tavua college basic technology year 10 worksheets …€¦ · 3. alignment - allows us to create...
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Objectives:
By the end of this lesson, students should be able to
Understand the need of recycling related to climate change.
Design for recycling
- Designed-for-recycling incorporates recycling and recyclability criteria into the design phase of products.
- Recycled products are those which are manufactured using recycled materials or components from products
no longer in use.
- Recycling saves resources, prevents pollution, supports public health, and creates jobs.
Benefits of Recycling
Reduces the amount of waste sent to landfills and incinerators;
Conserves natural resources such as timber, water, and minerals;
Prevents pollution by reducing the need to collect new raw materials;
Saves energy and gas emissions that contribute to global climate change.
Reasons for Recycling
- Financial Income
- Recycling helps conserve limited resources
- Recycling is energy efficient
- Recycling builds community
- Recycling creates jobs
- Recycling is Earth-friendly
Activity
1. What do you mean by Design for Recycling?
2. What are some benefits of recycling?
3. List down few things which can be used for recycling?
TAVUA COLLEGE BASIC TECHNOLOGY – YEAR 10
WORKSHEETS
MONDAY (18/05/20) DESIGN & ENTERPRISING [Design for Recycling]
Page 1 of 27
Objectives:
By the end of this lesson, students should be able to
Understand the need of green design related to climate change.
Green Design
- Sustainable design (also called environmental design, environmentally sustainable design, environmentally
conscious design, etc.) is the philosophy of designing physical objects, the built environment, and services to
comply with the principles of social, economic, and ecological sustainability.
- System is a group of interacting, interrelated, and interdependent components that form a complex and unified
whole.
- Sustainability is meeting the needs of the present without comprising the ability of future generations to meet
their needs.
- Sustainable design considers how to design the built environment in a way that cultivates ecological,
economic, and cultural conditions which support human and environmental well-being
Common Principles of Sustainable Design
- Use of low-impact materials: Chooses non-toxic, sustainable, or recycled materials, which require little
energy to process.
- Energy efficiency: manufacturing processes that use less energy and produces products which require less
energy to manufacture and operate
- Quality and durability: longer-lasting and better-functioning products
- Cradle-to-cradle life cycle design for reuse and recycling: Designs products, processes, and systems for
performance in the commercial afterlife of the product.
- Bio mimicry: design systems found in nature.
- Local renewable resources: Chooses materials from nearby (local or bioregional), sustainably managed,
renewable sources.
- Carbon footprint: Reduces an individual‘s carbon footprint.
- Human needs and quality of life:
Activity
1. Define sustainable design.
2. Define green design and state its importance.
Objectives:
By the end of this lesson, students should be able to
Identify and use the design principles in the minor project design.
Principles of Design
1. BALANCE - Balance provides stability and structure to a design.
TUESDAY (19/05/20) TOPIC 4 – DESIGN & ENTERPRISING [Green Design]
WEDNESDAY (20/05/20) TOPIC 4 – DESIGN & ENTERPRISING [Principles of Design]
Page 2 of 27
2. PROXIMITY - Proximity creates relationship between elements. Means elements should be visually
connected in some way.
3. ALIGNMENT - Allows us to create order and organisation.
4. REPETITION - Repetition strengthens a design by tying together individual elements.
5. CONTRAST - The elements are opposing one another i.e., big against small, light against dark
6. SPACE - Space in art refers to the distance or area between, around, above, below, or within elements.
SUMMARY
- Balance – shows symmetry in the composition
- Movement – elements show movement or action
- Emphasis – artist directs the eye to one part of the composition
- Rhythm – the same elements in a pattern vary in size or direction
- Harmony – elements are similar in size, shade or shape
- Variety – elements are different in size, color or shape.
Activity
1. List and explain four common principles of sustainable design.
Page 3 of 27
OUTCOME
By the end of this lesson, students should be able to
All the Woodworking hand tools may be generally divided into classes or groups according to their uses.
