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Technical Assistance Consultant’s Report
This consultant’s report does not necessarily reflect the views of ADB or the Government concerned, and ADB and the Government cannot be held liable for its contents. (For project preparatory technical assistance: All the views expressed herein may not be incorporated into the proposed project’s design.
Project Number: 47144-001 August 2016
REGIONAL: Mitigation of Hazardous Waste Contamination in Urban Areas: Supporting Inclusive Growth (Financed by the Japan Fund for Poverty Reduction)
(Appendix F [2 of 2])
Prepared by Pure Earth Blacksmith Institute New York, USA
For Urban Development and Water Division, SERD, ADB Ministry of Environment and Forestry, Indonesia Department of Environment and Natural Resources, Philippines
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2. Hazardous Contamination Issues in Tegal
Lead Poisoning
Lead is a toxic metal whose widespread use has caused extensive environmental
contamination and health problems in many parts of the world. It is a cumulative
toxicant that affects multiple body systems, including the neurological, hematological,
gastrointestinal, cardiovascular and renal systems. Children are particularly vulnerable
to the neurotoxic effects of lead, and even relatively low levels of exposure can cause
serious and, in some cases, irreversible neurological damage (see figure 6). Lead
exposure is estimated to account for 0.6% of the global burden of disease, with the
highest burden in developing regions. Recent reductions in the use of lead in petrol
(gasoline), paint, plumbing, and solder have resulted in substantial reductions in lead
levels in the blood. However, significant sources of exposure to lead still remain,
particularly in developing countries. Further efforts are required to continue to reduce
the use and releases of lead and to reduce environmental and occupational exposures,
particularly for children and women of child-bearing age.
Figure 6. The health impacts caused by lead-poisoning (source: NSW-EPA, 20xx)
Lead is found at low levels in Earth’s crust, mainly as lead sulfide. However,
the widespread occurrence of lead in the environment is largely the result of human
activity, such as mining, smelting, refining and informal recycling of lead; use of
leaded petrol (gasoline); production of lead-acid batteries and paints; jewelry making,
soldering, ceramics and leaded glass manufacture in informal and cottage (home-based)
industries; electronic waste; and use in water pipes and solder. The demand for Lead is
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steadily increasing worldwide. As lead is an element, once it is released into the
environment, it persists. Because of lead’s persistence and potential for global
atmospheric transport, atmospheric emissions affect even the most remote regions of
the world.
Lead smelters emit lead and other metal particulates into the air, which can be
carried downwind and deposited in soil. This deposition is important because lead is
relatively persistent and immobile in the environment and may accumulate at the soil
surface where people may be exposed. In 2011, Ministry of Environment the Republic
of Indonesia and KPBB suspected historical household lead smelting sites in several
districts in Jakarta greater area, District of Tegal Central Java and District of Lamongan
in East Java, and requested an investigation of lead contamination. Due to the lack of
evidence found at that time regarding potential past releases of lead from the smelter
sites, no further action was taken.
Figure 7. Lead poisoning mechanism
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Geographical issue
As mentioned before, we define the study area for urban redevelopment in
Tegal Regency by considering first, the spatial distribution of the ULAB-contaminated
land, second, the presence of relocation area (PIK Kebasen), and third the form of
intervention, especially spatial planning regulation to mitigate the contaminated land.
Based on our random measurement in surrounding smelters in PIK Kebasen and metal
industries in Pesarean, the location of high-contaminated area found in radius 100
meter from the industrial activities. There is no specific wind rose direction where the
Pb-contained land is concentrated. The distance from Pesarean to relocation area (PIK
Kebasen) is only 1.3 km. Having had considered the characteristic of the contaminated
land and based on the planning regulation (Permen PU 6 /2007), the area that can be
proposed to have the planning intervention is about 30-60 ha. Therefore, we propose
the study area is a corridor that lie between Pesarean and PIK Kebasen and named as an
eco-recycling industrial corridor (ERIC) (see figure 6).
Figure 8. Map of ERIC Study Area
Figure 6 shows the delineation of Integrated Special Area is about 100 hectares.
It is one of recommended input how to treat suspected contaminated area and its
surrounding that considers the potentiality of local government intervention, the
similarity of social and economical condition, and the distribution of lead
contamination. The 100 ha-ERIC zone is located in the Adiwerna and Talang sub-
districts. The land use pattern is dominated by the paddy field and rural settlement that
tends to be transformed to urban settlement. The main irrigation still serves the paddy
field continuously and it thus becomes the most productive farming land in Tegal
district. The rural settlement is formed as an agglomerated zone of permanent and non-
permanent houses, which is quite dense and irregular form. There are two main
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distance of smelting area to residential area so that the impact of melting can be
reduced. However, it should be noted that the smelting activities in PIK have not
applied the countermeasure for pollution. The smelting process still adopts the old
techniques and technology that generate hazardous waste and allow for contamination.
Figure 10 showing the location of PIK area.
Figure 10. The PIK Kebasen Area
The green line polygon indicates the area of PIK that was accommodated by the
general spatial plan of Tegal districts. Meanwhile, the yellow line informs the site plan
of PIK development that was taken from the document of environmental impact
assessment (UKL/UPL). Based on the pictures, there is still a vacant land that was
proposed to anticipate the development of industrial activities and it also shows that the
existing building pattern that showed by the Google earth image is not the same as the
site plan. As showed by red points in Figure 10, this PIK area also still indicates the
lead contamination in the certain places, mostly in the north side. The location is
relevant with the daily wind direction in the evening when the burning activities usually
operates.
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"sare" which in Javanese means sleep. "Pesarean" itself in the Java language berate
cemetery or burial, and in this village there is the tomb of Sunan Amangkurat 1 and
Raden Ajeng Kardinah (younger sister of Raden Ajeng Kartini). This cemetery is the
local identity of Pesarean.
Figure 12. The Study Area of Pesarean
This study area for urban redevelopment consists of several blocks and zones
that were based on the similar characteristic of building, administrative boundary, and
the lead concentration. The high-contaminated land of Pesarean is the main reason for
conducting urban redevelopment. It is not only about the environment, but also the
fortune of 5000 people (mostly poor), 38 neighborhood units, and the cultural heritage.
The urgency of redevelopment is very high to help this community find better
environment for living. Since long time ago, Pesarean has been known as ‘Tegal(an)
Arum’, which mean fragrant land. The most interesting land in the Mataram Era, where
the King of Mataram Amangkurat I appointed it as a funeral place for him. The
changing landscape and degraded environment thus need to be redeveloped.
PESTLE Analysis
PESTLE analysis is an essential management tool that assesses the macro-
environmental situation. It is generally conducted to help decision-making of the
project and other management processes. Numerous factors influence or determine the
environment of the contaminated land, which should be identified, understood, and
analyzed by the assessor. The factors consist of political, economical, social,
technological, and environmental aspects.
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Political aspects mainly assess the government agencies and leadership of the
officers in terms of their ability to manage the hazardous contamination. The main
issues addressed in this section include political will, incentive policy, and bureaucracy
and coordination. Economic aspects mainly discuss about the recycling costs, local
labor costs, ULAB market, sludge costs, finance, site costs, worker’s income, and
technology costs. Social aspects basically talk about the health impact, social gap, local
community awareness, campaigns, and tradition. Technological aspects mainly discuss
about processing and managing the smelting activity such as material collection,
smelting technology, sludge collection, sludge processing, dust absorption, sludge
dumping, and clean up. Legal aspect is about hazardous waste protocol, landfill
restriction, land-use and building permit, planning system, spatial planning regulation,
and surveillance and control regulation. Environmental aspects mainly talk about
landfill availability, land population, ground water population, air pollution, and
sanitation hygiene.
Based on our professional judgment after looking at the data, talking with the
stakeholders, and field visit frequently to the project site, we discuss to describe the
situation of Pesarean. In summarizing our description, we categorized into three levels,
-high, medium, and low- to inform the PESTLE situation.
Politic
As stated in RTRW and RPJMD Tegal, the visioning to promote the sustainable
development and healthy living has been clearly perceived as a main principle for
directing the development pathway. In the kick-off meeting, the Bupati has also
asserted the dangerous of smelters if no strong environmental monitoring. He invited
the meeting participants together achieving the healthy and sustainable Tegal.
However, in the technical level, the proper method to ensure the smelter activities can
perform without polluting the environment is still not available. The type of household
industries may create social problems if taking a wrong step in managing the smelters
activities. The chairman of BLHD argues that it was being grateful to have the smelters
relocated in PIK Kebasen. Moreover, asking the smelters to provide the proper
technology. Therefore, the local political situation is strong at the visionary level, but
still weak in technical management part.
In line with this, the enforcement of spatial planning law has not been properly
conducted. The building permit in Tegal Regency is still rare to be found at the village
houses. Only for the large buildings, the building permit has been granted. Based on
our field survey in Pesarean, most of the houses, where recycling activities also take
place, have no building permit. When we asked about the mechanism of building
permission, the representative of Planning Agency said that they are still continuously
promoting the importance of building permit. However, without continuous monitoring
and hard sanctions, the enforcement of spatial planning law only hits the wall.
In addition, the coordination and bureaucracy of this smelters and metal
recycling industries is very weak. The mixed metal and ULAB industries has created
different perception on the division of responsibility among technical department of
Tegal Government. As regulated by the Central Government, the responsibility to
manage hazardous waste industries belongs to the environmental agency (BLHD). But,
the technology transfer in the industrial sector should be belonged to the industrial and
trading department (Disperindag). At this moment, the cooperation between BLHD and
Disperindag is still weak, especially in controlling the PIK Kebasen activities and
managing the metal crafting industries in Pesarean.
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Economic
The business scale of smelters industries in Tegal district is mainly a household-
and smallholder’s size. For the ULAB smelters in PIK Kebasen, the operational cost is
generally spent daily and uses cash money. The worker gets IDR 45 – 75 thousand per
days in average, meanwhile the owner gets vary between IDR 30 million – 250 million
per month or around IDR 1 – 8 million per months. The cheap-wage of labor is not also
supported by the safe environment and health insurance. This phenomenon indicates
the unfairness of economic benefit that generated from the ULAB smelters’ activities.
In general, the smelter industries buy sludge as their raw material from the
outside of region. The sludge is easily to be found. They made tin bars and sell them to
the bigger industries. Based on our questionnaires, the business actors who moved to
PIK were only charged investment fee as much as 7 – 10 million rupiahs per lot (price
in 2007) for area of about 100 m2 per lot. The price of lot in 2015 became 50 million
per lot and even so now there are no more new lots unless over-handed among the
owners/UKM. Then, economic value indicators that can be compared among UKMs
still operating in and outside PIK are seen from their business turnover. Based on the
survey result to 10 out of 40 UKMs in PIK, the average sales turnover is 420 million
IDR per month. While the survey result to 19 out of around 60 UKMs in Pesarean
village is about 85, 8 million IDR per month.
Even though the economic entities of the PIK Kebasen is cooperative, they do
not use the financial institution e.g. bank to access the credit scheme. The traditional
mechanism and counting on the human-power makes this business facing difficulties to
be grown up, but still are feasible enough for individual or group business. The high
rent-cost of PIK without environmental friendly technology also becomes the main
reason why the other metal industries beside of ULAB are not willing to move to PIK
Kebasen.
Due to the limited capacity of PIK and other factors, there are many business
actors including the metal smelters still do their business activities in settlement area
located in Pesarean village area. The business actors who are still in the settlement area
consist of metal smelter (16 people), comprising ULAB smelter (4 people), copper
smelter (1 person), brass smelter, aluminum smelter (3 people), and metal material
craftsmen around 30 people.
Economic condition of business activity for both battery smelters and metal
smelters as well as metal craftsmen before and after relocated to PIK location is not
known for sure, but if seen in term of place, PIK location is more convenient to add the
production capacity.
Social
Based on 2013 census, Tegal District population was about 1.415.009 people
consisting of 703.494 males (49.72%) and 711,515 females (50.28%). The population
growth between 2011-2013 is about 0.53% per year. This growth rate is not so high
compare to the provincial or national growth rate. Tegal population is projected reach
two million people by 2030 (RTRW Tegal, 2011). In addition, the age composition of
Tegal district shows that the young-age group is dominant. Median age describes the
population division into elderly and youth groups. Based on the result of counting using
the population data of Tegal District year 2015, the median age of Tegal District
population is 25 and 18 years old.
Pesarean is one of the villages in Tegal district. The village of Pesarean is the
old village and has long story related to the Mataram Kingdom. Currently, the village
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is led by Head of Village and under control of Sub-district of Adiwerna, one of the sub-
districts among 18 sub-districts in the Tegal District. Adiwerna sub-district itself, has
22 villages include the village of Pesarean. Adiwerna is the second highest area of
population, together with Bumi Jawa and Kramat sub-districts. The population of
Adiwerna sub district reaches 150,545 people. Meanwhile, the population of Pesarean
village in 2013 was 12.675 inhabitants comprising 52% males and 48 % females.!The
median age for the population in Pesarean village is 31 and 36 years old, which is
above the median age of Tegal District. It means that the potentiality of having labor
force in Pesarean is higher than Tegal itself.
As well as typical of villages in Java Island, the village of Pesarean has
autonomy to regulate and manage many aspects of development and social relationship
in the village. The mostly affair in relation with development and social relationship
just manage by village management that is led by Head of Village, except the (1)
education, (2) religion, (3) financial, and (4) defense/security. For another, head of
village have autonomy to manage depend on local wisdom.
The government of village is the oldest democracy system in Indonesia. The
head of village is elected by people, and has mandate to regulate and manage the social,
economy, culture, agriculture, local industry/trading, etc. The head of village is
supported by Secretary of Village as second person in the village, and also supported
by Head of Governance Affair, Head of Development Affair, Head of Social Welfare
Affair, Head of Financial Affair, and Head of General Affair.
In the past, Government of Pesarean Village has main revenue from harvest of
farming on lemah bengkok (village owned land), that cover around 35 Ha, then used
40% result of harvest farming is allocated for operational to manage and regulate all of
affair in the whole of village include to village staff payroll and another overhead cost.
Meanwhile, 60% of remaining is allocated for head of village (25%), Secretary of
Village (10%) and each head of affair (5% each). The surplus fund of operational cost,
added with another revenues are allocated to acquire the land, and accumulated to the
village asset as lemah bengkok. Currently, the lemah bengkok is not enough to
support operating cost and expenses of the village, another status lemah bengkok are
just not manage well, then almost 100% operating cost and expenses are covered by the
subsidy from central, province and district government.
