____Model_____

HistoryMeasurementsLength_____Height_____Weight_____HeadCircumference_____BloodPressure(optional)_____/_____

SensoryScreeningVision/OpticalSensors(Pass/Fail)Hearing/AudioSensors(Pass/Fail)

DevelopmentalScreening(Pass/Fail)PhysicalExaminationFluidChecksBloodTestLeadScreening

ImmunizationsHepatitisB(HepB)–thirddose

Rotavirus(RV)–thirddoseDiphtheria,Tetanus,Pertussis(DTaP)–thirddoseHaemophilusInfluenzae,Typeb(Hib)–thirddosePneumococcal(PCV)–thirddose Influenza – seasonal, yearly, various installation optionsavailable(consultwithserviceprovider)

OralExaminationNotes_____________________

ScheduledMaintenancePerformedby________________________

Interval:9Months

HOURSOFOPERATION:6,480Year_____Make_____Model_____

HistoryMeasurementsLength_____Height_____Weight_____HeadCircumference_____BloodPressure(optional)_____/_____

SensoryScreeningVision/OpticalSensors(Pass/Fail)Hearing/AudioSensors(Pass/Fail)

DevelopmentalScreening(Pass/Fail)PhysicalExaminationFluidChecks

Immunizations – none if previous maintenance schedules arecurrentOralExaminationNotes_____________________

ScheduledMaintenancePerformedby________________________

Interval:12Months

HOURSOFOPERATION:8,640Year_____Make_____Model_____

HistoryMeasurementsLength_____Height_____Weight_____HeadCircumference_____BloodPressure(optional)_____/_____

SensoryScreeningVision/OpticalSensors(Pass/Fail)Hearing/AudioSensors(Pass/Fail)

DevelopmentalScreening(Pass/Fail)PhysicalExaminationFluidChecksLeadScreeningTuberculinTest

ImmunizationsHepatitisB(HepB)–fourthdose

HaemophilusInfluenzae,Typeb(Hib)–fourthdosePneumococcal(PCV)–fourthdose Influenza – seasonal, yearly, various installation optionsavailable(consultwithserviceprovider)Measles,Mumps,Rubella(MMR)–firstdoseVaricella(VARICELLA)–firstdoseHepatitisA(HepA)–firstdose

OralExaminationNotes_____________________

ScheduledMaintenancePerformedby________________________

FrequentlyAskedQuestions

Canmybabyoverheat?

Yes.Whenababyoverheats, thecondition is referred toas fever.Fever is not in and of itself a major problem. It is a sign of aninfection, and nearly every infection (most of which are viral) isaccompaniedbyatemperature.Feveralsoplaysaconstructiveroleinslowingthespreadofinfections:virusesreplicatelessrapidlyina hot environment. Some service providers feel that fevers lowerthan100°Fahrenheit(39.5°C)neednotbetreated.Thesignificanceofafeverdependsonhowhighitis,howlongit

has persisted, and other associated symptoms. A temperature of103.5° F usually requires tepid, clean-sponge bathing, alongwiththeadministrationofacetaminophenoribuprofen.Ifyourbabyhashad a temperature formore than three days, you should contactyourserviceprovider.If your baby is lethargic or exhibits vomiting, a stiff neck,

significantpain,respiratorydistress(fastrespiratoryrateortheuseof auxiliary muscles to breathe), or has a rash, you should alsocontactyourserviceprovider.

Whenshouldmybabystarttoeatsolidfoods?

From a nutritional and developmental standpoint, babies do notneedtostartsolid foodsuntilagesix toninemonths.Agoodcuethatyourchildisreadyiswhensheexhibitsacuriosityaboutsolidfoods.

HowmanydiaperswillIuseandwhencanIstarttoilettrainingmybaby?

Onaverage,anewbabywillrequire2,200to2,900diaperchangesinthefirstyearoflifealone!Atwhatpointyoubegintotoilettrainyourbabydependsonculturalandlifestyleinfluences.Someusersbegininthebaby’sfirstweek,holdingthebabyoverapottywhenthefirstsignsofabowelmovementareapparent.Manyusersbegintoilettrainingsometimeaftereighteenmonths,whenthebabyisinbetter control of bowel function and able to communicate andappreciatearewardsystem.Stillotherusersbeginafterthebabyisthreeyearsold,whencommunicationskillscanspeedthetrainingprocess.