1. Holding and supporting tools - These tools are used to hold or support the job while working on it.
2. Geometrical tools - These tools are used for measuring, marking, testing and setting out the work.
3. Abrading and Cutting tools - These tools are used for reducing the timber to required sizes and shapes.
4. Percussion and impelling tools - These tools are used to drive nails, screws, chisels and take out nails and
screws.
5. Boring tools - These tools are used to bore holes.
HAND TOOLS & APPLIANCES
TOOLS NAMES USES
1
Combination Square
Uses: used for levelling, as
a try square, to determine the
squareness of a piece of joint.
It can also be used as a saw guide.
2
Sliding Bevel
Uses: A sliding bevel is a tool
which can be set to different angles
to aid marking out.
3
Sash Cramps
Uses: used to clamp work together
when it is glued.
4
Try Square
Uses:- used to mark lines at right
angles
- Used for testing the surface for
squareness
- Used to draw 90˚ lines
THURSDAY (21/05/20) TOPIC 4 - HAND TOOLS AND MACHINES
Page 4 of 27
5
MARKING GAUGE
Uses:- used for marking lines
parallel to the face or working side
or edge of timber.
ACTIVITY
1. Draw a neat sketch of a Combination Square and label all the parts.
OUTCOME
By the end of this lesson, students should be able to:
es.
HAND SAWS
TOOLS NAME USES
1
Hand saws are hand-held tools, manually-driven, that are designed to cut through softer materials mainly
wood.
Keyhole Saw Uses:- A keyhole saw is perfect in
cutting holes in wood and curves.
It is used for cutting holes in soft
woods or in drywall, such as
cutting a hole in a wall for a new
electric switch.
2
Cross Cut Saw
Uses:- It is used to cut large pieces
of timber or cuts through a tree
across the grain of timber.
Its saw blade ranges from 55 to 70
cm with 3 to 5 teeth per cm.
3
Panel Saw
Uses:- Panel saws are perfect for
cutting small pieces of wood,
especially used for cutting light
boards like plywood across the
grain.
Panel saw length can be as short as
46 cm with 3 to 5 teeth per cm.
FRIDAY (22/05/20) TOPIC 4 - HAND TOOLS AND MACHINES
Page 5 of 27
4
Rip Cut Saw
Uses:- It is specially designed for
making cut parallel to the direction
of the wood grain.
Its saw length varies from 60 to 70
cm with 2 to 3 teeth
per cm.
5
Back Saw
Uses:- It is used for making fine
accurate cuts in small pieces of
wood such as cutting of joints,
angles with and across the grain.
Back saw blade size can range
from
20 cm to 40 cm.
6
Coping saw
Uses: - Coping saws are perfect
for cutting complex patterns on
wood.
7
Hacksaw Uses: It is used in metal cutting
such as thin tubing and drill rod
with its 7 to13 teeth per cm.
8 Rachet Brace and
Bits
Uses: Hand-operated tool for
boring holes in wood
9 Soldering Iron A soldering iron is a hand tool
used in soldering.
Soldering irons are most often
used for installation, repairs, and
Limited production work in
electronics assembly
Page 6 of 27
OUTCOME
By the end of this lesson, students should be able to
HAMMERS & MALLETS
Tools Name Uses
1
Ball Pein Hammer
Uses: - This hammer is widely used
for general purpose, laying out,
riveting, chipping and forming
metals.
It‘s pein is balled shaped thus it is
called ball pein hammer.
2
Cross Pein
Hammer
Uses:- A cross pein hammer is used
for light cabinet work
3
Claw Hammer
Uses: - a hammer with one side of the
head split and curved, used for
extracting nails
4
Soft- faced
Hammer
Uses: Soft face hammers and mallets
are made of various non-ferrous
materials (wood, rawhide, rubber,
plastic, copper, brass, lead, etc.).
Mallets A mallet is a kind of hammer made of rubber, plastic, copper, brass, leaden and wood. Different mallets are
used for different purposes.
1
Tinman’s Mallet Uses: It is a short handled hammer
with a cylindrical head mostly used
to drive a chisel or wedge.