Figure 13. Structure of Tegal Village Government
Formally the village is managed by Head of Village, but unfortunately many
informal leaders, e.g. head of religious organization, head of youth, the richest
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entrepreneur, the head of freeman, etc. also influence the leadership process in the
village. In some cases, sometime the democratic process –head of village election-- in
the village was became worse because the influencing of other interest of informal
leader.
In regard to the social condition, most of Pesarean people perceive the
phenomenon of ULAB smelters and metal industries as a part of their daily life. The
practical knowledge of metal crafting has been institutionalized from generation to the
next generation. Thus, Pesarean is identical with the metal producers, rather than the
location of cultural heritage. However, several NGOs and local media have ever
revealed the lead contamination issues of Pesarean, even though the pro-contra of
smelters is not explicitly raised up to the surface. In addition, at the community level,
people are aware about the danger of smelters, but they do not enact the individual
protection both in the working area and house. The high dependency between the
workers and the smelters’ owner in economy has overridden the health and
environmental impact of smelters.
Technology
ULAB smelting is a process that handles and produces hazardous and toxic
wastes. Therefore, it shall be done using certain technology requirement and rigid
standard of procedure to make sure that the operation does not contaminate the
environment and harm human health. The standard of procedure include stages in
ULAB recycling, i.e. collection, packaging, transportation, and ULAB recycling
process itself. ULAB recycling unit shall concern 4 (four) factors, i.e. environment as
it is shall not cause polluting emissions; safety and hygiene, especially to prevent
occupational hazard; and operating practices.
In an environmental friendly ULAB recycling, ULAB is broken using a
mechanical process, and the combustion is done in an enclosed/hooded facility with a
clean and tidy working environment. The combustion facility must be attached by
hygiene and furnace ventilation to separate bag houses.
Based on our site visit and several interviews with the owner and worker of
ULAB smelters and other metal industries, we found that the way of the industries
operates are still far from the using of high-modern and environmental friendly
technology. If we dis-assembly the metal-recycling process into several steps, such as
the sludge collection/dumping, sludge process, smelting process, dust absorption, and
clean up process, those processes do not use proper technology.
• Smelting technology (low)
• Storage of ULABs (low)
• Dust absorption (very low)
• Slag storage and dumping site (very low)
• Clean up (very low)
Due to declining intensity of smelting activities in Pesarean Village, we did not have
the opportunity to see firsthand how they are carried out. Therefore, we tried to make
assumptions based on equipment that we saw in the field and secondary data, especially
photographs of a field trip ever undertaken by the Ministry of Environment and the
Environment Management Agency of Tegal District,
• Metal and used batteries smelting were done simply with an open burning system.
Material stacked in a drum or wells then burned and molded into metal ingots. All
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process were done completely manual and the workers did not were adequate
personal protective equipment;
• Combustion system with open burning is done without the necessary dust
absorption, so that any dust combustion products dispersed into the surrounding
environment;
• Furthermore, dirt combustion products discharged / stacked around the site of
combustion and at a certain volume to be transported to the open dumping site. One
of the open dumping sites in Pesarean Village was used to wallow with a depth of +
20 meters;
• Information collected from several stakeholders mentioned that there is sludge that
was used as the house foundation of the house and some were transported to CV
Lut Putra Solder as raw materials for brick and paving block;
• Beside the efforts to utilize the sludge as a raw material for bricks and paving
blocks, there are no measures for the recovery of hazardous waste contaminated
land in Pesarean Village.
• There are not found the acid treatment facility, our assumption they received the
drained ULABs or if they receive ULABs with acid than they just discharge the
acid directly to the environment.
Legal
Pesarean also known as the traditional knowledge center of metal crafting since
for many generations it has been locally evolved and socialized to the Pesarean
residents. Up to now, the metal crafters have spread to the neighboring area, such as
Talang, Adiwerna, and Lemah Duwur sub-district. Government of Tegal District
recognizes the metal recycling industries as one of the potentials of local economy. The
mid-term development plan (RPJMD 2009-2014) has stated that the industrial
development focuses on metal-foundry, batik, and karst mining industries. Following
this, the government also aims to focus the empowerment of people-based economy.
However, for the last five years, the number of small industries has decreased from
28.980 units in 2010 to 24.362 units in 2014 (SIPD Kabupaten Tegal, 2015). Therefore,
the small-industrial holders such as the recycling industries are still the main target
group of industrial development for the next five years.
The other relevant information related to the RPJMD 2009-2014 is the absence
of environmental control policies, especially for the mitigation policy. As known by the
Tegal people, the land contamination of Pesarean has been recognized for decades.
However, it seems that the mitigation policies had not been included explicitly in their
last five years program, although the RPJMD 2009-2014 has stated the vision to
develop environmental-friendly industry. In RPJMD 2015-2019, the environmental
problems are an ineffective clean water supply, particularly in rural areas; ineffective
waste management, and to optimize the control pollution because the hazardous
material and waste are still not tackled yet.
The location of the environmental pollution because of the B3 waste located in
the center of the metal industry in Pesarean village that already polluted by the heavy
metal pollution. There are several industries that contribute to this event. Smelter
industries, mainly melts tin and lead, that still using a traditional method by using the
furnace of manual fuel that has not been using chimney. Whereas, the actual smoke that
contains smoke can be recycled by taken back its metal content. In addition, because of
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the lack of attention to the smelting waste, there are many pile of smelting waste in the
yard, thus when it rains, it can dissolve into the ground. Battery recycling industry
gives a significant contribution to the existing situation. The waste of producing the
battery contains acid and heavy metal solution straight to the river nearby. As a result,
ground water in Pesarean area is not healthy anymore. For about 150 metal castings
business, there are only 12 environmental friendly businesses exist.
In regards to the Adiwerna sub-district where Pesarean located, the spatial
development plan has been directed to transform Adiwerna from urban-rural area to
become city together with Slawi and Kramat sub-district, with the target population by
2030 is around 150 thousand people. This urban development plan has been supported
by the planned Java-trans toll road, where the Pejagan-Pemalang section will across
Adiwerna area. The emerging economic activities such as small industries, trading,
services, and agriculture are the potentials that will influence the urbanizing Adiwerna.
In 2007, Adiwerna has accommodated 52 small industries, the highest of Tegal district.
Adiwerna is defined as the strategic area of Tegal district because it has been
being planned to be the first order of the urban system in Tegal district. Various basic
infrastructures (e.g. water, energy, and ICT), economic facilities (e.g. market, bank,
etc.) and social and civic services (e.g. health, education, etc.) will be the main policies
to develop this area. Integrating zoning plan of the big and medium industries and the
small industries would be the main strategy to optimize the strategic value of Adiwerna.
In the other hand, Adiwerna also being proposed as the special are for military interests.
Therefore, the synchronization between the industrial and urban development is the
main challenge for Adiwerna urban development.
In its spatial plan (RTRW 2009-2029), the government of Tegal district has
regulated the criteria of industrial location and the type of activities within the proposed
area for industry, including the environmental-friendly requirement. The location for
polluted industry has been set up to be located far from the human settlement. The land
allocation for industrial activities is preferably given to the small and medium and non-
polluted industry. However, the indicative zoning regulation for the specific recycling
industries is absent.
In term of environmental policy, there is no specific local regulation has been
made to enforce the mitigation of contaminated land because policy-making process
belongs to the central government. Through KLHK, central government endorsed the
Government regulation regarding the hazardous waste management (PP 101/2014). It
pertains the significant role of local government to recover the contaminated
environment. The scope of recovery program covers providing permit to hazardous
waste management, supervising the permit holder, monitoring and controlling the
activities, recovering the contaminated land, and sanctioning. Therefore, the function of
local government is to implement, monitor, and control the hazardous waste activities,
including both ULAB and non-ULAB smelters.
Environment
The burning process of ULAB smelters is no longer disturbing the community
of Pesarean since it has been relocated to PIK Kebasen. However, in certain cases, we
found that there is one in the north side of Kebasen, namely Desa Lawatan that still
experiences the lead smoke in the evening time. To date, this problem does not create
social conflict because the owner of PIK has provided logistic support to compensate
the smoky situation that they had. In Pesarean, the existed burning process comes from
the lead-contained metal. Even though it is only create indoor pollution, but to some
extents, it also has created problem between neighbors due to the smoke problem.
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Figure 15. Urban Redevelopment
In the context of hazardous waste contamination program, urban redevelopment
can be seen as a part of intervention to manage the environmental recovery.
Theoretically, the form of intervention can be an indirect intervention, e.g.
implementing land redistribution, opening new settlement and employment, and
expanding or diversification new employment out of the local area. These indirect
forms are not suitable to the situation that faced by Pesarean specifically and Tegal in
general. The direct intervention, e.g. alleviating and relocating polluted area or
improving and rehabilitating the polluted area is preferably suited to the Pesarean
situation. Therefore, urban redevelopment is also a form of direct intervention from the
government to overcome the contaminated land problem.
In 2009, the government of Tegal District actually has started by relocating the
polluters to the certain place, but has not been followed by the area rehabilitation. In
fact, the relocated area has also developed without strong control to the growing
industrial activities. Therefore, the presence of this study is imperative to strengthen the
local government policies and programs and to provide lesson learnt for the central
government in terms of providing proper intervention for contaminated land.
Based on environmental law (UU No. 23 year 2009), the environmental
pollution and/or damage shall be controlled in the framework of preserving
environmental functions (Article 54 (2) and Article 13 (1). Following that, the control
over the environmental pollution and/or damage shall cover: prevention, mitigation and
restoration. The central government, regional government and parties are responsible
for controlling business and/or activities in accordance with their respective scopes of
authority, role and responsibility. Therefore, the framework for recovering
environmental function should be the urban redevelopment program.
In order to implement the urban redevelopment framework, the urban spatial
planning law needs to be considered. In Indonesia, the technical guidance of urban
redevelopment refers to the regulation of Ministry of Public Work (PemenPU) Number
6 Year 2007 regarding the manual of urban design guideline. The urban redevelopment
is seen as a document to ensure the sustainable urban development that consists of
fulfilling the building codes, improving quality of life, environmental protection, and
increasing economic vitality. The urban redevelopment area can be mixed industrial
area with the area between 30-60 hectares. Therefore, according to this spatial planning
law, this project of urban redevelopment can contribute to the planning system of Tegal
regency as shown of figure 8 bellow.
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Figure 16. Urban redevelopment in planning system
Since urban redevelopment is a part of the government’s responsibilities,
therefore our strategy will focus on strengthening the Tegal government program with
creating stakeholders forum that consists of central government agencies, industrial
owner, banks, local communities, and donors. As shown in figure 9, we will focus on
the cooperation intra-government of Tegal to figure out the detail components of urban
redevelopment. We tried to optimize the local resources to fulfill the ultimate needs of
urban redevelopment. Following that, by identifying the “gap” or insufficient resources,
we embrace the relevant sub-national and national government, especially in the sectors
of industries, tourism, and infrastructures.
Beside of government of Tegal, we identified that the other stakeholders can be
categorized into 4 (four)
• Local government (Tegal District) consists of Environmental Management
Agency (BLH), Development Planning Agency (Bappeda), Sub-district of
Adiwerna (Kecamatan Adiwerna), Public Work Office (Dinas PU), Agriculture
Office (Dinas Pertanian, Perkebunan dan Kehutanan), Department of Tourism,
Art and Culture (Dinas Pariwisata), Department of Health (Dinas Kesehatan),
Community Empowerment Agency (Badan Pemberdayaan Masyarakat dan
Desa), and Industry and Trade Agency (Dinas Perindustrian).
• Government of Central Java Province consists of Environmental Management
Agency, and Center for Preservation of Culture Heritage.
• Central Government consists of Ministry of Environment and Forestry, Ministry
of Public Land and Housing, Board of Creative Industry, and Ministry of
Tourism.
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• Private sectors consist of Bank of Central Java, Private Enterprises, and Industrial
Owners.
• Local communities consist of Keraton Surakarta cq. Heir Amangkurat I, Kepala
Desa Pesarean, and Industrial Workers Association.
• Donors consist of ADB, US-AID, AUS-AID, UN Habitat, UNDP, Danida, etc.
Figure 17. Urban Redevelopment Stakeholder
4. Regulatory Assesment
In regard to the urban redevelopment program that will mitigate the lead
contamination, there are several regulations that need to be discussed in order to see the
possibility the form and way of urban redevelopment being conducted. Those
regulations are (i) RTRW (bahasa acronym for the general spatial plan of Tegal
district), (ii) RPJMD (bahasa acronym for the mid-term development plan), and (iii)
national regulations of environmental management that automatically prevails to the
local governments.
RTRW Kabupaten Tegal 2012-2032
The spatial plan of Kabupaten Tegal states that the main goal of 20-years plan is
to achieve the industrial-based district, which supported by the sustainable agriculture
and eco-tourism. The RTRW endorses seven spatial policies that consist of first, the
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development of small and household industries, including the medium- and large-scale
industry in the north and south side of Kabupaten Tegal; second, the development of
agropolitan in the south part and minapolitan in the north side; third, the tight
controlling the sustainable agriculture land; fourth is the development of urban services
supported by the integrated infrastructures; fifth is the development and establishment
of regional infrastructures system to serve the industrial activities and the production
center of agriculture; sixth is the establishment of protected and conservation area; and
seventh is the development of tourism area and national security interests. Those
policies are interacted among them and need the inter-sectoral cooperation to derive
those policies to the program level.
In term of small- and household industries, the strategies focus on first, how to
develop and empower those industries through the effective utilization of agriculture,
fisheries, forestry, and mining products; second, how to develop industrial center based
on the economic specialization (one village one product); and how to develop
promotion and distribution of the industrial products. In addition, the tourism sector
also provides the marketing space to support the products of these industries, beside of
tourism management and planning.
In term of urban services, the strategies focus on providing the detailed spatial
plan, optimizing the space of urban centre for informal sector and green open space,
developing community-based settlement, revitalizing local market, and providing clean
and clear land for housing development. Meanwhile, the land preservation for
sustainable farming, opening new paddy-field on potential area, and providing
incentives for the sustainable farming land are also being promoted to increase the
production of agriculture sectors. As shown in Figure 10, the location of urban center
(red nodes) is quite far from the corridor of Pesarean-Kebasen or ERIC zone (black
box). The development of urban center in Adiwerna will not affected by the metal
industries activities in ERIC zone in the short periods. However in the long-run, the
tight control through zoning regulation is needed to ensure the sustainability of the
urbanizing Adiwerna and Talang.
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The RTRW has regulated the criteria of location and the activities within the
proposed area for industry, including the environmental-friendly requirement. The
industrial policies emphasizes to the small and medium and non-polluted industry. One
of Tegal government’s plans is to develop zone for polluted industry far from the
human settlement. The zone is functioned to accommodate the ULAB smelters and
other metal industries from Pesarean. The location is only 1.8 kilometer to west side of
Pesarean, namely PIK Kebasen. The 6.8 ha-recycling industrial complex area is
predicted can support the growth of metal industries.
