technological innovations for sustainability
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April 11, 2023Technological Innovations for Sustainability
U N D E R S TA N D I N G T H E C O R R E L AT I O N S B E T W E E N T E C H N O L O G Y, I N N O VAT I O N A N D S U S TA I N A B L E D E V E L O P M E N T
Technological Innovations for Sustainability
Prepared by-Swapnil Soni & Sowmiyan Morri
DoMS, IISc
Course-Management of Technology for Sustainability
Instructor-Dr. Balachandra Patil
2 April 11, 2023Technological Innovations for Sustainability
Index
Introduction
Need of Technological Innovation
Technology, Sustainability & Development cycle
Technological Innovations & Sustainability Impact
Organizations’ approach to Technological Innovation
Case Study Creation and implementation of sustainable technology
Marketing of sustainable technology
Challenges of sustainable development for innovation policies
Future recommendation for Technology & Sustainability
References
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Introduction - ‘Technology’
ScienceApplication of intellectual and practical activity for systematic study of physical and natural world through observation and experiment
EngineeringApplication of Science
TechnologyApplication of Science and Engineering to study problems and provide solutions
Need Science Engineering Technology
Something more…!
4 April 11, 2023Technological Innovations for Sustainability
Ye dil mange more…
Innovation is the application of better solutions that meet new requirements, unarticulated needs, or existing market needs.
This is accomplished through more effective products, processes, services, technologies, or ideas that are readily available to markets, governments and society.
Introduction - ‘Innovation’
Need Science Engineering Technology
Something more…!
5 April 11, 2023Technological Innovations for Sustainability
Introduction - ’Sustainability’
SustainabilityLong-term maintenance of well being, which has environmental, economic, and social dimensions
Sustainable DevelopmentDevelopment which meets the needs of current generations without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs
(Brundtland Commission 1987)
Parameter Measure
Technology Productivity & Efficiency
Growth
Macroeconomic indicators- GDP, Per Capita Income
Sustainability
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Need of Technological Innovation
Growth of ‘Population’ follows Exponential path (Developing countries)
Growth of ‘Technology’ follows Logistic path
Unfortunately population growth is not easily capped
Fortunately technology & innovation is our own intellectual property
Developing countries pose exponential growth trend of population
Developed countries pose logistic growth trend of population
Sustainability can be achieved by aligning both the Technology & Population in a common logistic trend
S-shape: Logistic path -> Sustainable trend
J-shape: Exponential path-> sporadic trend
Pop
ula
tion
/Tech
nolo
gy
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World Population Growth
Need of Technological Innovation
Supply < Demand Crisis !!
Solution: Sustainable Development
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Technology, Sustainability & Development cycle
Resource
Need
Technology
Solution
Externalities
Growth
Assimilation by Environment
Non assimilative
Equity
Development
Innovation
Feedback
Solution required!
• Technology exploits the resources to provide solutions to meet the need of society and generates externalities.• These solutions & externalities instigate innovation to get better solution.• Thus, if technology is the source of problem then it is the source of solution too.• Technological innovation leads to development of the society.