2
Bossing Mallet Uses: mainly used in the early stages
of metal shaping and it won‘t leave
any marks on the metal surface.
MONDAY (25/05/20) TOPIC 4 - HAND TOOLS AND MACHINES
Page 7 of 27
Tin snip Tin snips can be used on a variety of different sheet metals including soft metals (such as aluminium,
copper and brass), mild steel and stainless steel.
1
Curved Tin snip Uses: Curved tin snips are perfect for
cutting arches, bends and circular
shapes in sheet metal due to their
rounded blades.
2 Straight Tin snip Uses: Straight cut tin snip are
designed for simple straight cutting
and
trimming of sheet metals using a
scissor-like action.
Activity
1. Identify the tool marked X and explain the process taking place.
Name: ___________________________
Process: ______________________________________
Objectives:
TUESDAY (26/05/20) TOPIC 4 - HAND TOOLS AND MATERIALS [HARDWARE FOR JOINERY]
By the end of this lesson, students should be able to
life situations.
HANDLE AND DRAWER PULLS - They are made from die cast metal or plastic or a combination of both.
Page 8 of 27
BOLTS AND HOOKS- The barrel bolt is used on the inside of the doors.
HASP AND STAPLES - Hardware designed for locking system. This particular item is used together with a
pad lock.
HINGES
BUTT HINGES- Used for hanging flush, paneled and glass doors.
TEE HINGE- used on ledged and braced doors and for hanging gates.
PARLIAMENT HINGE- used to allow a door to fully open 180 degrees back onto a wall.
ACTIVITY
1. List three types of Handles
____________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________
2. Sketch and state the function of a Butt hinge.
Page 9 of 27
3. Sketch and state the function of a Hasp and Staple.
Objectives:
By the end of this lesson, students should be able to
e the safe use of PVC material.
-metals.
A plastic material is any of a wide range of synthetic or semi-synthetic organic solids used in the manufacture of
industrial products.
There are two types of plastics:
(i) Thermoplastics and
(ii) Thermosetting plastics.
Thermoplastics are the plastics that do not undergo chemical change in their composition when heated and can
be molded again and again; examples are polyethylene, polypropylene, polystyrene, polyvinyl chloride and
polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE).
Thermosetting plastics can melt and take shape once; after they have solidified, they stay solid. The raw
materials needed to make most plastics come from petroleum and natural gas.
Polyvinyl chloride (PVC)
Polyvinyl Chloride commonly abbreviated PVC, is a thermoplastic polymer.
PVC is widely used in construction because it is cheap, durable, and easily worked.
PIPE FITTINGS
NAME PICTURE
TEE
Tees are a fitting with three ends; two in a straight
line and one on the side at a 90-degree angle. Tees
allow a line to be split into two separate lines with a
90-degree connection and also, tees can connect two
lines into one main line.
ELBOW If you need your piping system to get turn or get
around something in the way, you will need to bend
your pipeline around with PVC Elbows.
WEDNESDAY (27/05/20) TOPIC 4 - HAND TOOLS AND MATERIALS [WORKING WITH NON METALS]
Page 10 of 27
CROSSES
They have four slip connections and can be used to
divide fluid flow in different directions.
COUPLINGS AND UNIONS
They are a small part that connects or ‗couples‘ one
part to another
CAPS Caps have a very simple job: stop the flow
PLUGS Plugs are like caps, but instead of stopping the flow
in a pipe, they stop the flow in a fitting.
ADAPTERS (Female and Male)
These fittings are designed to change the end type of
a pipe, allowing it to connect to fittings and pipes of
many sizes.
BUSHINGS Bushing is a lot like adapters, but with a
focus on connecting pipes of different diameters.
Activity
1. Sketch and state the use of the following PVC pipe connections
(a) Cap
(b) Elbow 90˚
(c) Plugs
2. Explain the meaning of the term PVC.
Page 11 of 27
Objectives:
By the end of this lesson, students should be able to
use of Ceramics material.
CERAMICS
- Ceramics are classified as inorganic and non-metallic materials that are essential to our daily lifestyle.