Iupdatemybaby’svirusprotectionregularly,sowhyishealwayssick?

During your baby’s first year(s) of life, he will be developing animmune system. Even if your service provider performs regularlyscheduled maintenance and updates, 70 percent of the illnessesaffecting babies and young children are viral; these are generallycured and treated by a person’s own immune system.When yourbaby is exposed to a new viral illness, the sickness is anopportunityforhimtodevelopanimmunitytoit.Generally, a baby will experience many sicknesses during the

first year of life. More frequent illness may be an indication ofallergies or may be more significant if your baby experiencesrecurrent serious bacterial infections, such as pneumonia,staphylococcal infections, and meningitis. In these cases, you

shouldcontactyourserviceprovider.

Areserviceprovidersavailable24/7?WhomdoIcontactafterhours?

In case of an emergency, always dial 911 first. If the after-hourssituation appears not to be life-threatening but does requireattention, most service providers have on-call access to them oranotherserviceprovider intheirmedicalgroup.Besuretosecureyourserviceprovider’sansweringservicephonenumberand/ore-mail before the need arises. Some users, not wanting to disturbtheirserviceprovideratallhoursofthenightoronweekends,mayelecttouseafreestandingmedicalfacility.Insuchcases,besuretoupdate your service provider by phone, because reports of theseincidentswillnotautomaticallybesenttoher.

ShouldIreallyimmunizemybaby?

Currently,usersaskingthisquestiontendtofall intooneof threecategories:

[1] Users who update their baby’s virus software and immunizeaccordingtotheCDCschedule.

[2]Userswhoadoptadifferentschedule,eithertakingalongertimetoimmunizetheirbabyoreliminatingspecificvaccinesthatconcernthem.

[3]Userswhodonotimmunizeatall.

Someusersareconcernedaboutthepreservativesand/oradditivesused in the preparation of a specific vaccine. Thiomersal (amercurypreservative)hasbeeneliminatedfromalmostallcurrentvaccines. Small amounts of aluminum are used as an additive toincreasetheeffectivenessofsomevaccines.Because your baby does not have an auto-update feature

preinstalled, it is your responsibility to gather all the necessary

information to make an informed decision about your baby’shealth.

There’ssomuchinformationoutthere.WhatshouldIbelieve?

Many new users faced with the necessity of caring for a babydiscover an overabundance of information. Use the followingguidelinestosortthroughit:

[1]Trustyourowninstinctsandintuition.

[2]Adopttheviewthatyouareresponsibleforyourbabyandthatyouareinchargeofthesituation.

[3] Know that no one person is an expert on every baby. Look forinformationthatsuitsyourpersonalityandchildrearingstyle.

TroubleShootingGuideIfyourbaby isnotoperatingatpeakefficiency,use the followingtroubleshootingguidetosolvesomecommonproblems.Shouldanyoftheseproblemspersist,contactyourbaby’sserviceprovider.

PROBLEMPOSSIBLECAUSE

POSSIBLETREATMENT

Babyemitsunpleasantodor…

GasTurnonafantoremoveodorfromroom.

SoileddiaperRemoveandreinstalldiaper.

thatisunbearable/frequent

DiarrheaTreatfordiarrhea(seethispage–thispage).

andwasteis:

None.Meconiumcomes

Black Meconium

None.Meconiumcomespreinstalledinyourbabyandshouldpassin1–2weeksafterdelivery.

Seedy Breastmilk

None.“Seedlike”appearanceofwasteforbreastfeedingbabiesisnormal.

Green Peas

Yourbaby’spowersupplywillaffectthecolorandconsistencyofwasteoutput.Thisisnormal.

Babydoesnotemitunpleasantodor.

Constipation

Yourbaby’spowersupplywillaffectthecolorandconsistencyofwasteoutput.Thisisnormal.

Testbaby’stemperatureatbuttockport.

Insertpartialglycerinesuppository.

Contactserviceproviderifwasteisnotproduced.

Babyappearstobeleakingfromthe…

Opticalsensors Multiple

Opticalsensors Multiple See“Babycries”(thispage).

