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TheAmericans:Reconstructiontothe21st Century
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Chapter9
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Amidgreatpoliticalandsocialchange,womengainalargerpublicroleandleadthecallforreform.PresidentTheodoreRooseveltdubshisreformpoliciesaSquareDeal.
TheProgressiveEra
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TheAmericans:Reconstructiontothe21st Century
Chapter9
TheProgressiveEra
SECTION1 TheOriginsofProgressivism
SECTION2 WomeninPublicLife
SECTION3 TeddyRoosevelt’sSquareDeal
SECTION4 ProgressivismUnderTaft
SECTION5 Wilson’sNewFreedom
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TheAmericans:Reconstructiontothe21st Century
Chapter9
Political,economic,andsocialchangeinlate19thcenturyAmericaleadstobroadprogressivereforms.
TheOriginsofProgressivismSection-1
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TheAmericans:Reconstructiontothe21st Century
Chapter9
ConcernsofProgressives• Early1900s,middle-classreformersaddressproblemsof1890s• Differentreformeffortscollectivelycalledprogressivemovement• Reformersaimtorestoreeconomicopportunity,correctinjusticeby:
— protectingsocialwelfare,promotingmoralimprovement— creatingeconomicreform,fosteringefficiency
FourGoalsofProgressivism
TheOriginsofProgressivismSection-1
Continued…
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TheAmericans:Reconstructiontothe21st Century
Chapter9
ProtectingSocialWelfare• SocialGospel,settlementhousesinspireotherreformgroups• FlorenceKelley,politicalactivist,advocateforwomen,children
— helpspasslawprohibitingchildlabor,limitingwomen’shours
PromotingMoralImprovement• Somefeelpoorshouldupliftselvesbyimprovingownbehavior• Prohibition—banningofalcoholicdrinks• Woman’sChristianTemperanceUnionspearheadsprohibitioncrusade
Section-1
FourGoalsofProgressivism{continued}
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TheAmericans:Reconstructiontothe21st Century
Chapter9
CreatingEconomicReform• 1893panicpromptsdoubtsaboutcapitalism;manybecomesocialists• Muckrakers—journalistswhoexposecorruptioninpolitics,business
FosteringEfficiency• Manyuseexperts,sciencetomakesociety,workplacemoreefficient• LouisD.Brandeisusessocialscientists’dataintrial• Scientificmanagement—timeandmotionstudiesappliedtoworkplace• Assemblylinesspeedupproduction,makepeopleworklikemachines
— causehighworkerturnover
Section-1
FourGoalsofProgressivism{continued}
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TheAmericans:Reconstructiontothe21st Century
Chapter9
ReformingLocalGovernment• Reformerstrytomakegovernmentefficient,responsivetovoters• Somecitiesadoptgovernmentbycommissionofexperts• Manyusecouncil-manager:peopleelectcouncilthatappointsmanager
CleaningUpLocalGovernment
Section-1
ReformMayors• HazenPingree ofDetroittacklestaxes,transitfares,corruption• SocialistTomJohnsonofClevelandfightscorruptutilitycompanies
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TheAmericans:Reconstructiontothe21st Century
Chapter9
ReformGovernors• Governorspushstatestopasslawstoregulatelargebusinesses• RobertM.LaFollette is3-termgovernor,thensenatorofWisconsin
— attacksbigbusiness
ReformattheStateLevel
Section-1
ReformGovernors• Childworkersgetlowerwages,smallhandshandlesmallpartsbetter
— familiesneedchildren’swages• NationalChildLabor Committeegathersevidenceofharshconditions• Labor unionsarguechildren’swageslowerallwages• Groupspressgovernmenttobanchildlabor,cuthours
Continued…
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TheAmericans:Reconstructiontothe21st Century
Chapter9
EffortstoLimitWorkingHours• Muller v.Oregon—Courtupholdslimitingwomento10-hourworkday• Bunting v.Oregon—upholds10-hourworkdayformen• Reformerswinworkers’compensationforfamiliesofinjured,killed
ReformattheStateLevel{continued}
Section-1
Continued…
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TheAmericans:Reconstructiontothe21st Century
Chapter9
ReformattheStateLevel {continued}
Section-1
ReformingElections• Oregonadoptssecretballot,initiative,referendum,recall• Initiative—billproposedbypeople,notlawmakers,putonballots• Referendum—voters,notlegislature,decideifinitiativebecomeslaw• Recall—votersremoveelectedofficialthroughearlyelection• Primariesallowvoters,notpartymachines,tochoosecandidates
DirectElectionofSenators• SeventeenthAmendment permitspopularelectionofsenators
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TheAmericans:Reconstructiontothe21st Century
Chapter9
Asaresultofsocialandeconomicchange,manywomenenterpubliclifeasworkersandreformers.