- Ceramics are generally made by taking mixtures of clay, earthen elements, powders, and water and shaping
them into desired forms.
- Ceramics are more than pottery and dishes: clay, bricks, tiles, glass, and cement are probably the best-
known examples.
- Ceramic materials are used in electronics because, depending on their composition, they may be
semiconducting, superconducting, ferroelectric, or an insulator.
Manufactured Boards
Manufactured Boards comprise a range of sheet materials produced by pressing and bonding together wood
particles, fibres or veneers to achieve particular characteristics
TYPES OF MANUFACTURED BOARD
PLYWOOD Plywood made by bonding together hardwood veneers, each oriented at right angles to another, with resin glue.
Birch Plywood is available for both interior and exterior use and is ideal for better quality joinery or components.
Aircraft Ply is used in the aviation industry and quality requirements for plywood to be used in aircraft are much
more exacting than for industrial plywood in general.
Uses of Plywood Common uses of plywood are:
- Furniture Manufacture: In carcass construction, it is glued to a framework. It is also used as backing for
cabinets, drawer bottoms, radio cabinets, door panels and chair backs and bottoms.
- Building Works: In building works it is used for panelling, flush doors and builtin fitments.
- Boat Building: Special waterproof marine grade plywood is manufactured to resist water indefinitely.
- Aircraft Construction: The strength of the plywood combined with its light weight makes it ideal for this
type of work, light gliders and sail planes.
Other Uses: It is also used in coachwork, railway carriages and boxes.
FIBREBOARDS
Hardboard panels are rough on the underside but the top surface is smooth and can be laminated with paper
overlays, plastic laminates and veneers
THURSDAY (28/05/20)TOPIC 4 - HAND TOOLS AND MATERIALS [CERAMICS]
Page 12 of 27
Medium Density Fibreboard (MDF) is a composite panel product made by combining wood fibres with a
synthetic resin and bringing them together under heat and pressure. MDF is mainly used indoors for a very
wide range of applications, including doors, mouldings, skirting boards, internal panelling and shelving
PARTICAL BOARD Chipboard is made from wood chips, shavings and sawdust which is mixed with a resin adhesive then pressed
and extruded into boards.
Sterling Board (aka Oriented Strand Board (OSB) is made of flakes of wood which are compressed and bonded
together with a waterproof resin adhesive. It has a poor surface finish but is weather-resistant
BLOCKBOARD
Block board is made up of a core of softwood strips placed edge to edge and sandwiched between veneers of
hardwood.
Lamin board is a higher-grade variant of Block board in which the central core consists of many thinner 5-8mm
battens arranged 'on edge'.
Batten board is very similar to Block board but has wider strips of softwood to form the core and is considered
to be of lower quality than Block board.
Objectives:
By the end of this lesson, students should be able to
METALS
A metal is a material that is typically hard, opaque, shiny, and has good electrical and thermal conductivity. Some
examples of metals are aluminium, copper, iron, lead, zinc, tin, silver and gold.
Mechanical Properties
Hardness Hardness refers to the ability of a metal to resist scratch, penetration, cutting action, or permanent distortion.
FRIDAY (29/05/20)TOPIC 4 - HAND TOOLS AND MATERIALS [WORKING WITH METALS]
Page 13 of 27
Brittleness Brittleness is the property of a metal that allows little bending or deformation without shattering. Cast iron, cast
aluminium, and very hard steel are brittle metals.
Malleability A metal that can be hammered, rolled, or pressed into various shapes without cracking or breaking is said to be
malleable. Copper is one example of a malleable metal.
Ductility Ductility is the property of a metal that permits it to be permanently drawn, bent, or twisted into thin lengths
without breaking.
Toughness A material that possesses toughness will withstand tearing or shearing and may be stretched or otherwise
deformed without breaking.
There are two main groups of metals:
Ferrous and non-ferrous metals.
FERROUS METALS
Most ferrous metals contain materials called carbon.