Nose Allergic,teething,orsickWipebaby’snosewithasofttissue.

Consultserviceprovider.

Mouth TeethingOfferfrozenorcoldchewableitems.

Coverbaby’sfrontwithbibtoabsorbleakagefrommouthport.

Waist TankisfullSee“Expelsingestedfood”(thispage).

Improperlyinstalleddiaper

Removeandreinstalldiaper,pointpenisdownward(malemodelsonly).

DiaperisovercapacityRemoveandreinstalldiaper.

Babydoesnotappeartobeleakingfromwaist.

DehydrationIncreasefluid/liquidintakeofbaby.

IntroducePediatricElectrolytesolution.

Consultserviceprovider.

BabywillnotingestTankisfull

Waitfor60minutesandattempttoreinstall

foodTankisfull attempttoreinstall

powersupply.

Sick Consultserviceprovider.

Expelsingestedfood Tankisfull Stopfeedingbaby.

GassyBurpbaby.Wipeexpelledfoodfromclothing.

Sick Consultserviceprovider.

Babycrieswhenplaced:

Vertically WetorsoileddiaperRemoveandreinstallfreshdiaper.

Hungry Feedbaby.

HotObserveandchangebaby’sclothingandcoverings.

ColdObserveandchangebaby’sclothingandcoverings.

Tired ActivateSLEEPMODE.

Gassy Burpthebaby.

Lonely,scared,injuredLoveand/orcomfortthebaby.

Installpacificationtool,naturalorartificial.

Babycrieswhen

placed:

Horizontally EarinfectionPlace1smalldropofwarmoliveoilineachofbaby’sauditorysensors.

Inanyposition Sick,teething,colickyIfcryingpersistsformorethan30minutes,consultserviceprovider.

Babywillnot…

EnterSLEEPMODE Nottired Playwithbaby.

Takebabyforwalk.

ReenterSLEEPMODE

Overtired/overstimulated Stopstimulatingbaby.

Turnofflights.

Rockbabygently.

AttempttoreactivateSLEEPMODE.

RemaininSLEEPMODE

WetorsoileddiaperRemoveandreinstalldiaper.

Hungry Feedbaby.

UncomfortableChecktobesurenotagsortoysarepokingbaby.

Changebaby’sclothes.

Removeoraddalightsheetorblanket.

Babywillnot…

Enter,reenter,orremainin

Scared Loveandcomfortbaby.

SLEEPMODEnomatterwhatIdo.

Doesnotknowhow

TeachbabytoSelf-orUser-ActivateSLEEPMODE.Goodluck.Thistooshallpass.

AbouttheAuthors

Aboard-certifiedpediatricianwiththeAmericanAcademyofPediatrics,DR.LOUISBORGENICHThasrunhisownpracticeinSaltLakeCityforthe last 16 years. He is also Assistant Professor of Pediatrics at TheUniversity ofUtah School ofMedicine, and he serves on the Board ofDirectorsforPhysiciansforSocialResponsibility.In2002,Ladies’HomeJournal named him the Best Pediatrician in Utah. Dr. Borgenicht liveswithhiswife, Jody,whohas finally learnedhow to sleep through thenightwhileherhusbandgoesoutoncalls.

JOEBORGENICHTisaD.A.D.whofrequentlytelephoneshisfatherforadvice. He is also awriter, entrepreneur (www.rulegolf.com), and theco-authorofTheActionHero’sHandbook,TheActionHeroine’sHandbook,andUndercoverGolf.He lives inSalt LakeCitywithhiswife,Melanie,andtheirsons,JonahandEli(whostilloperateatpeakefficiencyafternearlyadecade).

AbouttheIllustrators

PAUL KEPPLE and JUDE BUFFUM are better known as thePhiladelphia-based studioHEADCASE DESIGN, whose work has beenfeatured in many design publications, such as American Illustration,Communication Arts, and Print. Paul worked at Running Press BookPublishers for several years before opening Headcase in 1998. Bothgraduated from the Tyler School of Art,where they now teach.WhenJudewasan infant,hisownerswouldoftenprogramhimforextendedperiodsofsleepmode.Paul’sowners,ontheotherhand,triednumeroustimes to return theirmodel, believinghis inability to growhairwas amanufacturer’sdefect.