the abcs of cbm for math, spelling, & writing michelle hosp, ph.d

The ABCs of CBM forThe ABCs of CBM for Math, Spelling, & Writing Math, Spelling, & Writing

Michelle Hosp, Ph.D.

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ObjectivesObjectives

•Overview of Curriculum-Based Measurement (CBM)

•Review CBM measures in: math, spelling, and writing (including writing IEP goals and objectives)

•Cover criteria for progress monitoring in math and spelling

•Provide information on where to obtain measures for math, spelling, and writing

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CBM ResearchCBM Research

•CBM research has been conducted over the past 25+ years

•Research has demonstrated that when teachers use CBM for instructional decision making: Students learn more Teacher decision making improves Students are more aware of their

performance

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Different Types of CBADifferent Types of CBA

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Salient Features ofSalient Features ofMastery MeasurementMastery Measurement

• Curriculum is broken down into specific subskills or short-term instructional objectives

• Assess specific skill that is being taughtExample Multidigit addition, with regrouping

• Skills usually assessed using teacher-made tests or tests in curriculum

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Fourth Grade Math Computation Curriculum

1. Multidigit addition with regrouping

2. Multidigit subtraction with regrouping

3. Multiplication facts, factors to 9

4. Multiply 2-digit numbers by a 1-digit number

5. Multiply 2-digit numbers by a 2-digit number

6. Division facts, divisors to 9

7. Divide 2-digit numbers by a 1-digit number

8. Divide 3-digit numbers by a 1-digit number

9. Add/subtract simple fractions, like denominators

10.Add/subtract whole number and mixed number

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Name: Date

3 65 216 37 58+

5 34 296 34 21+

8 45 257 56 32+

6 78 425 39 37+

5 63 829 47 42+

5 73 2 14 63 9 1+

3 64 225 75 29+

3 48 246 94 26+

3 24 158 54 39+

4 53 21+ 8 62 74

Adding

Multidigit Addition Mastery Test

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Mastery of 4th Grade Math

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26

Weeks

Accuracy

Multidigit + with regrouping

Multiplication facts to 9Multidigit - with regrouping

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Fourth Grade Math Computation Curriculum

1. Multidigit addition with regrouping

2. Multidigit subtraction with regrouping

3. Multiplication facts, factors to 9

4. Multiply 2-digit numbers by a 1-digit number

5. Multiply 2-digit numbers by a 2-digit number

6. Division facts, divisors to 9

7. Divide 2-digit numbers by a 1-digit number

8. Divide 3-digit numbers by a 1-digit number

9. Add/subtract simple fractions, like denominators

10. Add/subtract whole number and mixed number

10

Multidigit Subtraction Mastery Test

Name: Date

6 52 13 75

5 42 96 34

8 45 57 56

6 78 29 37

5 68 29 42

7 32 13 91

6 42 25 29

3 48 44 26

2 41 58 54

4 32 18 74

Subtracting

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Mastery of 4th Grade Math

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26

Weeks

Accuracy

Multidigit + with regrouping

Multiplication facts to 9Multidigit - with regrouping

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Downsides to Downsides to Mastery MeasurementMastery Measurement

• Skill Hierarchies

• Teacher-Made Tests Reliability & Validity are unknown

• Retention & generalization of skills are not usually measured

• Measurement of Short-Term Instructional Objectives

• Measurement shifts occur making it difficult to monitor overall progress because:

1. different skills are measured at different points in time

2. different skills are not of equal difficulty and do not represent equal curriculum units

Most Forms of Classroom Most Forms of Classroom Assessment Are MasteryAssessment Are Mastery

MeasurementMeasurementCBM is NOT

Mastery Measurement

CBM is a General Outcome Measure

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1. Multidigit addition with regrouping