As stipulated in the spatial planning law (UU 26/2007), each district and city
government should provide the detailed spatial plan for urbanized area, strategic area,
and a part of district area. Unfortunately, until this report has been written, the detailed
spatial planning of Adiwerna and Talang is still being proceeded. But this situation has
also given us a great opportunity to provide inputs for the planning process as showed
in Figure 11.
Figure 19. Planning System of Tegal District
RPJMD 2015-2019
One of the issues in RPJMD 2015-2019 that related to the environmental
management is how to optimize the control system for hazardous materials and wastes.
This issue has strong correlation with the smelter industries in Pesarean and Kebasen.
Smelter industries, mainly melts tin and lead, that still using a traditional method by
using the furnace of manual fuel that has not been using chimney. Because of the lack
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of attention to the smelting waste, there are many piles of smelting waste in the yard. If
it rains, it can dissolve into the ground. As a result, ground water in Pesarean area is not
healthy anymore. Therefore, the mitigation of hazardous waste management in
Pesarean has been attached to the next five years of Tegal’s development plan.
There are at least two main missions that have also supported this mitigation
effort, which are “cinta produk Tegal” (Love domestic product) and “cinta budaya”
(love local culture and economy). The government of Tegal develops a set of regulation
to keep the momentum of growing metal industries because these businesses can lift up
the economy and the livelihood of Tegal people. The regulations consist of developing
a general framework for innovation, developing a knowledge and technology
institutional, developing a collaboration for innovation and to increase the diffuse of
innovation from the best practice, building an innovation culture, and applying the
information and communication technology.
Building an art and cultural base to empower the local economic is also a part of
Tegal government regulation. The development of art and culture sector has to give a
positive impact for the economic enhancement, especially for the business owner and
the crafter. The regulation for the art and cultural sector consist of forming a general
framework such as identification the economic potential of the art, composing the
regulation to support every businessmen, building a suitable infrastructure,
development of art gallery, build a training and learning center to support and enhance
the knowledge of Tegal people in art and culture, and the regulation to use their own
product.
These developments also elaborate the purpose and how they manage to create
opportunities for Tegal people such as forming the strategic document for development
Machinery Industry, incentive for every businessmen that use the green energy for
industry, regulation for Tegal people to use their own product, empowerment every
local stakeholders, building training and learning center, and utilization the information
and communication technology for every industrial owner. In a short way, Government
of Tegal plans to apply innovative technology to ensure the metal industries can last in
long run and in a sustainable way.
At the programming level, there are also several programs in various
departments that can support or complement the mission of urban redevelopment in
Pesarean. The components of the program may contribute to the achievement of their
development priorities as stated in their Rencana Pembangunan Jangka Menengah
Daerah (RPJMD) 2015-2019. Particular priorities that will be benefited by the project
are listed in the following table.
!
Table 3. Development priorities of Tegal District
No. Development Priorities Responsible Units Priority Components
1 Public health program Dinkes Healthy toilet program
Open defecation free program
Provision of clean drinking water
2 Healthy environment
program
Dinkes Healthy environment for
settlement
3 Drainage tunnel
development
DPU Well functioning village drainage
4 Improvement of drinking DPU Households access to clean water
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water and discharge
water management
5 Village infrastructure
development
DPU Good condition of village
infrastructure
6 Housing improvement DPU,
Bapermades
New housing development
Old housing rehabilitation
7 Healthy housing
environment program
DPU,
Bapermades,
Village
Households access to clean water
8 Cemetery area
management
Dinsosnakertrans Cemetery development
9 Pollution and
environmental
degradation control
BLH Controlling UKL-UPL
10 Pollution control
improvement
BLH Reduction of air polluted areas
Reduction of water polluted areas
11 Green open-space
management program
DPU, BLH Increasing ratio of green open-
space to urban areas
12 Supporting system
improvement for SMEs
Dinkop-UKM-
pasar
Increasing access of SMEs to
credit market
13 Revitalization of
koperasi
Dinkop-UKM-
pasar
Well performing koperasi
14 Cultural
heritage management
Disparbud Rehabilitation of cultural and
historical sites
15 Village economy
development
Bapermades Partnership between private
sector and village SMEs
16 Tourism marketing
development
Disparbud Increasing international tourist
visit
17 Tourism destination
development
Disparbud Tourism promotion
Increasing local tourist visit
18 Tourism partnership
development
Disparbud Tourism village (kampung
wisata)
Tourism advertising in the media
19 Street vendor
management program
Disperindag Street vendor capacity building
Managed street vendor areas
20 Technology capacity
improvement of
production system
Disperindag Improvement of small and
medium industries technology
capacity
21 Small and Medium
Industries Development
Disperindag Small and medium industries
partnership
22 Industrial structure
arrangement
Disperindag Support on industrial clusters
Source: Rencana Pembangunan Jangka Menengah (RPJM), Tegal, 2015 - 2019
The table 3 above shows that to some considerable degree there are overlapping
interests between the project components and development priorities of Tegal District.
Therefore, in general, the project could be deemed significance for the district. Those
project items thus can be used as an indicative corridor for detailing urban
redevelopment projects later.
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Environmental Regulation
In regards to the environmental regulation that has relation to the mitigation of
hazardous waste, the local government should follow the mandate of the national
regulation, such as:
• Environmental Law (UU 32/2009) has declared the sanction to the government
officers who give the permit and the business owner who operate improper and
unstandardized smelters activities as regulated by the law. The sanction of Law
No. 32 Year 2009 that related to ULABs activities as mentioning in the article
below:
1) Article 102
Anybody managing hazardous waste without the permit as a referred to in
article 59 paragraph (4) shall be subject to imprisonment for one year at
the minimum and 3 (three) years at the maximum and a fine of
Rp.1,000,000,000,- (one bilion rupiah) at the minimum and
Rp.3,000,000,000,- (three billion rupiah) at the maximum.
2) Article 103
Anybody producing hazardous waste and not executing the management
as referred to article 59 shall be subject to imprisonment for one year at
the minimum and 3 (three) years at the maximum and a fine of
Rp.1,000,000,000,- (one billion rupiah) ath the minimum and Rp.
3,000,000,000,- (three billion rupiah) at the maximum.
3) Article 104
Anybody dumping waste and/or materials into environmental media
without the permit as referred to in Article 60 shall be subject to
imprisonment for 3 (three) years at the maximum and a fine of
Rp.3,000,000,000,- (three billion rupiah) ath the maximum.
4) Article 111
(1) Official granting environmental permit that issue environmental
permit without amdal or UKL-UPL as referred to in Article 37 paragraph
(1) shall be subject to imprisonment for 3 (three) years at the maximum
and a fine of Rp. 3,000,000,000,- (three billion rupiah) at the maximum.
(2) Official granting business and/or activity license that issue business
and/or activity lincense without the environmental permit as referred to in
Article 40 paragraph (1) shall be subject to imprisonment for 3 (three)
yaers at the maximum and a fine of Rp.3,000,000,000,- (three billion
rupiah) ath the maximum.
5) Article 112
Every authorized official intentionally not supervising compliance of
parties in reponsible for business and/or activity with legislation and
environmental permit as referred to in Article 71 and Article 72, which
causes environmental pollution and/or damage that costs human live shall
be subject to imprisonment for one year at the maximum or a fine of
Rp.500,000,000,- (five hundred million rupiah) at the maximum.
6) Article 113
Anybody providing fake, misleading information, loosing information,
destroying information or providing untrue information which is needed
in relations to supervision and law enforcement with respects to
environmental protection and environment as referred to in Article 69
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paragraph (1) letter j shall be subject to imprisonment for one year at the
maximum and a fine of Rp.1,000,000,000,- (one billion rupiah) at the
maximum.
Pasarean was contaminated by lead and other heavy metals , base on Law n0.32
year 2009 54 :
1) Everybody pollution and/or damaging the environment shall be abliged to
recover the environmental functions.
2) The recovery of the environmental function as referred to in paragraph (1)
shall be done by the following phases:
a. Discontinuation of source of pollution and cleaning of pollutants;
b. Remediation;
c. Rehabilitation;
d. Restoration; and/or
e. Other measure in accordance with scientific and technological
developments.
3) Further provision on procedures for the recovery of the environmental
functions as referred to in paragraph (2) shall be regulated in a
government regulation.
• There is no local government that takes a tax or retribution to those smelters
activities both Pesarean and PIK Kebasen.
• National Government Regulation (PP 27 / 2012) regarding Environmental Permit
that mentions the importance of Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) to have
environmental permit. The Environmental Permit is a permit that given to every
person who does a business activity and requires the environmental impact
assessment in order to protect and manage the environment as a prerequisite to
gain the business permit. Every business activity requires the environmental
impact assessment that covers composing the assessment, appraisal and
examination the assessment, and petition for publishing an Environmental Permit.
In Tegal context, the Government of Tegal through BLHD has already facilitated
the EIA process of PIK Kebasen. In the EIA report of PIK Kebasen, the smelters
activities can be operated if they follow the site plan pattern that has been
formulated, provide adequate infrastructures for environmental protection, and
report the air monitoring in periodically. However, in practices there are still
many insufficiency of how PIK Kebasen operates. For example, the building
pattern does not follow the site plan recommendation in EIA document. The lack
of environmental infrastructures and the improper way of monitoring the air
quality are also the absences of environmental regulation in Tegal.
• According to PP 101 Year 2014 regarding Hazardous and Toxic Waste
Management states that the hazardous and toxic waste material (B3) is a
substance, energy and/or another form of components in which of its behavior,
concentration, and/or the total in direct or indirect, can pollute and/or damage the
environment, and/or endanger the environment, health, and the viability of human
and other living things. Managing the B3 waste is an activity to reduce, store,
collect, transport, utilization, recycle, and/or hoarding. Every business activity
that produces the B3 waste requires to store, collect and urge to reduce the waste.
The business party also needs to convey a report to the Minister regarding the
preventing action if necessary. The report needs to be renewal every six months.
Prevention of the hazardous and toxic waste consists the identification the level
of emergency regarding the waste, preventing the pollution and/or damage by
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evacuated the necessary resources, utilizing environmental management tool,
identify the damaged area, and forming a report to elaborate the potential of the
polluting area and/or damaging area to Minister, Governor, and Bupati.
Collapsing the source of the pollution requires and attention to minimalize the
impact to environment, such as discontinuation the activity regarding producing
and dumping the waste, and composing a report to the higher authority. Higher
authority, such as Minister, Governor, and Bupati has the right to charge every
business owner to prevent the contamination. The charges consist fine and
prevent the contaminating and/or damaging the environment, and recover the
function of the environment. In every activity regarding the preventing
contamination of the B3 waste requires to prioritize the human safety, and every
action requires a written report to the higher authority.
Therefore, even the government of Tegal district has no local regulation
regarding the issue of mitigation of hazardous waste, by law Bupati must implement the
national regulations above to ensure the mitigation process of lead-contaminated area
can be proceeded properly.
5. Initial Environmental Assessment
ULAB recycling in Tegal Regency previously conducted with metal smelting
industry in Pesarean Village, Adiwerna Sub-District. Pesarean is known as a metal
smelting industry that has been existed for hundreds years and has been re-generated
for many generations as their predecessors’ legacy. Metal smelting industry among
others includes tin, aluminum, brass and copper. The KLHK estimates that there are
about 300 household industries in Pesarean before they were gradually transferred to
Small Industry Village (PIK) of Kebasen since 2009.
Photo 2. Peta Kabupaten Tegal dengan highlight Desa Pesarean
Due to lack of understanding about hazardous substance and hazardous waste, the
industrial activities in Pesarean Village complied neither with the environmental
standards nor occupational health and safety (K3) regulations. Smelting activities
carried out by the open burning system, while the waste were piled by the open
dumping system. Our field surveys during March-June 2015 confirmed that there are
still many metal smelters practice without considering the health and environmental
factors. Even though, the smelters are only taking the metal material, no longer ULAB
and the number is only about 40 households.
Photo 3. Peleburan logam sebelum relokasi
Due to a concern from the presence of metal smelting industry in Pesarean
Village, then several studies were conducted to determine the scope of pollution in the
environment and public health. In his statement on November 23, 2011, the Head of
Industry of Tegal Regency mentioned that the environmental pollution in the metal
industry has shown high levels in several parameters. Dust reported in 5429.969 µg /
m3, which means almost 24 (twenty four) times higher than the threshold, i.e. 230 µg /
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m3. Levels of lead (Pb) reportedly reached 128 672 µg / m
3, while in a location that no
content production process lead (Pb) of its 2,317 µg / m3.
In 2011, KLHK appointed a research team from Padjadjaran University to
conduct geology and hydrogeology studies in Pesarean Village, and they reported that
the volume of waste dumps reached 16,200 m3. In addition, there are three (3) of the
metal element composition of the waste that has polluted groundwater, namely copper
(Cu), zinc (Zn) and lead (Pb, local only). An estimated area of contaminated
groundwater spread of the copper element reaches + 43903.93 m2 and + 55885.33 m
2 of
the zinc element with a depth of about 3 meters.
Figure 20. Hasil studi Universitas Padjajaran
In December 2014 and January to May 2015, Blacksmith and KPBB measured
Pb concentration in soil in 82 (eighty two) points in Pesarean Village by using XRF, in
which the measurement results indicate the lowest concentration point at 0 ppm and
highest at 398.000 ppm. 50% of the total 82 points are above 400 ppm (WHO
recommended safe level for Pb concentration in soil).
The above results of the study showed that the activities of metal and ULAB
recycling have polluted the environment. Even when the activities had been relocated
to the new area, heavy metal contamination of soil may pose risks and hazards to
humans and the ecosystem through direct ingestion or contact with contaminated soil,
the food chain and drinking of contaminated ground water [Raymond A. Wuana and
Felix E. Okieimen, “Heavy Metals in Contaminated Soils: A Review of Sources,
Chemistry, Risks and Best Strategies for Remediation”]. Therefore, it needs immediate
intervention, including remediation of contaminated land and proper planning on how
the land will be revitalized upon the remediation.
In …. 2015, we also investigated the lead containment through several cases.
In June 2015, BTKL Yogyakarta also did environmental assessment (soil,
surface water, ground water, and plants).
6. Initial Health Assessment (Pak Budi)
The potential for risk to human health seems obvious when high concentrations
and large amounts of heavy metals are found in the environment. However, the simple
presence of heavy metals in the environment does not necessarily result in risks to
human health. Risks to human health only occur if there are exposures to the heavy
metals of concern. Exposure occurs when heavy metals are eaten (ingested), breathed
(inhaled) or absorbed through the skin.