The carbon content ranges from 0.1% to 4%. The higher the carbon content, the harder the metal. Most ferrous
metals will rust and almost all ferrous metals can be picked up with magnet.
Ferrous Metals
Name Carbon content Used Properties
Low Carbon
Steel
0.1% to 0.3% Nuts, bolts and rivets.
It is also used to make
food cans, car body
panels and is used widely
in the construction
industry.
It is quite strong and is the most common type of
steel used today. Ductile and malleable
Medium carbon
Steel
0.3% to 0.6% Nails, screws, metal
chains, wire ropes,
screwdriver blades, some
engine parts and bicycle
wheel rims.
increased toughness and hardness. . It can be
treated with heat to alter its hardness.
High carbon
steel
0.6% to 1.7% chisels ,files, taps and
dies, knifes etc.
high hardness, tempered to reduce
the hardness and increase the
toughness.
Cast Iron 2% to 4% car engine blocks,
manhole covers and
engineer‘s vice
is very hard but brittle
Page 14 of 27
NON- FERROUS METALS
Non-ferrous metals are metals do not have iron and they do not rust and cannot be picked up by magnets.
Name Properties use
Copper
reddish in color, ductile, malleable and a
good conductor of heat and electricity
Used in electrical wirings, tips of soldering iron and
some decorative purposes
Lead is highly ductile, malleable and non-
corrosive
Used for soldering electrical circuits and sheet metal
joints for containers and pipes.’
Tin highly malleable and ductile and is
resistant to corrosion. Tin is a silvery –
white non – toxic ( not poisonus) soft
metal.
used as coating on food cans
Aluminum Aluminium is the second most widely
used metal after steel. It is light and is
good conductor of electricity and heat.
Display racks, cooking foil, drink cans and overhead
power cables. It can be folded to make casings and
panels for electrical goods, and also for making road
signs.
Zinc a silvery-blue metal that does not corrode
easily. It is ductile and is not very strong.
often used in the manufactured of other metals such as
brass and galvanized iron. Zinc is also used to make
some batteries and rust-proof paints.
METAL ALLOYS
Metal Alloys contain more than one metallic element or metal that is produced by mixing a pure metal with
another metal or substance.
Duralumin
Properties: A greyish – white metal made by mixing aluminum with copper and manganese. The addition of
copper and manganese increases its hardness and toughness.
Uses: Widely used in the transport industries for making body panels and machine parts where strength and
lightness are needed. It is also used to make portable ladders and some door and window frames.
Brass Properties: Brass is a good conductor of heat and electricity. The golden yellow alloy is easy to machine and
solder. Brass is made by mixing copper and zinc.
Uses: pin s of electrical plugs, nuts, bolts, screws, hinges and some machine parts are made of brass. Other uses
include musical instruments, decorative artifacts, locks and keys.
Bronze Properties: Bronze is made by mixing copper and tin. It has a reddish –yellow colour and is hardwearing,
corrosion resistant and easily machined.
Uses: Bronze is make ship propellers, bells, gears, and bearings and easily casted to make statues.
Activity
1. Differentiate between ferrous and non-ferrous metal.
________________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________________
Page 15 of 27
________________________________________________________________________________________
_______________________
2. Write one properties of mild steel.
________________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________
3. Give two examples of non-ferrous metal.
________________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
Objectives:
By the end of this lesson, students should be able to
Wood Finishing
Finishes serve to prevent wood absorbing moisture, protect against decay and enhance appearance.
Some common types of wood work finish
Staining
Is a type of finish which gives colour to wood when applied.
Varnishing
Is a clear transparent hard protective finish or film. It is applied over wood stains as a final step to achieve a film
for gloss and protection.
Painting Paint provides a protective colouring for both indoor and outside softwood.
Lacquers Several coats of Lacquers is needed for an effective finish since it is thinner compared to varnish.
Wax To suit different wood types, furniture wax can be obtained ready coloured
Oil Since oil is natural and waterproof, it provides a perfect finish for outdoor furniture.
Metal Finishing To protect metal from rust, coat it with Vaseline or light grease.