2. Multidigit subtraction with regrouping

3. Multiplication facts, factors to 9

4. Multiply 2-digit numbers by a 1-digit number

5. Multiply 2-digit numbers by a 2-digit number

6. Division facts, divisors to 9

7. Divide 2-digit numbers by a 1-digit number

8. Divide 3-digit numbers by a 1-digit number

9. Add/subtract simple fractions, like denominators

10.Add/subtract whole number and mixed number

Fourth Grade Math Computation Curriculum

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41x

98 297

95 22 575 26 8+

24 47x

B C D E

G H I J

L M N O

Q R S T

V W X Y

A

F

K

P

U

64 )37

27 =

61444420

Sheet #1

Password: ARM

Computation 4

Name: Date

67 =31 +

47 =27 -

35

15 =+

786 ) 8757x

67x

90x 486) 205 )

502) 3310x

60x

307 )

328 ) 11562824

+ 83

3833x

95x 567)

•Random numerals within problems (considering specifications of problem types)

•Random placement of problem types on page

16

79x

41 644

52 85 264 70 8+

13 07x

B C D E

G H I J

L M N O

Q R S T

V W X Y

A

F

K

P

U

92 )

23

13 =

15041441

Sheet #2

Password: AIR

Computation 4

Name: Date

12 =64 +

47 =13 -

511

311 =+

249 )

1073x

62x

86x

724)

655 )

105)

3574x

90x

306 )

819 )

82854304

+ 90

3223x

45x

306)

•Random numerals within problems (considering specifications of problem types)

•Random placement of problem types on page

170

5

10

15

20

25

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18

Weeks

Correct Digits

Instructional Change

Donald’s Progress in Digits CorrectDonald’s Progress in Digits CorrectAcross the School YearAcross the School Year

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Salient Features of Salient Features of General Outcome MeasurementGeneral Outcome Measurement

•General domains, not subskills Keeps global curriculum outcomes

intact and uses long-term goals

•Makes no assumptions about instructional hierarchy for determining measurement (i.e., CBM fits with any instructional approach) No measurement shifts

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Salient Features of Salient Features of General Outcome Measurement (cont)General Outcome Measurement (cont)

•Incorporates automatic tests of retention and generalization Measurement of Long-Term Curricular

Goal Performance

•Test Construction Standardized procedures used to assess

performance on the long-term goal Reliability & validity can be determined

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Downsides to Downsides to General Outcome MeasurementGeneral Outcome Measurement

•Often lacks information on specific subskills If interested in identifying specific

skills to teach, GOM not appropriate Need to use a diagnostic measure

•Fidelity of implementation is important

Math CBMMath CBM

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CBM and MathCBM and Math

• The number of correctly written digits in 2 minutes from the end-of-year curriculum

• Correct digits Not correct problems or answers 2 minutes

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Math CBMMath CBM

• Student(s) are given a sheet of math problems and pencil

• Student(s) complete as many math problems as they can in 2 minutes

• At the end of 2 minutes the number of correctly written digits is counted

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Example of a 4Example of a 4thth grade math grade math curriculumcurriculum

1. Multidigit addition with regrouping

2. Multidigit subtraction with regrouping

3. Multiplication facts, factors to 9

4. Multiply 3-digit numbers by a 1-digit number

5. Multiply 2-digit numbers by a 2-digit number

6. Division facts, divisors to 9

7. Divide 2-digit numbers by a 1-digit number

8. Add/subtract simple fractions, like denominators

9. Add/subtract whole number and mixed number

25

41x

98 297

95 22 575 26 8+

24 47x

B C D E

G H I J

L M N O

Q R S T

V W X Y

A

F

K

P

U

64 )37

27 =

61444420

Sheet #1

Password: ARM

Computation 4

Name: Date

67 =31 +

47 =27 -

35

15 =+

786 ) 8757x

67x

90x 486) 205 )

502) 3310x

60x

307 )

328 ) 11562824

+ 83

3833x

95x 567)

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Math scoring criteriaMath scoring criteria• If the answer is correct, the student

earns the score equivalent to the number of correct digits written using the “longest method” taught to solve the problem, even if the work is not shown

• If a problem has been crossed out, credit is given for the correct digits written

• If the problem has not been completed, credit is earned for any correct digits written