The health condition of Pesarean people is continuously being monitored. In the
periods of 2008-2009, KLHK studied that several diseases that related to the lead
contamination found in Pesarean, such as asthma 137 people, skin allergic: 74 people,
respiratory infection: 363 people, conjunctivitis: 140 org, 5 down syndrome children
(KLHK, 2014). In 2011, Environmental Agency of Central Java province (BLH
Provinsi Jawa Tengah) also found that 46 of 50 respondents are above the average
(blood sample).
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In 2012, the KLHK in collaboration with the Health Team of Mer-C provided a
report of the results of the evaluation of the health status of communities around the
small industrial of Pesarean Village. The result showed that 88% of the total 400
respondents detectable levels of lead (Pb) in blood above 10 µg / dL, and 39% of that
amount above 30 µg / dL. Some of the symptoms that correspond to the symptoms of
lead (Pb) poisoning acute found in a number of respondents, including constipation
(9%), white vomiting (4%), and black stools (3%). While the symptoms of chronic lead
(Pb) poisoning found wrist drop as much as 1.8% and 3.3% foot drop. It also carried
out checks on 1 (one) family who had engaged in recycling of used batteries hereditary
(> 30 years) and found:
• Neurological disorders such as muscle weakness in the legs and hands on nearly
all respondents;
• Levels of lead (Pb) in the blood of almost all showed > 30 µg / dL; and
• Mental retardation.
Photo 4. Studi kesehatan Mer-C
Based on the previous studies above, this initial health assessment aims to
evaluate health effects of Pesarean’s residents. The methods used in this study
involving evaluating health effects reported by Tegal District Health Office from year
2003 to 2013, visiting site and observing physical symptoms to selected population,
conducting focus group discussion to metals’ smelter owner and workers and a group
of 35 housewives, retaking and measuring Blood Lead Levels (BLLs) of 46 samples
from cohort population in 2011, and analyzing the BLLs different in 2011 and 2015.
Visiting site and observing the physical symptoms: we begin by attending meeting
with local environmental office and local government of Tegal District. The local
government had shared situation analysis of metals’ smelter activities, business and its
health impacts. Following up the meeting, inventory of data related health impacts, which
is suspected having an association with the exposure of metals’ smelters, was carried out by
directly visited district health office, local bureau of statistics office, office of population
and family planning, and local environmental office. Most of the time was spent at the
metals’ smelters and surrounding neighborhood by observing the owners and their families,
workers, and neighborhood population on their physical symptoms and or diseases related
to metals and lead toxicities.
Evaluating health effects: we begin by reviewing available information about general
prevalence and incidence of diseases reported by Puskesmas and District Health Office.
The report includes yearly diseases occurrence from 2003 to 2013. The first task is to find
out how much the disease-related to metals or lead exposure is present and to determine
whether that exposure could be harmful to human health.
Focus group discussion: we conducted FGD in two groups of population, one group
of male consists of 30 owners and or workers of the metals’ smelters and another group of
female consists of 35 housewives of owners, workers, or surrounding neighbors of the
metals’ smelters. The issues for discussion were the participants’ knowledge on the hazards
of metals’ smelter processing, common diseases’ occurrences, symptoms and severe
disease among the families and neighborhoods, as well as cause of death occurrence.
Retaking and measuring BLLs: we begin by selecting purposively 46 persons from
2011 BLLs data provided by Mer-C and MOE report. We retook their vein blood samples
and analyzed by using Leadcare Analyzer II on site. Further analysis was conducted to find
out the current status of lead toxicity among local population.
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Based on our visiting site and observing the physical symptoms, we found that some
diseases and symptoms related to lead chronic poisoning among several owners, their
family and workers of metals’ smelters. Having read the series of health reports, the cases
of infectious disease is dominant overtime. However, some of diseases related to the
impact of heavy metals (included lead) chronic poisoning were also found in the small
number. In the FGD, it was found that many of children are having difficulty to get
high score in their schools; stunting or problem in physical development was also
common cases among children in the area of study; and mental retarded and paralysis
occurrence was also reported among several families.
The blood lead-level (BLL) sample test had been carried out among Pesarean
village community by initiative of the local government, provincial government, central
government, environmental NGOs and research center of university since 2011 till
2015. The result of the BLLs’ tests is as the followings:
Table 4. The BLL’s sample test (tambahkan std.deviasi dan asumsi yang
diambil+sampling method, serta gambaran responden-nya)
Year # of
Samples
Assessor institution BLLs
Min Max Mean % above 30
µg/dL
2011
50
Local Government
of Tegal District
92.0
2011 365 Mer-C and MOE 0.0 88.4 9.0 8.8
2015 46 Blacksmith Institute 0.2 >65.0 39.3 60.9
The assessment conducted by Tegal’s local government in 2011 and Blacksmith
institute in 2015 involving only adult purposive sampled population, those who work at
metal’s smelters and surrounding neighborhoods. The wider and more heterogeneity
sampled population assessed by Mer-C and MOE in 2011, involving 400 children and
adults (365 with completed data) randomly selected. The data revealed that those adults
working and living at surrounding metal’s smelters are having very high risk to lead
exposure over time. This result indicates that the exposure of lead is still continuously
occurring in Pesarean village. The metal’s smelters are the only possible sources for the
exposure.
The possible effects to human health from lead exposure among 2011 and 2015
respondents (44 cohort persons) are as the followings:
Table 5. Comparing BLL’s 2011 and 2015
BLLs
(µg/dL)
2011
Assessment
(MerC &
MOE) %
2015
Assessment
(Blacksmith)
%
Health Effect/s
< 15
20.5
2.2
No health effect
15 – 24 18.2 23.9 Increased function of erythrocyte
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protoporphyrin among men and
women
25 – 34 36.4 19.6 Elevated blood pressure
35 – 44 9.1 13.0 Decreased function nerve conduction
velocity
45 – 54 13.6 19.6 Decreased function hemoglobin
synthesis and female reproductive
effects, male reproductive effects
55 > 2.3 21.7 Frank anemia
Cohort 2011 & 2015 samples’ descriptive comparison
Descriptive
2011
2015
p-value
Minimum
0.8 µg/dL
13.8 µg/dL
Maximum 88.4 µg/dL >65.0 µg/dL
Mean 27.9 µg/dL >39.3 µg/dL 0.742
BLLs’ test was recognized as the fastest and reliable test in describing toxicity
of lead in human body by current environmental lead exposure. The findings show the
exact occurrence of lead exposure in the environment. Since the only source of
exposure in the area of study is metals’ smelters, it is more likely that the metals’
smelter contains of enough number of lead materials.
As the mean of BLLs found higher in the cohort population of 2015 (>39.3
µg/dL) than in 2011 (27.9 µg/dL) with no statistically different, it indicated that
exposure of environmental lead occurred over time and predicted will continue in the
near future if no action for prevention and control conducted.
7. Initial Economic Assessment
Livelihood Assessment
Agriculture has affected the life of Tegal District community, both
economically and cultural socially. Based on the big potential they have, Tegal District
government has determined that agriculture sector is one of the core business and
leading sector besides manufacturing industry and tourism, as well as a mainstay in
economic field development. Based on the data from RPJMD Tegal District 2014 –
2019 that the job field in agriculture is the dominant job field in 2009 – 2013. However,
the number of people working in that sector has declined in the same period of time.
Different condition applies in tourism sector which includes trading, restaurant, and
hotel. The workers working in those sectors were the second biggest sector in Tegal
District in 2009, but then there was an increase and became the sector which absorb the
biggest employment in 2013. Business field data in Tegal District from year to year can
be seen in the table 4.
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the producers and traders of various metal handicraft. The number of people working in
those sectors is as many as 3836 people or around 31% of the total number of Pesarean
village people. The composition of livelihood of Pesarean village people can be seen in
figure 21.
Figure 22. Pesarean Village Livelihood
Source: Village Monographic and Consultant Analysis
Work activity of smelting especially used battery (ULAB) currently has been
reallocated to PIK (Perkampungan Industri Kecil/ small industry village) located in
Kebasen village. However, the PIK area can only accommodate around 40 – 50
businesses. There are 4 (four) Used Battery Smelter currently doing their business
activity in PIK.
Figure 23. Distribution of Smelter and Craftsmen in Pesarean Village (outside PIK)
Smelter Business Cycle and Supply Chain
Smelting businesses, both used battery smelting and metal smelting are business
groups that make use of used goods as raw materials. On one side, that business is a
part of the government program concerning waste management in accordance with
Regulation Number 18 year 2008 on Waste Management, which is reduce, reuse and
recycle (3R). However, on the other hand, when that business is committed illegally
and not environment friendly, it will cause new problem in environment management.
Business network of used battery smelting starts from used goods collecting from the
consumers, in this case the community. For used battery smelting, starts from collecting
used battery from battery consumers, individuals or companies. Collecting used battery
from the consumers usually consists of 3 mechanisms which are through pickers who
buy used battery from the consumers, through battery dealers, and through companies
that are battery consumers. The result of collecting then brought to smelter in PIK. The
outcomes from ULAB smelter will produce lead ingot as main product, which then sold
to metal casting factories to be made certain products or Lead Acid Battery
Manufacture. The complete ULAB supply chain can be seen in figure 23.
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Figure 27. Land Use of Tegal Residence
Source (Tegal Spatial Planning 2012 – 2032)
However, in reality, the most wanted job field of the people especially in
Pesarean Village is trading especially junk things. The metal-based business activity
has been passed on for generations and has been flesh and blood in the community of
Pesarean village. There are about 30, 83% of 12.444 Pasarean people who work in
trading sector including pickers and 60 people among them are iron smelters. Based on
the result of questioner distribution and interviews of 35 people working in smelting
business, only 3 respondents (9%) who want to have another kind of business, such as
restaurants, daily consumption needs trading, and grocery shops. Nevertheless, they
find it difficult to start it due to lack of capital and business habit that has been passed
on from generations.
Alternative of another business that can be developed by the community of
Pesarean village is actually tourism business especially culinary and souvenir. As part
of Pantura area and is passed from Jakarta and West Java to East Java and vice versa,
Tegal as well as Pesarean can be made as transit area for domestic tourists. Related to
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culinary tourism that has been typical of Tegal people is satay, lamb and “blengong” (a
kind of poultry from the breeding of duck with Manuila duck) satay. In addition to it, is
Poci tea also typical of Tegal and cannot be separated from Tegal people. As for
souvenir, in line with the people’s current habit, metal smelting and molding, various
kinds of metal handicrafts can then be developed.
In line with the community business habit that has been passed on from
generations and the majority of people has been familiar with the collecting of used
things up to their process, then Pesarean village has the potential to be the center of
recycle not only for central Java scale but also for the entire Java island. However,
recycle material is not only metal-based but also other based materials such as plastic,
paper, rubber, and others. But then, in developing manufacturing industry by making
use of those waste/garbage, it should be done in environment friendly manner by
following the existing regulations.
Economic Prospectus of Meal Recycling Business
Tegal District in the 70s was called as the Indonesian Japan. That name was
given because Tegal was a qualified metal molding product producer, even the
motorcycle famous brand spare parts including the Japanese motorcycles and the hose
joint of fire fighter were originally made by the people of Tegal. Metal molding
products that are produced are aluminum, brass, copper, and iron. Hundreds of metal
molding product producers existing in Tegal have been well-known for their National
standardized products with low price. Tegal’s claim as ‘the Indonesian Japan’ might
only be a local claim that is only known by Tegal people themselves or people in
around Pekalongan Residency. Even so, this claim is not without reason. Imagine,
Processing Industry contributes 25.81% of the Pendapatan Domestik Regional Bruto
(PDRB), Gross Regional Domestic Income, of Tegal District, It is on the second rank
after Trading, Hotel, and Restaurant (28.64 percent). Not less than 24 kinds of metal
industry can be produced by Tegal craftsmen like motorcycle component and spare part
industry, Heavy equipment, Automotive, Ship and Marine, Electricity, Health, Wind
Gun, Accessories, Workshop, Agriculture, Farming, Building material, Households,
Car Body, Fire Fighter, until Water pump equipment.
Looking at the history and business done by the community of Tegal, especially
Pesarean, the metal-based business is a prospective business. From the availability of
raw material side, which is junk iron, the supply of that material is sufficient, both from
household and industries, as well as from building construction. From the production
cost side, the used iron recycle business activity can be more efficient because the price
of the raw material is relatively cheaper than processing the expensive iron ore. For
that, production result using used metal can offer much cheaper price but with good
quality.
Sustainable prospective business economically begins with used metal
collecting, not only from Tegal and its neighboring area but also from DKI Jakarta,
Bandung, Cirebon and Surabaya. There are no quantity data that describe the potential
of the raw material, however, based on the current data, there are about 3000 business
actors running in informal sector to collect the used metal.
Second prospect is the metal smelting activity, like iron, aluminum, copper, and
brass. Based on the survey result from 4 (four) smelting business actors, the business
investment value is approximately IDR 98,105,000 with average profit of IDR
47,303,750 per month. To know the feasibility and sustainability of that business
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financially, it can be seen from the IRR (internal rate of return) value of that business.
By using the financial data from the 4 business actors, the average IRR value is very
fantastic which is 579%.
Table 7. Metal Smelting Business Profit
Respon
dent
Investment
(IDR) Operational Cost (IDR/month) Selling
(IDR/month)
Profit
(IDR/month) Material Cost Salary Other Cost Total
1 21,710,000 206,000,000 8,000,000 3,000,000 217,000,000 269,100,000
52,100,000
2 25,710,000 66,100,000 6,720,000 3,000,000 75,820,000 101,000,000
25,180,000
3 52,000,000 39,340,000 3,625,000 1,400,000 44,365,000 55,000,000
10,635,000
4 293,000,000 225,200,000 6,500,000 - 231,700,000 333,000,000
101,300,000
Total 392,420,000 536,640,000 24,845,000 7,400,000 568,885,000 I 758,100,000
189,215,000
Average 98,105,000 134,160,000 6,211,250 1,850,000 142,221,250 189,525,000 47,303,750
While for business actors of metal handicraft makers, from the 7 business actors that
were surveyed, gained average investment value of IDR 143,388,571 with average
profit of around IDR 30,371,428 per month or around IDR 364,457,143 per year. Based
on the data the IRR value of metal craftsmen business is approximately 254%, a quite
fantastic business seen financially.