WomeninPublicLifeSection-2
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TheAmericans:Reconstructiontothe21st Century
Chapter9
WomenintheWorkForce
ChangingPatternsofLiving• Onlymiddle-,upper-classwomencandevoteselvestohome,family• Poorwomenusuallyhavetoworkforwagesoutsidehome
Section-2
WomeninPublicLife
FarmWomen• OnSouthern,Midwesternfarms,women’srolessameasbefore• Performhouseholdtasks,raiselivestock,helpwithcrops
Continued…
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TheAmericans:Reconstructiontothe21st Century
Chapter9
WomenintheWorkForce{continued}
ABungledBurglary• After1900,1in5womenholdjobs;25%inmanufacturing• 50%industrialworkersingarmenttrade;earnhalfofmen’swages• Jobsinoffices,stores,classroomsrequirehighschooleducation• Businessschoolstrainbookkeepers,stenographers,typists
Section-2
DomesticWorkers• In1870,70%ofemployedwomendodomesticwork• ManyAfrican-American,immigrantwomendodomesticlabor
— marriedimmigrantstakeinpiecework,boarders
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TheAmericans:Reconstructiontothe21st Century
Chapter9
WomenLeadReform
WomenGetInvolved• Manyfemaleindustrialworkersseektoreformworkingconditions• Womenformculturalclubs,sometimesbecomereformgroups
Section-2
WomeninHigherEducation• Manywomenactiveinpubliclifehaveattendednewwomen’scolleges• 50%college-educatedwomennevermarry;manyworkonsocialreforms
Continued…
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TheAmericans:Reconstructiontothe21st Century
Chapter9
WomenLeadReform{continued}
WomenandReform• Womenreformerstargetworkplace,housing,education,food,drugs• NationalAssociationofColored Women(NACW)—childcare,education• SusanB.Anthony ofNationalAmericanWomanSuffrageAssoc.(NAWSA)
— worksforwomansuffrage,orrighttovote
Section-2
AThree-PartStrategyforSuffrage• Convincestatelegislaturestogivewomenrighttovote
• Test14thAmendment—statesloserepresentationifdenymenvote• Pushforconstitutionalamendmenttogivewomenthevote
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TheAmericans:Reconstructiontothe21st Century
Chapter9
Aspresident,TheodoreRooseveltworkstogivecitizensaSquareDealthroughprogressivereforms.