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A “correct digit” is the right numeral A “correct digit” is the right numeral in the right placein the right place

450721462361

450721462461

450721462441

4correct digits

3correct digits

2correct digits

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29

30

Grade Level

Placement Level

Correct Digits (CD)

2 - 3 Frustration < 14

Instructional 14 – 31

Mastery > 31

4 – 5 Frustration < 24

Instructional 24 – 49

Mastery > 49

Determining placement level in math material

Burns, VanDerHeyden, & Jiban (2006)

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From Fuchs, Fuchs, Hamlett, Walz, & Germann (1993)

Grade Realistic Weekly Growth Rate

Ambitious Weekly Growth Rate

1 .3 CD .5 CD

2 .3 CD .5 CD

3 .3 CD .5 CD

4 .70 CD 1.15 CD

5 .75 CD 1.20 CD

6 .45 CD 1 CD

Weekly growth rates for mathWeekly growth rates for math(Correct Digits [CD] in 2 minutes)(Correct Digits [CD] in 2 minutes)

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How often?How often?

•Progress Monitoring (Formative) 1x Week for at-risk & students with

disabilities 1x Month for typically developing students 1x Quarter for above average students

•Benchmarking/ Norming (Summative) 1x Quarter for all students

•Survey Level (Summative) 1x At the beginning of progress monitoring 1x Identify students’ instructional level

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Roger 3 8/3/05You

3 22 16 16 16 I

X

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IEP Goals & ObjectivesIEP Goals & Objectives

•Time (the amount of time the goal is written for) “In 1 year…”

•Learner (the student for whom the goal is being written) “...Jose will…”

•Behavior (the specific skill the student will demonstrate) “…read aloud…”

•Level (the grade the content is from) “… a second-grade…”

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IEP Goals & Objectives (cont)IEP Goals & Objectives (cont)

•Content (what the student is learning about) “…reading…”

•Material (what the student is using) “…passage from ORF CBM progress-

monitoring material…”

•Criteria (the expected level of performance, including time and accuracy) “…at 90 words read correctly in 1 minute

with greater than 95% accuracy.”

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Math goals & objectivesMath goals & objectives• In 30 weeks, Larry will calculate

addition and subtraction problems from second-grade mixed-math CBM progress-monitoring material at 45 correct digits in 2 minutes with greater than 95% accuracy.

• In 10 weeks, Larry will calculate addition and subtraction problems from second-grade mixed-math CBM progress-monitoring material at 20 CD in 2 minutes with greater than 95% accuracy.

Spelling CBMSpelling CBM

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Spelling CBMSpelling CBM

1.Student(s) are given a blank sheet of lined paper

2.Teacher dictates a spelling word every 10 seconds (grades 1-3) every 7 seconds (grades 4-8)

3.Stop at the end of 2 minutes and count the number of correct letter sequences (CLS)

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Scoring Spelling CBMScoring Spelling CBM

•TEAM = 5 correct letter sequences

T E A M

T M

T E M

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Conducting Spelling CBMConducting Spelling CBM

•Say each word twice. Use homonyms in a sentence.

Read. He read the book.

•Say a new word every 10 (or 7) seconds 12-13 words for grades 1-3 17-18 words for grades 4-8

•Dictate words for 2 minutes.

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Fuchs, Fuchs, Hamlett, Walz, & Germann (1993)

Grade Realistic Weekly Growth Rates

Ambitious Weekly Growth Rate

2 1 CLS 1.5 CLS

3 .65 CLS 1 CLS

4 .45 CLS .85 CLS

5 .3 CLS .65 CLS

6 .3 CLS .65 CLS

Weekly Growth Rates for Spelling(Correct Letter Sequences (CLS) in 2 min)

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How often?How often?

•Progress Monitoring (Formative) 1x Week for at-risk & students with

disabilities 1x Month for typically developing

students 1x Quarter for above average students

•Benchmarking/ Norming (Summative) 1x Quarter for all students

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Spelling CBM Goals and Spelling CBM Goals and ObjectivesObjectives

• In 30 weeks, Roberto will spell words from a fourth-grade spelling list from Spelling CBM progress-monitoring material at 70 correct letter sequences in 2 minutes with greater than 95% accuracy.