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Technological Innovations & Sustainability Impact
Technology InnovationSustainability Impact
Economic Ecology
Thermal Power plant
Regenerative heat exchanger
(Robert Stirling in 1816)
• High installation cost• Economical in operation• Less fuel input to boilerIncreased efficiency (25% to 40%)
• Less emission of Carbon footprints(100 to 95kg/GJ )
Automobile Catalytic convertor
(Eugene Houdry, 1950)
• Additional cost ($ 150) • Norilsk, Russia-polluted due to Platinum supply used for catalytic convertor• NOx emissions in the US falling to 8.2% in 2008, from a high of 17.77% in 1998
Steel Plant BLT charging furnace
(Pauwurth 1972)
•High installation cost• Increased furnace productivity• Lower operating costs due to reduced coke consumption• Longer campaign life & less maintenance
• Less carbon emission due to reduced coal consumption
Automation Computer
(Charles Babbage, 1837)
• Better productivity & quality in industrial sectors• Unemployment
•Non-biodegradable Technotrash• Reduced waste due to re-work• Paper less communication
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Organizations’ approach to Technological Innovation
Large companies: Sustainable development is an element of the long-term strategy, because economic
and environmental aspects are increasingly interdependent. Adapt the concept of sustainable development to their activities, making it an “ad hoc”
concept Own R&D structures or sufficient financial resources to have access to technologies
developed by others Technological innovation is a means of standing apart from competition.Company Innovation centers Purpose & Achievements
Robert Bosch Research Centre (Bangalore, 1991)
www.boschindia.com/
To accelerate progress in the highly promising fields of the environment, energy, and mobility. Cyber-physical systems will address green technology for instance and conserve energy in buildings
Engineering Research Centre(Pune, 1966)
www.tatacars.com/innovations/
Vehicle emission analysis for petrol, diesel or CNG. This laboratory helps to achieve fuel consumption efficiencies that would conform to international standards & to bring down levels of atmospheric pollution caused by vehicular exhaust.
IBM Research(New York, 1945)
www.research.ibm.com/
Invention of innovative materials and structures, high-performance microprocessors and computers, numerous contributions to physical and computer sciences,;Nobel prize award
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Organizations’ approach to Technological Innovation
Small innovating companies: Often in fairly small niche markets , but are convinced that their products correspond
directly to a sustainable development perspective They are impatient with the slow progress of the public authorities’ implementation of
a real global strategy to fight the greenhouse effect and enact environmental protection
Their small size prevents them from having an effective lobbying policy They develop strategies to ensure their maintenance or growth on the current market They pay great attention to their employees and create a favourable climate for R&D.
Innovation is their credo.
Citation: MSME Industries – Peenya, Bangalore
Other economic entities: Harmful environmental effects do not threaten their activities in the short run Sustainable development is not a strategic component, but one aspect among others to
be taken into account.
Citation: Households, Local retail shops, Autodrivers (Process Innovation)
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Technology –that was unsustainable !!
• Does all the technologies tread
the way of sustainability?
• Image processing exalted the
fishery
• Yet how long we got the reap
of this
• A steep decline was faced after
1970
• Mistake: Improper utilization
of Technology in the way of
sustainability
April 11, 2023Technological Innovations for Sustainability
Case Study- 1
Generating Nuclear Power through Nuclear Waste
Creation and implementation of sustainable technology
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Generating Nuclear Power through Nuclear wastes-TerraPower
April 11, 2023Technological Innovations for Sustainability
TerraPower aims to develop a sustainable and economic nuclear energy technology using:
•Next-generation safe, affordable, clean and secure technologies
•Advanced materials for more durable metallic fuels
•World-class leadership for dynamic reactor engineering and innovation
•Supercomputing for reliable and comprehensive modelling
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Generating Nuclear Power through Nuclear wastes-TerraPower
April 11, 2023Technological Innovations for Sustainability
Safety:
• Design features meet current regulatory requirements for nuclear reactor safety with the additional benefits of innovative passive safety features.• The traveling wave reactor (TWR) is a Generation IV reactor, of which a key characteristic is the use of passive safety features to mitigate accident scenarios.
Some of the key safety features of the TWR:•As a pool-type reactor, it allows for a large heat sink, thereby slowing the accident scenario considerably because of the time required for the coolant to heat up.
•The TWR uses metallic fuel that has significantly less retained energy than equivalent oxide fuel (i.e., less energy to be absorbed in an accident).
•It eliminates hydrogen-producing materials, such as those created in LWRs when fuel temperatures reach 1,200 degrees Celcius and water reacts with zirconium.
•The TWR incorporates inherent safety features that can shut the reactor down without using control rods.
•Its passive independent residual heat removal systems do not rely on electricity, but rather use natural circulation and coolant to air heat exchangers.
“Using the laws of physics, the plant will shut down automatically without the need for human intervention in the case of a natural disaster.”
