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Slide 1JSOMTC, SWMG(A)
SOCMIntroduction to Pathophysiology
PFN: SOMCML1J
Hours: 2.0
Last updated: 13 November 2015
Slide 2JSOMTC, SWMG(A)
Terminal Learning Objective
Action: Communicate knowledge of “PHP –Introduction to Pathophysiology”
Condition: Given a lecture in a classroom environment
Standard: Received a minimum score of 75% on the written exam IAW course standards
Slide 3JSOMTC, SWMG(A)
Reference
Pathophysiology for the Health Professions (4th edition; 2011; Gould; Dyer)
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Slide 4JSOMTC, SWMG(A)
Reason
As a Special Operations Combat Medic, you will be responsible for identifying and managing various pathological conditions and disorders.
An understanding of pathophysiology will assist in the correlation of disease processes, affected anatomy and physiology, as well as appropriate treatments.
Slide 5JSOMTC, SWMG(A)
Agenda
Define the key terms related to pathophysiology
Communicate the role of pathophysiologyin health and disease
Define the study of pathophysiology
Communicate the importance of a patient’s medical history
Slide 6JSOMTC, SWMG(A)
Agenda
Identify new developments in pathophysiology
Define terminology used throughout pathophysiology
Define terms used for common cellular adaptations
Communicate the common causes of cell damage and necrosis
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Slide 7JSOMTC, SWMG(A)
Key Terms Related to Pathophysiology
Slide 8JSOMTC, SWMG(A)
Vocabulary Development
Anaerobic – metabolism and function without oxygen
Apoptosis – normal programmed cell death in tissues
Autopsy – an examination of part or all of a body, including organs, after death (postmortem) to determine the cause of illness and death
Biopsy – the removal of a small piece of living tissue for microscopic examination to determine a diagnosis
Slide 9JSOMTC, SWMG(A)
Vocabulary Development
Endogenous – originating from within the body
Exogenous – originating from outside the body
Gangrene – necrotic tissue infected by bacteria
Infection – a disease caused by microorganism
Homeostasis – a relatively stable or constant environment in the body, including blood pressure, temperature, and pH, maintained by the carious control mechanisms
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Slide 10JSOMTC, SWMG(A)
Vocabulary Development
Hypoxia – a decreased or insufficient level of oxygen in the tissues
Iatrogenic – caused by a treatment, procedure, or error
Idiopathic – no known cause
Inflammation – the response to tissue damage, indicated by redness, swelling, warmth, and pain
Ischemia – decreased blood supply to an organ or tissue
Lysis – destruction of a cell
Slide 11JSOMTC, SWMG(A)
Vocabulary Development
Lysosomal – pertaining to a cell containing digestive or lytic enzymes, including lysozyme
Microorganisms – very small living organism, not visible to the naked eye, usually single‐celled
Microscopic – visible only when magnified by lenses in a microscope
Morphologic – the physical size, form, structure, and shape of cells and organs
Probability – the likelihood or chance of occurrence
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The Role of Pathophysiology in Health and Disease
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Slide 13JSOMTC, SWMG(A)
Role of Pathophysiology
Pathophysiology vs. Pathology
Physiologic study vs. laboratory study
Great deal of overlap
Disease is deviation from homeostasis
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Applied Pathophysiology
Seven Steps to Health
1. Don’t smoke
2. Eat healthy and limit alcohol
3. Be physically active daily
4. Protect yourself from the sun
5. Follow cancer screening guidelines
6. Visit your doctor/dentist if you notice any changes in health
7. Follow health/safety instructions at home/work with HazMat
Slide 15JSOMTC, SWMG(A)
The Study of Pathophysiology
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Slide 16JSOMTC, SWMG(A)
Study of Pathophysiology
Building Blocks of Pathophysiology
Signs related to the specific site of damage
Signs related to the pathologic process
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Study of Pathophysiology
Prevention of disease is becoming the primary focus in health care
Center for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC)
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Study of Pathophysiology
Health Research (three‐stage process)
First stage – “basic science”
• laboratory
• often uses animals and/or cell cultures
Second stage – safe for humans?
Third stage – clinical trials
• large number of patients
• single‐blind vs. double‐blind
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Slide 19JSOMTC, SWMG(A)
The Importance of a Patient’s Medical History
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Medical History
Signs/Symptoms
Allergies
Medications
Past pertinent history
Last oral intake
Events leading up to the illness
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Medical History
Patient’s medical/health history may determine treatment
What impact will treatment have on patient’s condition
How a patient’s illness might complicate care
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Slide 22JSOMTC, SWMG(A)
New Developments in Pathophysiology
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New Developments
Extensive research/development continue in efforts to prevent, control, and cure
IDDM – insulin sensor/infuser implantation
Cervical cancer – vaccine against HPV
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New Developments
Human Papillomavirus (HPV) has nearly 200 types, most are asymptomatic
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Slide 25JSOMTC, SWMG(A)
New Developments
Data collected by WHO, CDC, PHS, etc.