Oil Finishing
MONDAY (01/06/20) TOPIC 4 - HAND TOOLS AND MATERIALS [FINISHING]
Page 16 of 27
Steel can be either dipped in machine oil burnt into the metal or the metal can be heated to dull red and quenched
in oil.
Painting For painting metal, the surface must be thoroughly cleaned and then washed with hot water and
detergent.
Plastic Coating The most suitable method is to dip pre-heated metal into a tank of liquefied thermoplastic such as
polythene, PVC or nylon.
Electroplating Thin layer of metal is deposited on the surface of the metal to be used. Some examples are chromium plating on
steel, silver and gold plating on jewellery and simple copper plating.
Sandstones
Sandstone is a sedimentary rock, typically formed from the most common minerals in the earth‘s crust.
Common uses of sandstone Sandstone is a popular choice for both flooring and walls, indoors and outdoors.
Stone Oil is a pre-polish sealer formulated to give an aged appearance to natural stone and enhances the natural
structure of the floor.
Objectives:
By the end of this lesson, students should be able to
and processes used in finishing processes
Paint and varnish are generic names for outer coatings that dry by evaporation or a solvent.
TERMS AND PROCESSES
1. Undercoat – the basis
Most important, the primer reduces the absorption of the underlying material for better adhesion.
2. Special Primer for walls
It‘s best to first apply a primer. Primer is applied to prevent the absorption of finishing coat because the wall
is porous.
3. Alkyd Paint/ Oil Paint
Alkyd paint or synthetic paint can be used both indoors and outdoors.
4. Acrylic Paint/ Water Paint
Acrylic paint is mainly used indoors, and is less suitable for outdoor use. It lasts for around 4 years.
5. Over Painting
Acrylic paint can be applied over alkyd paint after you‘ve sanded it well.
6. Latex Paint
TUESDAY (02/06/20) TOPIC 4 - HAND TOOLS AND MATERIALS [FINISHING]
Page 17 of 27
7. Varnish
Transparent varnish: this varnish gives the wood surface a colored finish while the transparent finish still remains
visible and the wood can breathe.
8. Transparent Paints and Lacquers
Transparent paint systems and lacquers are less resistant to the influence of ultra-violet (UV) light.
9. Colour mixing machine
Mixing of the basic colours and the quantities of the pigment paste to make the desired colour is controlled by a
computer.
10. Solvents
Solvents are intended for dissolving and thinning of paints and varnishes.
11. Over painting of old Paint Coats
If you‘re using the same kind of paint, then it‘s enough to sand it and then to fill the holes and other imperfections
with filler.
12. Heat Gun
A heat gun is an excellent tool to remove old paint coats.
13. Paint Stripper
Paint stripper can remove several coats at once.
14. Fillers
If you have damaged areas, gaps, cracks and other imperfections, repair them with filler (elastic filler if
necessary).
15. SEALER
Use paintable acrylic sealant to fill any imperfections between the walls and window frames.
16. Masking tape
Prevent the painted edge from crumbling off.
Advantages of Acrylic or Water-based Paints
- Low VOCs (low levels of toxic emissions).
- Easy clean up with water
- Quick drying.
- An elastic, flexible finish resistant to cracking.
- Stable colour over time, without yellowing.
Advantages of Alkyd Paint or Oil-based Paints
- Attractive gloss.
- Good levelling‘ (brush strokes fill themselves in to create a smooth finish).
- Hard, durable finish.
Attention points Use good-quality brushes and rollers – these give a noticeably better result.
Page 18 of 27
By the end of this lesson, students should be able to
sharpening hand tools.
Chisels
There are two important angles; Grinding angle and the Sharpening angle
The grinding angle is formed on a grinding wheel. It should be between 20º to 25º from the face of the chisel
blade.
The sharpening angle is between 25º to 30º. This is the angle that gives a sharp cutting edge, so it‘s the one that
must be maintained when sharpening the chisel regularly on an oilstone.