Environmental Cost and Benefit Analysis
ULAB smelter business has given positive impact to the local economy of
Pesarean and Kebasen community. Base on our survey there are four ULAB smelter
located of PIK Kebasen and one of them is not routinely of it business. Economic
potential which can generated from the business is about IDR 329,065,000 per month
or 3,948,780,000 per year, with the minimum income is about IDR 30,440,000 per
owner per month or IDR 365,280,000 per owner per year and the highest income is
about IDR 258,625,000 per owner per month or 480,000,000 per owner per year.
However that the income not include external cost. One of the major types of external
cost is the cost inflicted on people through environmental degradation (Field, 1997)3.
ULAB smelter business in other side will surely have negative impact for the
environment and also health as external cost. To minimize of the impact, smelter business of
PIK Kebasen location must be developed with the environmental friendly principles. If we use
PT Karabha Wiratama (KW) as a benchmarking of smelter business which
environmental standard and with assumption that the capacity of PIK Kebasen ULAB
smelter is half of KW capacity, we need investment is about 3,5 billion with the
operational cost is about 3 billion per year. If we assumption that the inflation rate 2%
per year and technical life of the business investment is 5 years then NPV (net present
value) is only IDR 512,975,262 with IRR (internal rate of return) is about -49% and
3
Field, Barry C. 1997: Environmental Economics. Departement of Resource
Economics University of Massachusetts-Amherst, The McGraw-hill Companies, inc.
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benefit cost ratio (BCR) is only 0,15. Base on criteria if BCR < 1 then the business not
financially feasible. As a completely of this calculation we can see of Table …
The calculation does not include the cost of risk both environmental and health
risks as external cost. One of the environmental problems of the ULAB smelter
business is residual which resulted of the process. One option to solve the problem is
the cleaning up program. Based on Cinangka’s case study, the cost of environment
recovery needed to solve environmental problem caused by the smelting business is
IDR 5 billion for 2,700 m3. This method is quite good in minimizing the cost of
cleaning up program. The other way is by choosing the same area where the lead
contamination land took place as the location for cleaning up program. Using the recent
survey’s result from the KLHK and Unpad regarding the volume of lead contaminated
area in Pesarean is 16,200 m3, thus total cost needed to do the cleaning up is around
IDR 20 billion.
Table 8. BCR Analysis of ULAB Smelter Business
Year 0 1 2 3 4 5
Investment/
depreciation*)
3,500,000,000
700,000,000
700,000,000
700,000,000
700,000,000
700,000,000
Operational cost*)
3,000,000,000
3,060,000,000
3,120,000,000
3,180,000,000
3,240,000,000
Total cost
3,700,000,000
3,760,000,000
3,820,000,000
3,880,000,000
3,940,000,000
Benefit/Profit**)
3,948,780,000
3,948,780,000
3,948,780,000
3,948,780,000
3,948,780,000
Cash flow
(3,500,000,000)
248,780,000
188,780,000
128,780,000
68,780,000
8,780,000
NPV***)
cash flow 512,975,262
IRR -49%
BCR 0.15! *)
Benchmarking with PT Karabha Wisatama with assumption of half capacity **)
Base on survey and consultant analysis ***)
Discount rate 12%!!!!!!!!!!!
As we know that besides ULAB smelter business located in PIK Kebasen, there
are many metal smelter and molding craft business which still operation in Pesarean
Village. That business surely has given positive impact to the local community
economy. As stated earlier that for smelting business activity, the average profit gained
by every business doer is about IDR 47,303,750 per month. If the number of smelters in
Pesarean village is as many as 16 businessmen, the economic value generated from that
business is estimated around IDR 756,860,000 per month or around 9 billion per year.
While for the metal craftsmen business activity, the average profit of every craftsman is
IDR 30,371,429 per month. So, if there are 30 craftsmen, the economic value that can
be generated is about IDR 911,142,857 or around 10, 9 billion per year. Thus, the
economic value that can be generated from the metal smelting business activity located
in Pesarean village is about 20 billion per year. However, as well ULAB smelter that
the income not included external cost. Even more that the business still operated in the
settlement area of Pesarean Village.
If metal smelter business not moved to the PIK Kebasen, cost which needed for
the business and environment and healthy risk are very high. Every owner of metal
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smelter must have dust collector, sludge treatment and water treatment plant. Moreover
every owner must be provide external cost, including :
a. Healthy cost for community.
b. Opportunity cost: something consists of the maximum vaue of other outputs
we could and would have produced had we not used the resources to
produce the item in question (Field, 1997). For this case included loss of
agriculture land, loss of domestic tourism opportunities to visit of Pesarean
surrounding, etc.
c. Cost for cleaning up.
d. Cost for water supply.
In this case, metal smelter business must developed with the socially efficient. If
rates of output are to be socially efficient, decisions about resource use must take into
account both types of cost – the private costs of producing (of metal smelter) plus
whatever external costs arise from adverse environmental impact. In terms of full social
cost accounting (Field, 1997):
Social cost = Private cost + External (Environmental) costs
If metal smelter business not moved to the PIK Kebasen area, social cost will be
increased year by year.
One of possible solution as part of urban redevelopment project, metal smelter
business which still operated in Pesarean Village must be removed to the PIK Kebasen.
To minimize environmental impact of the industry, metal smelter in PIK Kebasen must
be developed which environmental friendly principles. If assumption that for ideal
metal smelter is same with ULAB smelter and assumption that the PT KW as a
benchmarking industry for it case, the calculation economic feasible and BCR for half
capacity production can we see of the Table …...
Table 9. BCR Analysis of Metal Smelter Business
Year 0 1 2 3 4 5
Cost :
investment/
depreciation
3,500,000,000
700,000,000
700,000,000
700,000,000
700,000,000
700,000,000
Operational cost
3,000,000,000
3,060,000,000
3,120,000,000
3,180,000,000
3,240,000,000
Total cost
3,700,000,000
3,760,000,000
3,820,000,000
3,880,000,000
3,940,000,000
Benefit/profit:
Smelter
2,270,580,000
2,270,580,000
2,270,580,000
2,270,580,000
2,270,580,000
Crafter
2,551,200,000
2,551,200,000
2,551,200,000
2,551,200,000
2,551,200,000
Total benefit
4,821,780,000
4,821,780,000
4,821,780,000
4,821,780,000
4,821,780,000
Cash flow
(3,500,000,000)
1,121,780,000
1,061,780,000
1,001,780,000
941,780,000
881,780,000
IRR 14%
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NPV cash flow
3,659,944,886
BCR 1.045698539
The result of financial analysis we can see that IRR value if metal smelter we
moved to the PIK Kebasen is 14%, NPV = IDR 3,659,944,886, and BCR = 1.04. Base
on feasibility of financial criteria can be concluded that the business financially
feasible. Whatever the calculation not included external cost because as ULAB smelter,
the metal smelter can give impact to the environment and healthy. But if metal smelter
business moved to the PIK area environmental impact can be more manageable and
external cost will tend to decrease year by year.
8. Initial Assessment of Capacity of Pesarean Community
The capacity assessment on Pesarean community can be divided into three
sections, first is to know how Pesarean’s people perceive the smelters activities, second
is to explore some neglected potentials in Pesarean, third is to analyze the gap of
capacity, and fourth is to identify the key focus of capacity development.
People Knowledge and Awareness on Lead Exposure
To assess people knowledge on lead exposure, the project conducted survey on
people perception toward their environment. For survey purpose, the project took 500
respondents by using random sampling method refers to their education level, gender,
and the age. With regard to the level education, the most respondents are senior high
school (40%), followed by junior high school (27%), vacation high school (16%),
elementary school (16%) and university (1%).
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Figure 28. Population by sex, age, and education
Regarding to the gender, male is the most respondent with 53% meanwhile for
female is 47%. The age of respondents, the mostly are the respondents with 31-40
years old (30%), followed by 26-30 years old (23%), 41-50 years old (20%), 20-25
years old (20%), 51-60 years old (9%) and more than 60 years old (5%). People hear
and understand toward lead exposure in their environment, such in house (indoor, out-
door), street, smelter, paddy field, soccer field, cemetery, etc. (65%), with remaining of
them (34%) did not hear or understand and (1%) give no feedback. 40% respondents
stated that they know and understand that lead is harmful for human health as danger,
poisoning, and suffer the illness or dieses. Meanwhile, 25% give feedback as suffer
illness/dieses, 20% as poisoning, and 15% as danger.
The smelter availability
Toward smelter availability, respondents stated that any smelter in their
surrounding areas (79%), and 13% stated not available with explanation that they did
not know what is the smelter because as long as they stay at Pesarean they did not
know if any ULAB recycling and they just thinking what they have found in Pesarean
is crafting industry.
60% respondents give feedback that they have lead or used battery in their house, and
32% have no lead or used battery, and 8% did not give the feedback.
Regarding to the smelter ownership, just 13% they stated that they have smelter,
meanwhile 73% did not stated that they have it, and remaining of 14% did not give the
feedback.
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Continuous question for the smelter owners, we found the fact that 81% of
them (smelter owner) want to end lead poisoning in their environment with reason they
want to stop to disturb another people from their smelter emissions. They stated that
they need the technology support, and of course financial scheme credit, beside the
technical assistance from the government and or another institution that are willing to
help them. They also would like to look at to the situation, if their community and their
suppliers/buyers (read: godfather) will do for the better smelter technology for
environment, they will follow. They concern to the incremental cost that must be added
to the direct production cost when they will have adopted environmental friendly
smelter. Another smelter owners does not willing to stop lead poisoning in the
environment (19%), they stated that they have problem on financing and technology,
beside their concern on profit margin reduction when they will adopt the clean
technology.
Therefore, we conclude that most of people in Pesarean village hear and
understand toward lead, used lead acid battery, and lead smelter, with its effect to the
human health. They understand that keeping the lead and using lead acid battery at
home is danger, poisoning, and have potential to suffer them with illness or dieses.
Most lead smelter owners willing to adopt environmental friendly technology/methods
with consideration to the transfer of technology (free of charge technical assistance),
financial scheme (credit), and allowed by their supplier/buyer.
Regarding institutional set-up, Patron-client, a dependency relationship between
smelter/metal crafting owners, and their supplier/buyers is shown as strong relationship
with bonded debt effect for the smelter/metal crafting owners. Etic and social
institution almost faded, the people are more pragmatism-opportunistic for materialistic
oriented (money, project). Local institution prefers to serve for the production unit
under entrepreneur, rather than to protect the people and preserve the good and healthy
environment.
In regards to the social-economic condition, part of the people is indicated have
below standard of life. Used Lead Acid Battery and lead slag are free sold and
distributed illegally. Metal and scraped metal smelters are economic center could be
interested for multi part (government, community, police, etc.). The patron-client
dependency is the most problem to adopt environmental friendly smelter. There is no
assistance program to implement environmental friendly smelter, whatever central and
or local government. Against the law is usually happening in the process of smelter and
crafting in Tegal District.
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The potentials of Pesarean community
Naturally, the people in Pesarean village have strong character to preserve and
take care for themselves and their family. Their capacity on metal smelting, and
molding which are done in the long time since 17th
century4, gives the people as social
capital to their livelihood in the modern industrial. Today, another specialty on plastic
and rubber molding give the extra-occupation.
Since, the increasing of industrial era, especially on the automotive and
electricity field, the occupation and livelihood in Pesarean also follow the trend. In the
past, the smelting, and molding industry were started by producing defense equipment
–spear, sword, kris, cannon, musket--, housewares5, today extend to another field on
providing spare part and raw material for electricity, automotive, and construction.
Learning process with follow their seniors is the most effective transfer of knowledge
and transfer of technology in relation to produce raw material and or end product to
supply the next chain of industry or to the consumer. They have enough
standardization on producing raw material and end product, even though they have not
enough training or formal education. They have capacity to produce raw material and
end product that fulfill the high level standard that is needed by modern industry. The
problem is leak on environmental friendly process of their production. Their process
affected to the environment, and their health.
Heritage of Amangkurat Cemetery is potential tourism destination, but it is look
like latent gold that is needed to be raised by creating technical aspect, such as creative
industry, and non- technical aspect such as to develop the scenario as one package of
heritage tourism destination e.g. religious tourism, historical tourism; reform the land
use and restoration the heritage cemetery, capacity building for the people and
government official, etc.
The mutual cooperation –gotong royong-- is a potential to be raised up in the
future, even though today the most people busy with their own business. Reclaiming
on the mutual cooperation as their old asset is needed to raise this social capital.
Another social capital is local wisdom on all aspects of life that was developed by
ancestor, and documented as guideline on housing, farming and agriculture, industry,
trading, social relationship, etc. The local wisdom needs to be raised and delivered to
leapfrog from the underdeveloped life to modern welfare life.
Life style with stereo type as not confidence, apathetic, underdeveloped, low
self-esteem encourages them to poverty, poor sanitation, unstandardized housing, and
habitat, and unhealthy life style, and live below the poverty threshold are the people
characteristic in Pesarean Village6.
The people life is depend on the patron is shown in the daily activities7. In the
smelter or molding owner for instance, women are depended on men who control all of
family revenues. Women have not authority to decide the family revenue even just to
improve family welfare. The men who control the revenue use it with no responsibility,
and not transparence. At the outside of family, the man is depended to their patron
who is the trader on both of supplier of raw materials, and buyer for the products that
4 Babat Tanah Jawi
5 Analysis reports refer to the discussion with elders in Pesarean village and Tegal
District, March 2015. 6 PAR-Participatory Action Research, 12 February – 23 March 2015.
7 PAR-Participatory Action Research, 12 February – 23 March 2015.
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are resulted by the people. In the smelting case, the patron provide the raw material
such as used battery, lead slag, iron scrap, cooper slag, zinc scrap, tin, etc. and in
another side the patron buys their result of smelter with debt bondage methods. The
patron plays the role without gives chance the client to make bargain. The patron uses
the position to repress the client for long term with potential inter-generation. The
clients are look like as successful entrepreneur, but in the fact they just serve their
patron, and refer to the time goes by they enjoy their oppressed.
Tegal district is well known for its nickname “The Japan of Indonesia”. It has
lasted for decades and has involved for many generations. The knowledge and skills of
metal crafting are actually important assets for Pesarean if they can meet global market.
Pesarean is also located in the strategic location that easily can be accessed and can
access the huge market. Only 15 minutes from the train station or only 10 minutes from
the national trans-java road are the advantages of Pesarean that need to be maximized.
Inside of Pesarean, the historical and Javanese-traditional asset of Royal Graveyard
Amangkurat is also the potentials of economic development that has not been revealed
yet. Those are potentials of Pesarean that can be lifted up to improve their capacity.