TeddyRoosevelt’sSquareDealSection-3
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TheAmericans:Reconstructiontothe21st Century
Chapter9
TeddyRoosevelt’sSquareDealSection-3
ARough-RidingPresident
Roosevelt’sRise• TheodoreRoosevelt hassicklychildhood,drivesselfinathletics• Isambitious,risesthroughNewYorkpoliticstobecomegovernor• NYpoliticalbossescannotcontrolhim,urgerunforvice-president
TheModernPresidency• PresidentMcKinleyshot;Rooseveltbecomespresidentat42• Hisleadership,publicitycampaignshelpcreatemodernpresidency• Supportsfederalgovernmentrolewhenstatesdonotsolveproblems
— SquareDeal—Roosevelt’sprogressivereforms
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TheAmericans:Reconstructiontothe21st Century
Chapter9
UsingFederalPower
Trustbusting• By1900,trustscontrolabout4/5ofU.S.industries• Rooseveltwantstocurbtruststhathurtpublicinterest
— breaksupsometrustsunderShermanAntitrustAc
Section-3
1902CoalStrike• Coalreserveslow;forcesminers,operatorstoacceptarbitration• Setsprincipleoffederalinterventionwhenstrikethreatenspublic
Continued…
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TheAmericans:Reconstructiontothe21st Century
Chapter9
RailroadRegulation• Rooseveltpushesforfederalregulationtocontrolabuses
— ElkinsAct—stopsrebates,suddenratechanges— HepburnAct—limitspasses,ICCtosetmaximumrates
UsingFederalPower{continued}
Section-3
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TheAmericans:Reconstructiontothe21st Century
Chapter9
HealthandtheEnvironment
RegulatingFoodsandDrugs• UptonSinclair’sTheJungle—unsanitaryconditionsinmeatpacking• Rooseveltcommissioninvestigates,backsupSinclair’saccount• RooseveltpushesforMeatInspectionAct:
— dictatessanitaryrequirements— createsfederalmeatinspectionprogram
Section-3
Continued…
PureFoodandDrugAct• Food,drugadvertisementsmakefalseclaims;medicinesoftenunsafe• PureFoodandDrugAct haltssaleofcontaminatedfood,medicine
— requirestruthinlabeling
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TheAmericans:Reconstructiontothe21st Century
Chapter9
HealthandtheEnvironment{continued}
Section-3
ConservationandNaturalResources• 1887,U.S.ForestBureauestablished,manages45millionacres• Privateinterestsexploitnaturalenvironment
ConservationMeasures• Rooseveltsetsasideforestreserves,sanctuaries,nationalparks• Believesconservation partpreservation,partdevelopmentforpublic
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TheAmericans:Reconstructiontothe21st Century
Chapter9
RooseveltandCivilRights
Section-3
CivilRightsattheTurnofthe20thCentury• RooseveltdoesnotsupportcivilrightsforAfricanAmericans• SupportsindividualAfricanAmericansincivilservice
— invitesBookerT.WashingtontoWhiteHouse• NAACP—NationalAssociationfortheAdvancementofColored People
— goalisfullequalityamongraces• Founded1909byW.E.B.DuBoisandblack,whitereformers
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TheAmericans:Reconstructiontothe21st Century
Chapter9
Taft’sambivalentapproachtoprogressivereformleadstoasplitintheRepublicanPartyandthelossofthepresidencytotheDemocrats.