Grinding
Grinding removes a significant amount of metal and sets you up for sharpening success. Grinding reshapes the
cutting edge of tool.
Grinding Plane Blade
i. Check the cutting edge of the blade under light. If it reflects light, sharpening is needed.
ii. Hold a try square on the edge of the blade and check to see if the cutting edge is square with the sides. If it
does not, grind off the old edge at right angles to the sides till the edge is straightened.
iii. If you are grinding the blade freehand, grind as close as possible to the same angle each time the blade is
returned to the wheel.
iv. Continue to grind the blade until a wire edge appears.
Sharpening
Sharpening starts where grinding ends.
Sharpening the Blade Using Oilstone
i. Spread a small amount of oil on an oilstone.
ii. Put the back of the chisel blade flat on the stone and rub it back and forth to clean it and take out any
burrs.
iii. Turn the chisel over and raise it to the point where the grinding surface is flat against the surface of the
stone. Then lift the chisel up slightly further to find the sharpening angle.
iv. A tiny burr will form on the back of the blade at the edge, called a wire edge.
v. Turn the blade over and hold the back flat against the stone. Rub the blade back and forth to remove the
wire edge.
vi. If the blade is not sharp or the wire edge has not fully come away, repeat steps 3 and 4, using a few
stroke only, until you achieve a sharp edge.
Oil stones are the traditional Western stones that many people grew up using. These stones are made from one
of three materials (Novaculite, Aluminum Oxide, or Silicon Carbide) and use oil for swarf (metal filing)
removal. Used for sharpening tools.
WEDNESDAY (03/06/20) TOPIC 4 - HAND TOOLS AND MATERIALS [SHARPENING HAND TOOLS]
Page 19 of 27
Activity
1. State the angles for grinding and sharpening?
________________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________________
_______________________
By the end of this lesson, students should be able to
sharpening hand tools.
Sharpening Saws
(a) Jointing and Topping If the teeth are found to be uneven, it is necessary to join the saw i.e. to run a file
along the tops of the teeth until they are all of even height.
(b) Reshaping Shaping becomes necessary if the teeth are irregular but not necessary after every time the saw
is sharpened. Place the saw in the saw vice and file all the teeth, working from one side of the saw. File straight
across with the file at right angles to the blade.
(c) Setting Setting is always necessary after jointing and shaping. It is the process of bending the adjacent teeth
to the opposite sides so that the cut or the kerf made by the saw is slightly wider than the blade. Sawing gives
clearance and prevents jamming when sawing. Only top third to a half of each tooth is to be bent.
(d) Sharpening or Filing Use a taper saw file with the correct size. Fix the saw in a saw vice, handles to the
right with the gullets about 4mm above the jaw. Place the file in the gullet in the left of the first tooth bent
THURSDAY (04/06/20) TOPIC 4 - HAND TOOLS AND MATERIALS [SHARPENING HAND TOOLS]
Page 20 of 27
towards you. Swing the handle of the file to the left keeping the file at the same angle and parallel to the floor,
file in each alternate gullet.
Activity
1. Name the type of files used for topping and sharpening.
________________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________________
_______________________
Objectives:
By the end of this lesson, students should be able to
define 2-D drawings and give examples.
recognize and develop skills in 2-dimensional (2-D).
draw objects in first angle orthographic projection.
The term ortho means at right angles.
ORTHOGRAPHIC PROJECTION
FRIDAY (05/06/20) TOPIC 5 – GEOMETRICAL DRAWING [1st ANGLE ORTHOGRAPHIC
PROJECTION]
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Note: When the box is opened, the plan and the end elevation are in line with the front elevation. The plan is
drawn in line & above the front elevation and the end elevation drawn in line but on the side of the front
elevation where it is viewed from.
Views used in orthographic drawing:
View looking from the front - ELEVATION
View looking from the top - PLAN
View looking from the side - END ELEVATION
Principal Plane of Projection It consists of two intersecting planes namely the VERTICAL PLANE (VP) and the HORIZONTAL PLANE
(HP).
Objectives:
By the end of this lesson, students should be able to
recognize and develop skills in 2-dimensional (2-D).