Awareness reports
Seems overwhelming but critical
Organizations provide broad range of information
Weight management
Pertussis vaccination
Identifying rabies
Latest resistant strands of microorganisms
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Terminology used Throughout Pathophysiology
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Language of Pathophysiology
Gross Level vs. Microscopic Level
Gross – organ and system level
Microscopic – cellular level
Biopsy – excision of living tissue
Autopsy – examination after death
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Slide 28JSOMTC, SWMG(A)
Language of Pathophysiology
Determining Management
Diagnosis – identification of a specific disease
Etiology – cause of a specific disease
Idiopathic – cause of disease is unknown
Iatrogenic – disease caused by treatment, procedure, or error
Predisposing factors – tendencies towards a particular disease in an individual
Slide 29JSOMTC, SWMG(A)
Language of Pathophysiology
Preventive measure based on accurate research
Vaccinations
Proper diet/lifestyle
Cessation of harmful behavior
Removal of harmful materials
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Language of Pathophysiology
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Slide 31JSOMTC, SWMG(A)
Language of Pathophysiology
Pathogenesis – development of a disease
Onset – acute(sudden) or insidious(chronic)
Different possible stages of disease
• subclinical state ‐ undetectable
• latent stage – dormant
• incubation period ‐ from exposure to signs/symptoms
• prodromal period – nonspecific signs of an illness
•manifestation – clinical evidence or effects
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Language of PathophysiologySigns – objective evidence of diseaseSymptoms – subjective sensations
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Language of Pathophysiology
Disease Progression
Remission – manifestations subside
Exacerbation – increase in severity
Precipitating factors – triggers acute episode
Sequelae – potential unwanted outcomes of a condition
Therapy – treatment measures to promote recovery or slow progression
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Slide 34JSOMTC, SWMG(A)
Language of Pathophysiology
Convalescence – rehabilitation/recovery
Complications – an additional problem arising after the original disease begins
Slide 35JSOMTC, SWMG(A)
Language of Pathophysiology
Outcomes
Prognosis – probability for recovery/outcome
Morbidity – disease rate of a group
Mortality – death rate of a disease
Epidemiology – science of tracking the pattern or occurrence of disease
Slide 36JSOMTC, SWMG(A)
Language of Pathophysiology
Occurrence of Disease
Epidemic – higher than normal disease rate in a given area
Pandemic – higher than normal disease rate in multiple areas
Incidence – number of new cases
Prevalence – number of existing cases
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Language of Pathophysiology
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Terms Used for Common Cellular Adaptations
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Cellular Adaptation
Atrophy – decrease in the size of cells
Hypertrophy – increase in the size of cells
Hyperplasia – increase in the number of cells
Metaplasia – replacement of one mature cell type by another
Dysplasia – cells vary in size and shape
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Slide 40JSOMTC, SWMG(A)
Cellular Adaptation
Neoplasm – new growth (abnormal cells)
Benign – typically surrounded by fibrous sheath preventing metastasis
Malignant (cancer) – uninhibited abnormal cell growth
Anaplasia – undifferentiated cells (implies advanced malignancy and metastasis)
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Cellular Adaptation
Slide 42JSOMTC, SWMG(A)
The Common Causes of Cell Damage and Necrosis
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Slide 43JSOMTC, SWMG(A)
Cell Damage
Cell injury can occur due to many factors
Ischemia – deficit of blood supply
Physical – hot, cold or radiation
Mechanical damage – pressure or tearing
Chemical toxins – exogenous or endogenous
Microorganisms
Abnormal metabolite accumulation
Slide 44JSOMTC, SWMG(A)
Cell DamageNutritional deficits
Fluid or electrolyte imbalances
Slide 45JSOMTC, SWMG(A)
Cell Damage
Stages of Cell Damage
Initially causes altered metabolic reaction
• leads to loss of function
• reversible if the factor is removed quickly enough
If damage increases, morphologic changes occur
Cells finally undergo lysis or dissolution leading to necrosis
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Slide 46JSOMTC, SWMG(A)
NecrosisLiquefaction Necrosis
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Necrosis
Coagulative Necrosis – denaturing of proteins following hypoxic injury
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NecrosisFat Necrosis
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NecrosisCaseous Necrosis
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NecrosisGangrene
Slide 51JSOMTC, SWMG(A)
Key Note
Specific types of cells die at different rates. Brain cells die quickly (4‐6 minutes) when deprived of oxygen, whereas cardiac cells can survive approximately 30 minutes.
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Slide 52JSOMTC, SWMG(A)
Questions?
Slide 53JSOMTC, SWMG(A)
Terminal Learning Objective
Action: Communicate knowledge of “PHP –Introduction to Pathophysiology”
Condition: Given a lecture in a classroom environment
Standard: Received a minimum score of 75% on the written exam IAW course standards
Slide 54JSOMTC, SWMG(A)
Agenda
Define the key terms related to pathophysiology
Communicate the role of pathophysiology in health and disease
Define the study of pathophysiology
Communicate the importance of a patient’s medical history
19
Slide 55JSOMTC, SWMG(A)
Agenda
Identify new developments in pathophysiology
Define terminology used throughout pathophysiology
Define terms used for common cellular adaptations
Communicate the common causes of cell damage and necrosis
Slide 56JSOMTC, SWMG(A)
Reason
As a Special Operations Combat Medic, you will be responsible for identifying and managing various pathological conditions and disorders.
An understanding of pathophysiology will assist in the correlation of disease processes, affected anatomy and physiology, as well as appropriate treatments.
Slide 57JSOMTC, SWMG(A)
Break
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