However, the physical condition of housings in Pesarean is highly different each
other, but mostly dominated by the non-permanent houses. Based on Tegal Community
and Village Empowerment Agency in 2015, there are 309,889 housing units in
Pesarean, but 25% of the totals or around 76,076 are the uninhabitable housing. Since
2012, Tegal has allocated the Regional Government Budget for developing new
housing. Tegal District has gradually increased their concern of creating a better
housing, which indicated by total spent for new housing every year.
For instance in 2012, Tegal allocated its budget for 463 new housing. In 2013,
the budget increased but the total of new housing is lower than 2012 due to some
reasons to 437 new housing. The next year, Tegal was taking seriously on developing
the city which shown by the amount of their spending. In 2014, Tegal spent almost
double the budget from previous year to Rp. 4,317,500,000 and built 848 new housing.
Their budget for new housing keep growing and their target for 2015 is to build 921
new housing.
Even though there is a massive development in Tegal, the distribution of the
budget throughout the city is still relatively uneven. For instance, Kecamatan Adiwerna
has 21 villages and makes them one of the biggest districts in Tegal. Although the fact
that Adiwerna has more population than others, in 2015 they only get 51 new housing
yet another district with a lower population can get up to 90 new housing. In Pesarean,
there are 36 uninhabitable housing and 1575 inhabitable. Beside of uninhabitable
housings, the poor sanitation and floods are also the other factors that can reduce the
capacity of Pesarean community.
In Pesarean village, there is royal graveyard of The Great Hamangkurat I.
According to history written by Hermanus Johanes de Graff, Kangjeng Susuhunan The
Great Amangkurat is a great king of Mataram Kingdom. As an ordinary human being,
he also has a deficiency but not lack of goodness in the Great Sultan son. The true
identity of Susuhunan Amangkurat can be seen after his death. Several sources told,
even after hundreds of year buried, most of his body is still intact. His hair and nails is
still growing and every now and then still need to get treatment. The cemetery of The
Great Susuhunan Amangkurat can be seen directly because the cemetery used to be
built with a transparent material. In the same cemetery, there are also buried 21 sons of
the Great Amangkurat.
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Gap of Capacity
In the fact, the village institution has powerless and serves the patron, thus the
patron uses village institution include Head of Village as a tool to repress the people on
the supply-chain of smelting/molding industry. The patron have a role to control look
like a CEO control the holding company with subsidiary small scale smelting and
molding industry.
At the higher level of governmental institution, what-ever at the district,
provincial and central level also have powerless thus also serve the patron by de-
emphasize the law enforcement that refer the law must be done strictly. Meanwhile,
the patron also manages the good relationship with high level of defense and security
official to secure their illegal industry. The patron also has capability to be great
general affair to keep relationship with the bank, police, judge, and attorney, even also
with journalist and NGO activist.
As above-mentioned that previously, people in Pesarean have high social capital
as legacy from their ancestor. They have local wisdom “primbon’ on the guideline on
housing, farming, and agriculture, industry, trading, social relationship, reading the
seasons for farming/agriculture purpose, practical astronomy, and democracy. But, the
local wisdom faded since the mass production on the metal smelting and crafting
growth in Pesarean since 19688. The guideline on housing faded and disappears since
the people were distressed by business interest on the smelting and molding industry.
The housing is not regard to the standard of comfortable and healthy anymore, but
more regard to facilitate their business with space for warehouse, smelter, molding
facilities, etc. In the past, farmers have capacity to prepare the seed, fertilizer and
manage the harvest and sell it with high bargain position. Today, they have no capacity
to prepare the seed, and fertilizer, but they are depended to the government, even to
manage their harvest, they are also depended on middleman and the mostly are sinking
to the debt bonded.
The capacity on the practical astronomy, and reading the seasons are also faded
parallel with their dependency to the government on cultivating season. The
democracy at village level also faded, even though it is an oldest democracy in
Indonesia. Since the 1960s, the present of godfather who control the economy process
in Pesarean, involved to determine the winner of head of village together with bookies
who playing the role to get the money. Direct election for head of village is not pure
democracy, but more on by scenario for godfather and bookies interest.
Lack on many capacity as above mentioned, sure it is influence all of aspects of
people life, such as economy, social, health, culture, education, and perspective. Their
missing on guideline of housing pushed them to the slum sprawl in their village, with
problem on internal –not enough toilet and bathroom/showering–, and external
sanitation – not all of village areas are completed with drainage, water catchment, and
balancing green space–. Furthermore, Pesarean has no detail spatial plan except the
raw mapping on the actual land use. The development process that was implemented
by Local Government such Public Work Agency is spontaneous action without
infrastructure plan as the detail spatial planning which referred to the mid/long term
development planning. Musyawarah Rencana Pembangunan (MUSRENBANG) Desa
that is conducted first step by step refer to the RT (neighborhood) level, and RW
8 In-depth interview with gate keeper “mBak Kuncen” Amangkurat Cemetery, 22 – 23
July 2015.
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(kampong) level annually also still formality process rather than genuine participatory
process to formulate development plan9.
Identify key focus areas for building capacity
In relation with capacity building, the needs assessment guides us to conduct:
• Civic education, with content: social analysis, dialog development, voter education,
gender sensitivity, pluralism, human right, and people role/right.
• Livelihood training: environmental friendly smelting and molding process, trading,
negotiation, financing scheme, and business project proposal development.
• Village development perspective: aesthetic village landscaping, sanitation
(internal/external), simple comfortable and aesthetical housing, and simple
ecosystem.
9. Project Identification on Urban Redevelopment
Mitigating Interventions
Based on our assessments, the mitigating intervention should cover two major
goals, first is to mitigate the lead-contaminated area and second is to enhance the
hidden potentials of Pesarean simultaneously. As described before, the study area
consists of three different problems that have interconnected each other. Therefore, the
urban re-development program should also recommend (1) Establishment of Special
Zoning Regulation for integrated Kebasen-Pesarean area (ERIC zone) through RDTR
Kawasan Strategis Kabupaten, 2) Re-planning site of PIK Kebasen followed by
applying environmental friendly technology, and 3) Urban Redevelopment at Pesarean
as RTBL Pesarean.
The ERIC zone needs different governmental interventions. At the map scale
1:5,000, the proper planning instrument would be the detailed spatial planning (RDTR)
followed by zoning regulation (PZ). RDTR and PZ will provide spatial guidance for
detailed type of land uses, the density and intensity of land use, and the technical
regulation of allowed or limited or conditional or prohibited activities. The intervention
for PIK Kebasen area would be a site re-planning that followed by environmental
assessment. Since it is belonged to the private sector, thus the local government needs
to enforce them to do re-planning and improving the standard of procedures in this
area. The last but not least is the Pesarean Area. Based on our field survey, this area is
the best location for conducting the urban redevelopment.
9 Decision making process assessment in Pesarean Village, April 2015.
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promote investment and development of planning projects. Through this planning
document, the other stakeholder can know how to participant in this re-development.
The urban redevelopment program consists of physical improvement projects, training
and education activities, economic development, community empowerment, and
environmental recovery.
Physical improvement
Low-cost housing design and development is proposed on the former lead-
contaminated area for about 4-5 hectares, which located next to the cemetery. It will
provide around 100 households mostly for Pesarean people who are still live under the
poverty line and works as the metal workers. It will take cost IDR 9.5 billion to build
two towers with each tower has 40 units. This project can be linked to the affordable
housing program (Rusunami Program) from the Ministry of Public works and housing.
It can also attract private investment and community involvement.
Drainage design and construction, is proposed to overcome the hygiene issues
and flood problems in surrounding cemetery. It will cover around 3 km length of
drainage and thus will cost for about IDR 3 billion without land acquisition. The
government of Tegal district will cover the drainage development.
Communal sanitation program is proposed to address the hygiene and health
issues in each neighborhood association (RW). It will cover 10 communal sanitations
and total cost is IDR 3 billion. The National government through Sanimas program and
local government can be the potential actors to do this program.
Development of public cemetery is proposed to solve the needs of cemetery in
the present and future. It will take 0.5 hectares of vacant land in the beginning and will
expand to reach 1 hectare. The Government of Tegal districts should have annual
budget to provide this cemetery.
Installation of public water tank is proposed to provide clean water in the
lead-contaminated groundwater. It will cover 5 (five) units of water tanks and it costs
for about IDR 1 billion. The Government of Tegal supported by the provincial
government of Central Java province is the responsible institution.
Economic Development
Metal Assembling workshop, is a proposed place where local people
demonstrate their skills in making metal craft. The tourists can see and learn how to do
so and it will be integrated with the cultural tourism of Amangkurat Royal graveyard.
The cost would be IDR 500 million, without land acquisition. The private sectors
should take this role together with the local government.
Special smallholders assembling site, will be developed to accommodate all
metal industries which embedded in the resident’s houses. It will take transition time to
shift their workshop to the special site. This site should be belonged to and managed by
the neighborhood associations. It will become a communal pilot project of industrial
places. All smelters activities will be relocated to the PIK Kebasen. This project should
also involve local and national government and private sector as well.
Revitalization of Hamangkurat Cemetery covers improvement of the quality
of cemetery and its surroundings, new installment of supporting facilities, and adding
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the new attraction. A collaborative team between the Royal Graveyard Management,
local government, and national government will take in charge of this project.
Micro-credit supporting program for new proposed livelihood is a incentive
project that involves financial institution and local government in order to assist the
smallholders industries willing to move all smelters activities to PIK Kebasen and
making the assembling process at Pesarean. This project will involve the local
government, banks, donors, and national government.
Non-metal recycling business such as plastic, paper, rubber, and others to
support Tegal as “Garbage Recycling City” because recycling business has become an
icon of Tegal society. Pesarean village has the potential to be the center of recycle not
only for central Java scale but also for the entire Java islands. However, recycling
business must be developed with environment friendly manner by following the
existing regulations.
Culinary and souvenir can developed as part economic development of
Pesarean Village because as part of Pantura area Pesarean Village is passed from
Jakarta and West Java to East Java and vice versa, and Pesarean can be made as a
transit area for domestic tourists. Related to culinary tourism that has been typical of
Tegal people is satay, lamb and “blengong” (a kind of poultry from the breeding of
duck with Manuila duck) satay. In addition to it, is Poci tea also typical of Tegal and
cannot be separated from Tegal people. As for souvenir, in line with the people’s
current habit, metal smelting and molding, various kinds of metal handicrafts can then
be developed
Health and Environmental Recovery
Design and construction of lead-contaminated land isolation is a cleaning up
project for the respective area that covers approximately 5-6 hectares with 6-7 meter
depth. This project will involve the donors and national government, especially in
taking the best action for cleaning up.
Development of green open space aims to provide public space for Pesarean’s
residents to do the social interactions. It will require a parcel of land for about 0.5
hectares. This project will be belonged to the local government and private sectors.
Improving Disposal site is necessary because the lack of capacity of the
existing disposal site. It will cost for about IDR 500 million and will be handled by the
local government.
Health recovery program is design for Pesarean residents who diagnosed
highly exposed by the lead. It will take 2-3 years program and involve not only the
local government agency but also the hospital and other stakeholders.
Training and Education
Training and learning center for metal crafting is an important project to
institutionalize the practical knowledge of metal crafting for the young generation and
will be a hub of knowledge where research and development can take place. This centre
also takes a role as an incubator for metal crafters to increase the competitiveness of
their products in the market. This project will involve the national and local
government, private sectors, and academia. It will cost at least IDR 1 billion.
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Non-formal education development of healhty living is a continous
promoting agenda, e.g. advertisement, coaching clinic, pamflet, socialization, etc that
will educate the local residents and also health practitioners on how danger the lead
containment for their family’s health and their neighborhood environment. It will take
3-5 years and should be handled by the NGOs, local government, and donors.
Sanction and Penalty mechanism based on indigenous or local knowledge is
a breakthrough of policy-making by using the local knowledge in order to have an
effective sanction for their people if still doing smelting activities in Pesarean. It can be
a policy study that involves the village organization, local government, and relevant
experts.
Community Empowerment
Strengthening youth organization is 3-5 years project to consolidate the
power of young generation in transforming their settlement. It covers the education,
action research, pilot project, etc. that aims to inspire the young people to do better
intervention for its area. It should be belonged to the responsibility of the village
community, local government, and supported by the donors.
Neighborhood association control mechanism is an advocacy and technical
project to enlighten the function of RT and RW in helping the government to manage
their neighborhood area.
Women and religious program is also a social cohesion project that allows
groups of people building trust each other. It will take 3-5 years so these groups can
take a role as a catalyst for their community building. The local government and village
officers will handle this project.
10. Financial and Economic Analysis
Tegal Revenue and Expenditure
Since the most of the urban redevelopment projects belongs to the local
government, thus we need to understand the financial capacity of Tegal’s Government.
The analysis of current Tegal revenues, recurrent internally generated and other
revenue (funds from irregular sources that can vary significantly from year to year);
and recurrent expenditure, other expenditure (e.g. operation and maintenance) and
development (capital) expenditure, if any to support the ULAB mitigation, including
relocation smelters to PIK Kebasen. The current financial capacity of Tegal District is
demonstrated in the following table.
Table 11. Regional Revenue and Expenditure Budget of Tegal District Fiscal year
2015
No Description Amount (IDR)
1 Revenue 1,968,032,415,000
1.1 Own revenue 255,732,920,000
1.1.1 Local tax revenue 61,657,643,000
1.1.2 Local retribution 18,531,704,000
1.1.3 Managed local source revenue 8,174,560,000
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1.1.4 Other own revenues 167,369,013,000
1.2 Equity fund 1,169,764,463,000
1.2.1 Tax revenue sharing 33,909,800,000
1.2.2 General purpose fund 1,085,549,293,000
1.2.3 Specific purpose fund 50,305,370,000
1.3 Other revenues 542,535,032,000
2 Expenditure 2,130,472,755,000
2.1 Direct expenditure 773,694,961,000
2.1.1 Staffs 71,766,107,000
2.1.2 Goods and services 366,004,810,000
2.1.3 Capital 335,924,044,000
2.2 Indirect expenditure 1,356,777,794,000
2.2.1 Staff 1,156,988,972,000
2.2.2 Loan interest 60,000,000
2.2.3 Grant 10,392,000,000
2.2.4 Social support 23,308,800,000
2.2.5 Revenue sharing 8,241,333,000
2.2.6 Financial supports 153,786,689,000
2.2.7 Precautionary expenditure 4,000,000,000
3 Local financing / discrepancy 162,440,340,000
Source: Tegal District Regulation No. 12/2014
The funding from higher level of governments received by Pesarean Village in
the on going fiscal year, according to the Head of Village, is presented in the following
table.
Table 12. Government Funding Received by Pesarean Village Fiscal year 2015
No. Source of funding Amount (IDR) Allocation
1 District government 406 millions 15% allocated to infrastructure
development.