MONDAY (08/06/20) TOPIC 5 – GEOMETRICAL DRAWING [1st ANGLE ORTHOGRAPHIC
PROJECTION]
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ACTIVITY 1. In orthographic projection the view when looking from the top is called the
A. Plan.
B. Elevation.
C. Side Elevation.
D. Rear Elevation.
2. Which view is drawn vertically in line with the 45° line?
A. Plan
B. Elevation
C. End Elevation
D. Line Development
Objectives:
By the end of this lesson, students should be able to
define 3-D drawings and give examples.
recognize and develop skills in pictorial projection.
draw objects in pictorial projection.
THREE FORMS OF PICTORIAL DRAWINGS [3D DRAWINGS]
i. Isometric drawings
ii. Oblique drawings
iii. Perspective drawings
A. ISOMETRIC DRAWING Isometric means "equal measurement". The true dimension of the object is used to construct the drawing.
Step 1 Isometric sketches begin with defining isometric axes, three lines, one vertical and two drawn at 30° from the
horizontal.
Step 2 Three lines of the isometric axes represent the three primary dimensions of the object: width, height, and
depth.
TUESDAY (09/06/20)TOPIC 5 – GEOMETRICAL DRAWING [PICTORIAL DRAWING]
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Objectives:
Readings from Pages 90-98 of your basic technology text book
B. OBLIQUE DRAWING
Types of oblique drawings
i. Cabinet oblique – (distance is reduced by 1/2)
ii. Cavalier oblique
Cavalier Oblique drawings, all lines (including receding lines) are made to their true length.
Cabinet Oblique drawings, the receding lines are shortened by ½ their true length.
By the end of this lesson, students should be able to
define 3-D drawings and give examples.
recognize and develop skills in pictorial projection.
draw objects in pictorial projection.
Circles in Isometric A circle in an orthographic projection will appear as an ellipse in an isometric drawing.
WEDNESDAY (10/06/20) TOPIC 5 – GEOMETRICAL DRAWING [PICTORIAL DRAWING]
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Circles in Oblique In an oblique drawing, a circle on the surface parallel to the plane of projection will appear as a circle.
A circle on any other surface will appear as an ellipse.
Objectives:
By the end of this lesson, students should be able to
define 3-D drawings and give examples.
recognize and develop skills in pictorial projection.
draw objects in pictorial projection.
C. PERSPECTIVE DRAWING Perspective drawing is used to represent an object as it would appear to the eye when viewed from one particular
position.
One-point Perspective
In one point perspective drawing, depth is added to a drawing by taking lines to a single vanishing point.
Two-point Perspective In two point perspective drawing, we imagine two vanishing points. The two top corners of the page may be used
for most purposes.
Example
Activity
Readings from Pages 119-121 of your basic technology text book
THURSDAY (11/06/20) TOPIC 5 – GEOMETRICAL DRAWING [PICTORIAL DRAWING]
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DESIGN
Problem
In most houses, shoes are lying around everywhere. This makes the house look untidy and dirty.
Brief
Design a Shoe Rack that will ease the problem.
Details
The following factors are to be taken into consideration when designing the shoe rack.
1. The materials to be used for the construction are readily available.
2. The Shoe rack should have the capability of storing 4 pairs of Adult shoes and 2 Pairs of Kids Shoes.
3. It must be light, strong and portable.
4. It must be easy to construct.
Requirements
(i) In the spaces provided, sketch a pictorial pencil/ colour rendered Possible solution of the shoe rack.
(ii) In the spaces provided, sketch a pictorial pencil/ colour rendered Final solution of the shoe rack.
FRIDAY (12/06/20) DESIGNING
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(iii) Make the detail drawing to show how the design is made portable, the finishing materials used and state a
feature of climate change in the design.
Finishing material: ________________________________________________________
Feature of climate change:
__________________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________________
(iii). Evaluate the final solution accordingly to the following headings:
HEADING FINAL SOLUTION
Materials Used
Ease of construction
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