• In 10 weeks, Roberto will spell words from a fourth-grade spelling list from Spelling CBM progress-monitoring material at 25 correct letter sequences in 2 minutes with greater than 95% accuracy.

Written Expression CBMWritten Expression CBM

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Curriculum-Based Measurement: Curriculum-Based Measurement: Written ExpressionWritten Expression

•Provides an indicator of student performance in writing

•Three scoring methods Total Words Written (TWW) Words Spelled Correctly (WSC) Correct Writing Sequences (CWS)

•Can be group administered

•District or Classroom Norms

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1. The best birthday I ever had was…2. It was a warm sunny day when the two boys…3. A big blue turtle was coming down the street when he…4. Yesterday the children went on a picnic and…5. The noise came so suddenly that…6. It was raining with the wind blowing when…7. The fog was so thick I could hardly see…8. Mickey Mouse came to my birthday party and…9. The cat climbed the telephone pole and…10. I knew it was cold when…

PRIMARY STORY STARTERSPRIMARY STORY STARTERS

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1. She’s gone, now I’m going to find…

2. Mary knew that if her parents found out, they…

3. Everything was just fine, until I met…

4. Something’s coming out of the sink and it’s a…

5. The children were playing on the each when they found the strange

footprints of a…

6. One day I lost my dog when…

7. “Will you keep quiet,” whispered Bob, “if you don’t someone will…

8. I opened the door and found a huge wooden crate and…

9. The magician pulled a white rabbit out of his hat instead of a…

10. A spaceship landed in my backyard and…

INTERMEDIATE STORY INTERMEDIATE STORY STARTERSSTARTERS

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ADVANCED STORY STARTERSADVANCED STORY STARTERS1. At first the noise was very faint and seemed far

away, but then…2. Mary knew that if her parents found out, they…3. It all began in the laboratory of Professor Hall when…4. The teenagers were walking along the beach when

they found the strange footprints of…5. I woke up one morning feeling very strange when I

noticed…6. “Can you keep a secret,” whispered Joe. “No one

else knows that…7. Buried beneath a tree with just a bit of it showing

was…8. I knew it was going to be one of thos4 days when…9. I suppose I shouldn’t have laughed, but I couldn’t

help myself when…10. While I was reading the morning newspaper…

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Total Words Written (TWW)Total Words Written (TWW)

•The total number of words written regardless of spelling or context.

•Abbreviations: Commonly used abbreviations are counted as words

•Hyphenated Words: Each morpheme separated by a hyphen(s) is counted

as an individual word if it can stand alone.

•Story Titles Words written in the title are counted as words written

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51

Words Spelled CorrectlyWords Spelled Correctly

•A word is spelled correctly if it can

stand alone in the English language

•Contextual clarity is not an issue

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53

Correct Writing Sequences Correct Writing Sequences (CWS)(CWS)

•Two adjacent writing units (word/word

or word/punctuation) that are

acceptable within the context of what is

written

•Correct spelling, syntax, and semantics

are taken into account when scoring

Correct Writing Sequences

54

55

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How often?How often?

•Progress Monitoring (Formative) 1x Week for at-risk & students with

disabilities 1x Month for typically developing

students 1x Quarter for above average students

•Benchmarking/ Norming (Summative) 1x Quarter for all students

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Written Expression IEP Goals Written Expression IEP Goals and Objectivesand Objectives

•In 30 weeks, Jose will write from sixth-grade writing story starter CBM progress-monitoring material at 47 correct writing sequences in 3 minutes with greater than 95% accuracy.

•In 10 weeks, Jose will write from sixth-grade writing story starter CBM progress-monitoring material at 30 correct writing sequences in 3 minutes with greater than 95% accuracy.

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CBM MaterialsCBM Materials

•AIMSweb / Edformation •Edcheckup •McGraw-Hill •Pro-Ed, Inc. •Vanderbilt University