The rest goes to consumption
expenditure and officials empowerment.
2 Provincial
government
50 millions Infrastructure development.
3 Central government 303 millions 5 % goes to officials’ empowerment, the
rest is allocated to infrastructure
development.
Source: Focus Group Discussion, Tegal, July 2nd
2015.
Central government transfer to Pesarean Village is expected to increase in the
following years. In 2016, the transfer will amount to 600 millions IDR, and it is
expected to reach 1 billion IDR in 2017.
Project Revenues and Financial Viability
A little portion of the project goals are designed to have the revenue since those
projects are the social services. There are some projects that perhaps can also bring
back of revenue such as (i) the low-cost housing, (ii) assembling site, (iii) water tank,
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(iv) tourism development, etc. However at this stage, the nature of this project whether
to gain revenue back or not are still being discussed within the stakeholders.
Nevertheless, the potential revenue may be estimated roughly. For instance, the
revenue earned by the housing project. According to the Permen PU No. 20/2014,
government may support the low-income households to buy the low-cost housing with
the price of maximum 7.2 millions IDR/m2. Thus, the low-cost housing project may be
expected to bring back the revenue around that amount.
Tourism centered around the revitalized Amangkurat tomb could also be
projected to generate the income. The tomb has a significant historical value for
education purposes. The tomb exhibits important cultural values for the Javanese
society particularly in Tegal, in which the origin of Tegal is closely associated with the
Amangkurat. The tomb is also a destination for religious tourism, approximately 20
buses of pilgrims coming annually.
Currently, the tomb is not used as the main tourist attraction to generate income.
However, once the revitalization takes place, the amount of visitor is projected to
increase significantly, equal to the number of visitors of similar sites. The government
or the management in charge of the tomb may charge the visitor with ticket fee. The
tourism may create the market for street vendors (pedagang kaki lima) who sell
souvenir, food, etc. As comparison, the street vendors in similar sites, such as the
tomb of Ki Ageng Pandanaran in Klaten and the tomb of Syeh Abdullah Mudzakir in
Demak, could earn the monthly income around 1 million IDR to 1.5 mllions IDR
(Kusuma, 2013; Rochmah, 2013). Off course, the street vendors should be organized by
the tomb management, and they are obliged to pay the retribution fee.
Economic Analysis (Pak Satori)
Assess the overall costs and benefits of the project(s). An EIIR analysis is to be
prepared in which the social, environment and economic benefits of the project(s) are
assessed together with the financial analysis. Provide the underlying assumption as
well.
Linking to Finance (Deden)
The urban redevelopment project will also need to look clearly the role of national
government budget e.g. Ministry of Environment and Forestry plan and National
Planning board in providing access to governmental budget. The funding sources could
be identified among public sources (government and governmental agencies) and
private sources (banking sector, donors). The government sector includes the
government operational units in Tegal district and Environment Ministry of Indonesia.
The Environment Ministry has committed to provide 1.5 billion IDR for environmental
recovery. Thus, the money could be allocated for encapsulation projects. On the other
hand, the potential financing capacity of each operational unit in Tegal District is
presented in the following table 4.
Table 13. Potential sources of budget for urban redevelopment
No Operational unit Total direct Relevant expenditure components
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expenditure (IDR) (IDR)*
1 Local planning agency
(Bappeda)
6,379,000,000 175 millions (Industrial
technology capacity building)
2 Environment agency
(BLH)
3,844,923,000 # 670 millions (pollutant-
drainage development)
# 866.25 millions (provincial
grant for pollutant-drainage
development)
# 80 millions (households
education on hazardous waste
(B3) )
3 Health agency (Dinkes) 90,196,288,000 160 millions (environment health
promotion)
4 Cooperation, small-
medium enterprises, and
market agency
(Dinkopukmpasar)
24,692,782,000 250 millions (market
infrastructures development)
5 Tourism and culture
agency (Disparbud)
5,924,300,000 25 millions (cultural values
promotion)
6 Public work agency
(PU)
257,018,265,000 # 10 billions (village settlement
arrangement)
# 1,875 millions (cemetery
development program)
# 75 millions (community
housing empowerment)
# 2.5 billions (tourism
infrastructure development)
# 50 millions (water and
sanitation infrastructure
development)
# 150 millions (pollution
impact control)
# 3,091 millions (drainage
development)
7 Industry and trade
agency (Deperindag)
4,370,000,000 # 30 millions (entrepreneurship
development for small-
medium enterprises)
# 50 millions (technology based
entrepreneurship
development)
# 25 millions (industrial
technology development and
support)
Source: Dokumen Pelaksanaan Anggaran - Satuan Kerja Perangkat Daerah, Tegal.
2015
* Potential expenditure components to match the projects.
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In addition, the project may give emphasize on revitalization of Palace Tomb
Hamangkurat. The tomb has a significant historical value for education purposes. The
tomb also exhibits important cultural values for the Javanese society particularly in
Tegal, in which the origin of Tegal is closely associated with the Hamangkurat. The
tomb is also a destination for religious tourism, approximately 20 buses of pilgrims
coming annually. The investment planning may involve the Solo Palace, archaeological
department in Central Java province, and the families of Hamangkurat descendants facilitated by Pak Kuncen (the key keeper).
11. Implementation Arrangement
In order to implement the urban redevelopment program, the institutional
arrangement should involve the Head of Pesarean village and the local government as
the acting actors to manage this program. In order to have the program can run
properly, therefore we need a planning process that ensure the role and responsibilities
of each stakeholders. The participation of the PIK Kebasen’s owner is also highly
appreciated because the relocation of the metal industries from Pesarean to Kebasen
depends on the availability of the PIK Kebasen.
12. Potential Risks
Clearly describe initial assessment of the key risks for each proposed project (political,
institutional, social [including gender], economic, capacity, and environmental) and
identify the major assumptions made for recommended projects.
Institutional barrier
The existence of Law no. 23/2014 that prohibits the district operational units to provide
direct grant for villages. The law requires the grant to be directed to the law recognized
local bodies with at least three years of operational experiences. Special consideration
should be taken to deal with this. One alternative is not to ask for a grant; instead, the
team may negotiate and propose the inclusion of certain project components within the
budget plan of relevant operational units.
In addition to that, the strong patronage relationship between smelting businessman
with the bureaucrats, particularly the officials of BLH and KLH, potentially hinder the
law enforcement. This type of relationship may lead to the reluctance of concerned
officials to enforce the environmental law. They incline to rely on persuasive
approaches, which is so far not as effective to change the production behavior. This
condition requires the involvement of higher ups in KLH, to provide a direct and clear
guidance to the responsible officials with respect to the necessity of enforcing the
existing environmental law.
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Social barrier
Existing social behavior among the SMEs actors in similar business, where they are
used to work in secrecy and isolation. This behavior prevents them from working in the
communal space, unless their secrecy are prevailing. Special attention should be paid
to the designing of communal production space, so that they could work in isolation
while enabling the pollution treated collectively.
Financing Risk
In general, the sources of financing could be classified into tree components, the
government, the banking sector, and donor/creditors. Each component has its own risk.
The financing from government is allocated through governmental budget which is
determined annually. When the priorities of government is changed, there is a
possibility that the allocation of budget for the project components is altered.
Consequently, the commitment with the concerned governmental units should be
established for the rest of the project life. Meanwhile, the credit from banking sector
subject to the national and global market conditions. Pessimistic situation of national
economy will be responded by the increase in credit interest rate, thus burdening the
project costs. The same logic also applies to the loan from international donor/creditors.
Pessimistic prediction of national economy that lead to the decrease in exchange rate of
national monetary will weight down the projects. To mitigate the risk, available
schemes in the money market such as forward contract and swap should be considered.
13. Future PS, if necessary
The next steps of financial analysis would be to work out preliminary project
cost estimates, including the project components that are not yet estimable, in greater
detail. The following main categories will be distinguished: investments; operation and
maintenance; and re-investments during the life cycle. Afterward, conducting cost
effectiveness analysis for non-revenue earning project components, and financial cost-
benefit analysis (CBA) for revenue earning project components. Financial CBA aims to
assess the financial viability of the proposed project, i.e., whether the proposed project
is financially attractive or not from the Blacksmith’s viewpoint. Instead of the entire
economy, the unit of analysis in the financial benefit-cost analysis is the project.
The financial benefit-cost analysis will include the following eight steps:
• determining annual project revenues;
• determining project costs;
• calculating annual project net benefits;
• determining the appropriate discount rate (i.e., weighted average cost of
capital serving as proxy for the financial opportunity cost of capital);
• calculating the average incremental financial cost;
• calculating the financial net present value;
• calculating the financial internal rate of return; and
• conducting risk and sensitivity analysis.
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14. Conclusion and Recommendation
Based on our initial assessment on Pesarean in regard to its feasibility to have
urban redevelopment, we conclude that firstly the life environment of Pesarean has
shifted from fresh air to contaminated land. The old village that actually has a beautiful
landscape in the past has become urbanizing region that are not developed orderly and
sustainably. The lead-contaminated area is a triggering factor that opens public eye of
how bad the degraded environment has taken place in Pesarean. Starting from the low
quality of groundwater and polluted land to the health impacts for the workers, women,
and children, this contamination should have a strict intervention and it should be done
immediately.
In order to have an orderly proper intervention, therefore we need to look at the
other factors that may influence the success of this transformation. Having reviewed the
regulation aspects that prevail in Tegal, we thus suggest the three main interventions to
overcome the problem in a comprehensive way. First, establishing the zoning
regulation of ERIC zone, second, enforcing the site re-planning of PIK Kebasen, and
implementing the urban redevelopment in Pesarean.
Based on our stakeholder mapping, economic and financial analysis, and
capacity assessment, we focus our mitigating intervention on the urban redevelopment
program in Pesarean. Counting on the commitment from the national and local
government, community aspiration, and highly concerned private sectors, and initial
engagement with donors as well, the institutional arrangement of urban redevelopment
is quite established for now. Even though, this collaborative team has not yet been
legally established, but the mutual understanding of the role is starting to be developed.
The result of our economic assessment also showed that it is difficult for local
people to shift their livelihood to the other profession as a metal crafter. Beside of
income gap, the traditional value and the positive trend of machinery industries are the
other main reasons why they are not willing to shift their livelihood. Therefore, metal
smelter business as a business that has become a habit of Pasarean community, remains
the choice of businesses in urban development program. However, the business must be
developed with equitable businesses, both economically and environmentally. As
economically equitable must be calculated fair salary for workers and tax. As
environmentally equitable the business must be moved to PIK area and implemented
cleaner production technology. One of the things that are important of cleaner
production technology is good hose keeping of PIK area.
However, according to our health assessment, in term of protecting human
health from the lead exposure from metals’ smelters, the only choice is to remove all of
metals’ smelters far away from municipality of population. It is important to separate
the harmful smelters process from their daily life activities. IThus, the urban
redevelopment requires the re-planning process of Pesarean development.
In order to push the social transformation process in the community, we need to
provide:
• Civic education, with content: social analysis, dialog development, voter
education, gender sensitivity, pluralism, human right, and people role/right.
• Livelihood training: environmental friendly smelting and molding process,
trading, negotiation, financing scheme, and business project proposal
development.
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• Village development perspective: aesthetic village landscaping, sanitation
(internal/external), simple comfortable and aesthetical housing, and simple
ecosystem.
We also recommend to link, and learn by introducing multi-sectoral action plan
group approach: smelter owners, waste traders/hazardous waste agent, investors
(banking, financing institution, entrepreneur), technology and knowledge transfer
agency, local and national regulator/law enforcement, and civil society in the process of
environmental friendly smelter adoption.
At the community level, strengthening local Civil Society Organization in the
framework to escort the process of social transformation is important. It should be
followed by transferring knowledge and technology by leading public awareness, and
pressure group; implementing strict liability of law enforcement with regard to the law
and regulation on environmental protection and management; and monitoring
environmental impact of metal/scraped metal smelter, and molding/crafting process in
Tegal District.
Conclution & Recommendation;
1. Clean up of contaminated site, where this effort should be under coordination
with MOEF, Local Government and also the business person of the smelters
support by public surrounding.
2. The person that having high Lead contamination, should give support by
Ministry of Health to continuing their medical treatment and observation by the
public health office and support by MOH.
3. Socialization & education for reducing the impact of Lead to human health
should be continuisly done by Local Government with supporting by MOEF
and MOH to all people that are living and working in the smelter of crafting in
Kebasen and Pasarean.
4. Moving of all smelters from Pasarean by Local Government , but in the PIK
Kebasen itself should having re-planning of KIP, technology that comply with
environmental standard and the organization of the smelters to complay with
environmental regulation.
5. With supporting by the smelters organization, Local Government these
activities will having environmental permit and business permit to make these
activities are legal.
6. Having continuing the socialization and education to all stake-holders.
7. After having support for clean up, redevelopment of Pasarean and redesign of
PIK Kebasen , Local Government and MOEF should do the Law enforcement
as mentioning by Law 32 Year 2009.