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Generating Nuclear Power through Nuclear wastes-TerraPower
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Generating Nuclear Power through Nuclear wastes-TerraPower
Economic Sustainability:
By making more efficient use of depleted uranium as fuel, TerraPower's design results in a lower cost of power.
•By eliminating fuel reprocessing, the TWR reduces the cost of nuclear energy production. On a country level, this simplifies the infrastructure required to kick-start and operate a nuclear energy program.
•The first generation of TWRs will reduce the need for enrichment and the second generation will eliminate the need for enrichment entirely. This leads to a further reduction of fuel and infrastructure costs.
•The TWR can run without refueling for about 40 years. While the reactor will occasionally pause to shuffle fuel, there is no need to stop for a fuel reload every 18 months. This reduces costs for operation and maintenance.
•Because the TWR burns its fuel more efficiently, it produces less waste for the electricity generated. In fact, it could generate a minimum of seven times less waste than today’s light water reactors. This leads to dramatically reduced disposal and storage costs for spent fuel.
“The TWR is expected to save approximately $2 billion in fuel costs compared to today's light water reactors, over the life of the plant.”
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Environmental Sustainability:
•The TWR will provide large amounts of sustainable base load power. For the amount of fuel used, the TWR will produce up to 50 times more power compared to today’s light water reactors.
•The TWR will reduce the amount of nuclear waste produced at end-of-life. The TWR will produce a minimum of seven times less waste than today's light water reactors. With the use of sodium as coolant, the TWR will operate at a higher temperature, allowing higher thermal efficiency for electrical generation.
•The TWR will utilize depleted uranium as its main fuel. Just in the United States, more than 750,000 metric tons of depleted uranium sits useless, like that stored in Paducah, Ky. TWRs could convert this material into enough electricity to power all U.S. households for more than 700 years.
“The TWR produces a minimum of seven times less waste than today's light water reactors.”
Generating Nuclear Power through Nuclear wastes-TerraPower
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Generating Nuclear Power through Nuclear wastes-TerraPower
Minimizing Security Risks
“Removing enrichment from nuclear energy production allows a clear separation between countries pursuing peaceful uses of nuclear energy and those who are not.”
The TWR simplifies the nuclear fuel cycle, containing it within the core of the reactor. It requires no chemical reprocessing capabilities and eventually no enrichment capabilities. This eliminates key points that traditionally provide opportunity for proliferation.
April 11, 2023Technological Innovations for Sustainability
Case Study- 2
Technological innovation in Horticulture Market
Marketing of sustainable technology
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Implementation of Technological Innovation
Objective – Foray into New line of business Domain - Automation in Greenhouse farming market
in India
Target customers- Horticulture organizations & farmers
(commercial farming of Fruits, Flowers & Vegetables)
Target customers’ geography- North-East India, Ladakh,
Maharashtra, Tamil Nadu and Karnataka
Need identification for automation
Market requirement: Increase in demand of horticulture products due to globalization and augmentation in purchasing power
of consumer in India
Requirement of higher productivity in greenhouse farming to suffice the market demand
Operational requirement (to fulfill the above):
Requirement of constant monitoring system in polyfarms for prevention from insects & adverse climate
Maintenance of favorable condition in greenhouse –Soil PH value 5.5 - 6, Temperature 25-35degC,
Humidity 50-60%
Prevention of human entry inside polyfarms during use of insecticides- formalin
2/9/2014
Installed solar power capacity in India: 1.8GW
Greenhouse technology started only during 1980’sNational Committee on the use of Plastics in Agriculture (NCPA-1982)The commercial utilization of greenhouses started from 1988In 1991, 103 projects with foreign investment of more than Rs.80 crores have been approved to be set up in the country at an estimated cost of more than Rs.1000 crores around Pune, Bangalore, Hyderabad and Delhi
Source: Ministry of Agriculture, GOI
Business related facts (India)
2222
Demand driven design
Based on the mentioned key market and operational requirement in line with core competency of
the company, it has to do the reverse engineering to drill down to technical requirement by the
customer-
Automated monitor inside the greenhouse to maintain the favorable condition at low cost
Advanced Sensor to sense & measure the following Temperature Humidity Wind flow speed & direction (external & internal) PH value of soil Water droplets size & velocity of foggers Fungus detection & Leaf sensor
Methodology
Cost effectiveness
2/9/2014
These sensors will fetch the various data of above mentioned parameters and will process to an integrated monitoring system that will monitor the greenhouse and plants on real time basis . Constant monitoring and preventive actions will yield better productivity.