ProgressivismUnderTaftSection-4
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Chapter9
TaftBecomesPresident
Section-4
ProgressivismunderTaft
TaftStumbles• 1908,RepublicanWilliamHowardTaft winswithRoosevelt’ssupport• Hascautiouslyprogressiveagenda;getslittlecreditforsuccesses• Doesnotusepresidentialbullypulpittoarousepublicopinion
Continued…
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TheAmericans:Reconstructiontothe21st Century
Chapter9
TaftBecomesPresident{continued}
Section-4
ThePayne-AldrichTariff• TaftsignsPayne-AldrichTariff—compromisebill,moderatetariffs• Progressivesangry,thinkheabandonedlowtariffs,progressivism
DisputingPublicLands• ConservationistsangryRichardA.Ballingernamedinteriorsecretary
— Ballingerputsreservedlandsinpublicdomain• Interiorofficialprotestsaction,isfired,writesmagazineexposé• GiffordPinchot headofU.S.ForestService
— testifiesagainstBallinger— isfiredbyTaft
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TheAmericans:Reconstructiontothe21st Century
Chapter9
ProblemswithintheParty• RepublicanssplitoverTaft’ssupportofHouseSpeakerJosephCannon• Cannonweakensprogressiveagenda;progressivesallywithDemocrats• 1910midtermelections,DemocratsgetcontrolofHouse
TheRepublicanPartySplits
Section-4
Continued…
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TheAmericans:Reconstructiontothe21st Century
Chapter9
TheBullMooseParty• 1912convention,Taftpeopleoutmaneuver Roosevelt’sfornomination• ProgressivesformBullMooseParty;nominateRoosevelt,callfor:
— morevoterparticipationingovernment— womansuffrage— labor legislation,businesscontrols
• RunsagainstDemocratWoodrowWilson,reformgovernorofNJ
Section-4
TheRepublicanPartySplits{continued}
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TheAmericans:Reconstructiontothe21st Century
Chapter9
Section-4
DemocratsWinin1912
TheElection• WilsonendorsesprogressiveplatformcalledtheNewFreedom
— wantsstrongerantitrustlaws,bankingreform,lowertariffs— callsallmonopoliesevil
• Rooseveltwantsoversightofbigbusiness;notallmonopoliesbad• SocialistPartycandidateEugeneV.Debswantstoendcapitalism• Wilsonwinsgreatelectoralvictory;getsmajorityinCongress
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TheAmericans:Reconstructiontothe21st Century
Chapter9
WoodrowWilsonestablishesastrongreformagendaasaprogressiveleader.
Wilson’sNewFreedomSection-5
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TheAmericans:Reconstructiontothe21st Century
Chapter9
WilsonWinsFinancialReformsWilson’s Background
Section-5
Wilson’sNewFreedom
Wilson’sBackground• Wilsonwaslawyer,professor,presidentofPrinceton,NJgovernor• Aspresident,focusesontrusts,tariffs,highfinance
Continued…
TwoKeyAntitrustMeasures• ClaytonAntitrustAct stopscompaniesbuyingstocktoformmonopoly• Endsinjunctionsagainststrikersunlessthreatenirreparabledamage• FederalTradeCommission(FTC)—new“watchdog”agency
— investigatesregulatoryviolations— endsunfairbusinesspractices
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TheAmericans:Reconstructiontothe21st Century
Chapter9
Section-5
WilsonWinsFinancialReforms{continued}
ANewTaxSystem• WilsonpushesforUnderwoodActtosubstantiallyreducetariffs• SetsprecedentofgivingStateoftheUnionmessageinperson• Hisuseofbullypulpitleadstopassage
FederalIncomeTax• SixteenthAmendmentlegalizesgraduatedfederalincometax
FederalReserveSystem• FederalReserveSystem—privatebankingsystemunderfederalcontrol• Nationdividedinto12districts;centralbankineachdistrict
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TheAmericans:Reconstructiontothe21st Century
Chapter9
Section-5
WomenWinSuffrage
LocalSuffrageBattles• College-educatedwomenspreadsuffragemessagetoworking-class• Godoor-to-door,taketrolleytours,givespeechesatstops
— someadoptboldtacticsofBritishsuffragists
CattandtheNationalMovement• CarrieChapmanCatt,headofNAWSA,stressesorganization,lobbying• NationalWoman’sPartyaggressivelypressuresforsuffrageamendment• Workofpatrioticwomeninwareffortinfluencespoliticians• 1920NineteenthAmendment grantswomenrighttovote
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TheAmericans:Reconstructiontothe21st Century
Chapter9
Section-5
TheLimitsofProgressivism
WilsonandCivilRights• WilsonandCivilRights• Ascandidate,winssupportofNAACPforfavoring civilrights• Aspresident,opposesantilynching legislation• AppointsfellowwhiteSouthernerstocabinetwhoextendsegregation• NAACPfeelsbetrayed;Wilsonself-defense widensrift
TheTwilightofProgressivism• OutbreakofWorldWarIdistractsAmericans;reformeffortsstall
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Chapter9
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