15. Appendix
1. Surat rekomendasi Blacksmith Institute dan persetujuan Kementerian Lingkungan
Hidup dan Kehutanan
2. List of villages and sub-districts of Tegal District
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Table A.1 Sub-districts and Villages in Tegal District
Kramat Munjung Agung, Mejasem Barat, Mejasem Timur, Dinuk,
Jatilawang, Kemantran, Babakan, Kertaharja, Ketileng,
Kepunduhan,Bangungalih, Tanjung Harja, Kemuning,
Plumbungan, Maribaya, Kramat, Kertayasa, Bongkok, Padaharja,
Kelurahan Dampyak
Warureja Banjaragung, Banjarturi, Demangharja, Kedungjati, Kedungkelor,
Kreman, Sidamulya, Sigentong, Sukareja, Warureja, Kendayakan
Suradadi Bojongsana, Gembongdadi, Harjasari, Jatibogor, Jatimulya,
Karangmulya, Karangwuluh, Kertasari, Purwahamba, Sidaharja,
Suradadi
Tarub Brekat, Bulakwaru, Karangmangu, Kesamiran, Kesadikan,
Mangunsaren, Marga Padang, Mindaka, Kalijambe, Karangjati,
Kedokansayang, Purbasana, Setu, Tarub, kemanggungan
Talang Talang, Wangandawa, Pacul, Cangkring, Dawuhan, Bengle,
Kebasen, Tegalwangi, Kajen, Pegirikan, Pekiringan, Pekiringan
Dukuhturi Pepedan, Debong Wetan, Grogol, Kepandean, Bandasari,
Pagongan, Sutapranan, Pekauman Kulon, Karanganyar, Kupu,
Sidakaton, Sidapurna, Lawatan
Adiwerna Pedeslohor, Lumingser, Kedungsukun, Pagiyanten, Penarukan,
HarjosariLor, HarjosariKidul, TembokLor, TembokKidul,
TembokBanjaran, TembokLuwung, Adiwerna, Kalimati,
Lemahduwur, Pesarean, Ujungrusi, Pegedangan, Kaliwadas,
Pecangakan, Gumalar, Bersole
Dukuhwaru Blubuk, Bulakpacing, Dukuhwaru, Gumayun, Kalisoka, Kebunan,
Pedagangan, Salapura, SelarangLor, Sindang
Slawi Dukuh Salam, Dukuhwringin, Kalisapu, Slawi Kulon, Trayeman,
Kagok, Kudaile, Pakembaran, Procot, Slawi Wetan
Pangkah Pangkah, BogaresLor, Bogareskidul, Penusupan, Pener,
DukuhjatiKidul, DukuhjatiLor, Dermasuci, Dukuhsembung,
GrobogKulon, GrobogWetan, Bedug, Pecabean, Kalikangkung,
Purbayasa, Rancawiru, Paketiban, Balamoa, Jenggawur, Talok,
KendalSerut
Kedungbanteng Dukuhjati Wetan, Karang Anyar, Karangmalang, Kebandingan,
Kedung Banteng, Margamulya, Penujah, Semedo, Sumingkir,
Tonggara
Jatinegara Argatawang, Capar, Cerih, Dukuhbangsa, Gantungan, Jatinegara,
Kedungwungu, Lebakwangi, Lembahsari, Luwijawa, Mokaha,
Padasari, Penyalahan, Setail, Sumbarang, Tamansari, Wotgalih
Lebaksiu Balaradin, Dukuhdamu, Dukuhlo, Jatimulyo, Kajen, Kambangan,
Kesuben, Lebak Goah, Lebaksiu Kidul, Lebaksiu Lor, Pendawa,
Slarang Kidul, Tegalandong, Timbangreja, Yamansari
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Balapulang Balapulang Kulon, Balapulang Wetan, Banjar Anyar, Batuagung,
Bukateja, Cenggini, Cibunar, Cilongok, Danaraja, Danawarih,
Harjawinangun, Kalibakung, Kaliwungu, Karangjambu,
Pagerwangi, Pamiritan, Sangkanjaya, Sesepan, Tembongwah,
Weringin Jenggot
Pagerbarang Jatiwangi, Karanganyar, Kedungsugih, Kertaharja, Mulyoharjo,
Pagerbarang, Pesarean, Rajegwesi, Randusari, Semboja, Sido
Mulyo, Srengseng, Surokidul
Margasari Danaraja, Dukuh Tengah, Jatilaba, Jembayat, Kaligayam,
Kalisalak, Karangdawa, Marga Ayu, Margasari, Pakulaut, Prupuk
Selatan, Prupuk Utara, Wanasari
Bumijawa Batumirah, Begawat, Bumijawa, Carul, Cawitali, Cempaka,
Cintamanik, Dukuh Benda, Guci, Gunung Agung, Jejeg,
Muncanglarang, Pagerkasih, Sigedong, Sokasari, Sokatengah,
Sumbaga, Traju
Bojong Batunyana, Bojong, Buniwah, Cikura, Danasari, Dukuhtengah,
Gunungjati, Kajenengan, Kalijambu, Karangmulyo, Kedawung,
Lengkong, Pucang Luwuk, Rembul, Sangkanayu, Suniarsih,
Tuwel
3. Calculation table of Redevelopment costs.
Preliminary estimation and summary of project costs of identified and prioritized
projects as stated in section 3.2, are presented in the following table.
Table A.2 Preliminary estimates of project costs
No Project tittle Cost estimation
1 Low-cost housing design and
development
2,300,000 IDR / m2, total cost of house with
one floor 1
, or 7.2 millions IDR/m2, selling
price for small flats with 20 floors 2
2 Drainage design and construction 1,100,000 IDR / m23
3 Land acquisition for encapsulation
program
Free, the land is belong to the village*
4 Design and construction of
encapsulation
18.5 millions IDR/m3
5 Communal sanitation program 1,500,000 IDR/m21,3
6 Relocation program of Elementary
school and 3-5 housings
2,300,000 IDR / m2, equivalent to the total
cost of house with one floor1
7 Development of special smallholders
industrial site
2,300,000 IDR / m2, equivalent to the total
cost of house with one floor1
8 Training and learning center for
metal crafting
2,300,000 IDR / m2, equivalent to the total
cost of house with one floor1
9 Revitalization of Amangkurat Tomb Not yet estimable
10 Urban signage 150,000 IDR/unit
11 Development of green open space Not yet estimable
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Reference
Pearce, JM (2007). "Burton's line in lead poisoning". European neurology 57 (2):
118–9. doi:10.1159/000098100
US National Library of Medicine (2013), ‘Lead poisoning’, web-article upadated
2/1/2013, available at http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/002473.htm
USEPA (June17, 2015), “Batteries”. Available online at
[http://www.epa.gov/osw/conserve/materials/battery.html], accessed on July 28, 2015,
at 04.05 pm.
EcoMena (November 20, 2014), “The Problem of Used Lead-Acid Batteries,”
available online at [http://www.ecomena.org/managing-lead-acid –batteries], accessed
on July 28, 2015, at 04.06 pm.
http://ketikketik.com/gaya-hidup-3/rekreasi-2/jalan-jalan/2014/08/20/si-jepangnya-
indonesia-tegal-2.html, accessed on July 04, 2015, at 02.46 P.M.).
[http://www.ecomena.org/managing-lead-acid –batteries]
http://ketikketik.com/gaya-hidup-3/rekreasi-2/jalan-jalan/2014/08/20/si-jepangnya-
indonesia-tegal-2.html, accessed on July 04, 2015, at 02.46 P.M.).
Dirjen Cipta Karya, 2013. Katalog Infrastruktur Bidang Cipta Karya yang Potensial
dibiayai melalui Program CSR, Jakarta
Kurnia Sari, A.W., 2013. Peran Kredit Usaha Rakyat (KUR) Bank Jateng terhadap
Perkembangan Usaha Mikro di Kabupaten Boyolali, Skripsi, Universitas Diponegoro,
Semarang.
12 Development of public cemetery 500,000 - 1,000,000 IDR/m21, for land
acquisition in Pesarean Village, depend on the
distance to the public road.
13 Development of disposal site 1,500,000 IDR/m21,3
14 Installation of public water tank 25-60 millions IDR for water pump, plus
150,000/capita for public water tank4
15 Micro-credit supporting program for
new proposed livelihood
Not yet estimable
16 Relocation of smelter and metal
craftsmen to PIK Kebasen
30 milions IDR/person1
17 Installation of environmental
friendly rotary furnace for lead-
battery recycling.
1.5-2 billions IDR/unit5
1 Field data
2 Permen PU No. 20/2014
3 Permen PU No. 11/2013
4 Dirjen Cipta Karya
5San Lan International
RETA 8458-REG Mitigation of Hazardous Waste Contamination in Urban Areas: Supporting Inclusive Growth,
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Kusuma, H.A., 2013. Pemberdayaan Masyarakat dan Dampak Ekonomi Pariwisata di
Desa Wisata Paseban Kecamatan Bayat Kabuaten Klaten, Skripsi, Universitas Sebelas
Maret, Surakarta.
Peraturan Menteri PU No. 20/2014, Jakarta
Peraturan Menteri PU No. 11/2013, Jakarta
PT Sarana Multi Infrastruktur, 2014. Panduan Penyelenggaraan Kerjasama
Pemerintah-Swasta (KPS) dalamPenyediaan Infrastruktur, Jakarta.
Rokhmah, R.H., 2013. Distribusi Spasial dan Kontribusi Obyek Wisata pada
Pendapatan Rumah Tangga di Kecamatan Ungaran Barat Kabupaten Semarang,
Skripsi, Universitas Negeri Semarang, Semarang.
Developing Environmentally Sound ULAB Recycling in the Developing World and
Countries in Transition,” by Brian Wilson, ILMC Program Manager, 2014
Table&of&Contents&
BASELINE!STUDY:!URBAN!REDEVELOPMENT!OF!LEAD4CONTAMINATED!AREA!IN!PESAREAN!
TEGAL,!INDONESIA!.....................................................................................................................!1!
Abbreviation!..........................................................................................................................!2!
1.!Introduction!......................................................................................................................!3!Background!.....................................................................................................................................!3!
Objective!PFS!...................................................................................................................................!6!
Methodology!....................................................................................................................................!7!
Schedule!............................................................................................................................................!8!
Involved!consultants!and!counterpart!...................................................................................!8!
2.!Hazardous!Contamination!Issues!in!Tegal!............................................................!10!Geographical!issue!.....................................................................................................................!10!
PESTLE!Analysis!..........................................................................................................................!16!
3.!Urban!redevelopment!strategy!and!governance!context!................................!24!
4.!Regulatory!Assesment!.................................................................................................!27!RTRW!Kabupaten!Tegal!2012T2032!....................................................................................!27!
RPJMD!2015T2019!......................................................................................................................!30!
Environmental!Regulation!......................................................................................................!33!
5.!Initial!Environmental!Assessment!!!.........................................................................!35!
6.!Initial!Health!Assessment!!!.........................................................................................!36!
7.!Initial!Economic!Assessment!!!...................................................................................!39!Livelihood!Assessment!.............................................................................................................!39!
Smelter!Business!Cycle!and!Supply!Chain!..........................................................................!41!
Possible!Alternative!of!Pasarean’s!People!Livelihood!...................................................!43!
Economic!Sustainability!Analysis!of!Metal!Recycling!Busines!....................................!45!
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Environmental!Cost!and!Benefit!Cost!Analysis!.................................................................!46!
8.!Initial!Assessment!of!Capacity!of!Pesarean!Community!!!................................!49!
9.!Project!Identification!on!Urban!Redevelopment!................................................!55!Mitigating!Interventions!..........................................................................................................!55!
Projects!Description!of!Urban!redevelopment!at!Pesarean!........................................!56!
Physical!improvement!..............................................................................................................!57!
Economic!Development!............................................................................................................!57!
Environmental!Recovery!.........................................................................................................!58!
Training!and!Education!............................................................................................................!58!
Community!Empowerment!.....................................................................................................!59!
10.!Financial!and!Economic!Analysis!..........................................................................!59!Tegal!Revenue!and!Expenditure!...........................................................................................!59!
Project!Revenues!and!Financial!Viability!...........................................................................!60!
Economic!Analysis!(Pak!Satori)!.............................................................................................!61!
Linking!to!Finance!(Deden)!.....................................................................................................!61!
11.!Implementation!Arrangement!...............................................................................!63!
12.!Potential!Risks!.............................................................................................................!63!Institutional!barrier!..................................................................................................................!63!
Social!barrier!...............................................................................................................................!64!
13.!Future!PS,!if!necessary!..............................................................................................!64!
14.!Conclusion!and!Recommendation!.........................................................................!65!
15.!Appendix!........................................................................................................................!66!
Reference!..............................................................................................................................!69!
List&of&Figures&
Figure 1.! Recyclable elements of ULAB [www.greencarreports.com] ........................ 3!
Figure 2.! Proses daur ulang aki bekas ........................................................................... 3!
Figure 3.! Foto dan Tabel: Kajian lingkungan hidup dan kesehatan .............................. 5!
Figure 4.! Alur proses pemilihan lokasi pilot ................................................................. 5!
Figure 5.! Methodology of Study ................................................................................... 7!
Figure 6.! The health impacts caused by lead-poisoning (source: NSW-EPA, 20xx) .. 10!
Figure 7.! Lead poisoning mechanism .......................................................................... 11!
Figure 8.! Map of ERIC Study Area ............................................................................. 12!
Figure 9.! Map of Talang sub-district Area .................................................................. 13!
Figure 10.! The PIK Kebasen Area .............................................................................. 14!
Figure 11.! RTRW Adiwerna ....................................................................................... 15!
Figure 12.! The Study Area of Pesarean ....................................................................... 16!
Figure 13.! Structure of Tegal Village Government ..................................................... 19!
Figure 14.! PESTLE Analysis ...................................................................................... 23!
Figure 15.! Urban Redevelopment ................................................................................ 25!
Figure 16.! Urban redevelopment in planning system .................................................. 26!
Figure 17.! Urban Redevelopment Stakeholder ........................................................... 27!
Figure 18.! RTRW Tegal on Adiwerna sub-district ..................................................... 29!
Figure 19.! Planning System of Tegal District ............................................................. 30!
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Figure 20.! Hasil studi Universitas Padjajaran ............................................................. 36!
Figure 21.! Tegal Livelihood Trend ............................................................................. 40!
Figure 22.! Pasarean Village Livelihood ...................................................................... 41!
Figure 23.! Distribution of Smelter and Craftsmen in Pasarean Village (outside PIK)41!
Figure 24.! ULAB Supply Chain .................................................................................. 42!
Figure 25.! Metal Supply Chain ................................................................................... 42!
Figure 26.! Metal Smelter Business Mechanism .......................................................... 43!
Figure 27.! Land Use of Tegal Residence .................................................................... 44!
Figure 28.! Population by sex, age, and education ....................................................... 50!
List&of&Photos&
Photo 1.! Proses peleburan informal ............................................................................... 4!
Photo 2.! Peta Kabupaten Tegal dengan highlight Desa Pesarean ............................... 35!
Photo 3.! Peleburan logam sebelum relokasi ................................................................ 35!
Photo 4.! Studi kesehatan Mer-C .................................................................................. 37!
List&of&Tables&
Table 1.! Matriks pembobotan lokasi ............................................................................. 6!
Table 2.! Time Schedule ................................................................................................. 8!
Table 3.! Development priorities of Tegal District ....................................................... 31!
Table 4.! The BLL’s sample test ................................................................................... 38!
Table 5.! Comparing BLL’s 2011 and 2015 ................................................................. 38!
Table 6.! Livelihood Trend ........................................................................................... 40!
Table 7.! Metal Smelting Business Profit ..................................................................... 46!
Table 8.! BCR Analysis of ULAB Smelter Business ................................................... 47!
Table 9.! BCR Analysis of Metel Smelter Business ..................................................... 48!
Table 10.! Mitigating Intervention ................................................................................ 56!
Table 11.! Regional Revenue and Expenditure Budget of Tegal District Fiscal ......... 59!
Table 12.! Government Funding Received by Pesarean Village Fiscal year 2015 ...... 60!
Table 13.! Potential sources of budget for urban redevelopment ................................. 61!
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