Source: DaeHeon Park, Sunchon National University
A major portion of power to run the system can be sufficed by solar battery itself to ensure cost effectiveness of system.
Implementation of Technological Innovation
Technological Innovations for Sustainability
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Challenges of sustainable development for innovation policies
Filling market gaps To narrow the gap between the private return and the return to society,
between the current and future generations Supporting dissemination of clean technologies
Low on consumption of resources, by favouring the dissemination of information and knowledge
Promoting technological diversityTo avoid getting locked into technologies which may present long-term risks
Reinforcing the long-term innovation capacity Favouring the development of skills and strategic prospecting
StandardizationLaying down procedures to improve coherence of the various agents, to
encourage appropriation of technologies by users and by society (patents) Encouragement
Encouraging citizen participation in developing effective scenarios for a social-economic assessment of technological choices
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Future recommendation for Technology & Sustainability
Kyoto Protocol
Firm A gets 100 Carbon Credit (permission for 100 Tonne CO2 emission)
Due to its increased production it exceeded the permitted unit to 150 Carbon Credit
Firm B sells its Carbon Offsetters (saved CO2 by CDM- Clean Development Mechanism) & gets fund for its further CDM & as a reward for its fulfilled Social & Environmental responsibility
Technological Innovations for Sustainability
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Future recommendation for Technology & Sustainability
Economic & Ecological Impact
Technological Innovations for Sustainability
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Criticism with Carbon Tax
Carbon Tax
Tax imposed on a firm for GHG emission
Post paid Social cost of damaging
environment
No flexibility
Carbon Credit
Pre-paid Social cost of damaging
environment
Simplicity in calculation & flexible “Kyoto
Protocol”
Tradable Certificate
Promotes enterprise to reduce GHG
emission by adopting CDM
Direct “Reward” to firm developing Eco-
friendly tech (CDM)
Future recommendation for Technology & Sustainability
Technological Innovations for Sustainability
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Websites www.unece.org en.wikipedia.org www.sustainability.com www.innovationcouncil.gov.in www.coursera.org www.youtube.com www.google.com
Research Papers Technological innovation fostering sustainable development by Cécile Patris, Gérard
Valenduc, Françoise Warrant How Technology Could Contribute to a Sustainable World by Philip J. Vergragt Costing the Earth: Equity, Sustainable Development and Environmental Economics by Sharon
Beder The Role of Technology in Sustainable Development by Sharon Beder
Report Harnessing science, technology and innovation for sustainable development By ICSU-ISTS-
TWAS Consortium ad hoc Advisory Group
Tools used Microsoft Encarta (Encyclopedia for offline references) Microsoft Excel (for data analysis & graphs)
References
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Innovation for sustainability at “Caterpillar “
Founded California, United States (April 15, 1925)
Industry Heavy equipment, Engines, Financial services
Revenue US$ 65.87 billion (2012)
Status •1st its industry •44th overall in the Fortune 500 (2009 )
Products Machinery, Engines, Trucks, Defence Products, Agriculture products, Electronics
Video : Innovation + Technology -- Sustainability.mp4
Innovation for sustainability
Hydraulic power pack unit in excavators & cranes
Dual Gas Blending for cost effective fuel consumption
Economic sustainability by optimization of equipments travel using GPS tracking
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Quotations
The poor are greatest entrepreneurs who have to innovate everyday to survive & sustain.
- Muhammad Yunus
April 11, 2023Technological Innovations for Sustainability
Thank you!
“If Technology has created problem then Technology itself is only the solution for sustainable development”
We realized….
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