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TABLE OF CONTENTS
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS ........................................................................................................................................... i
FOREWORD .............................................................................................................................................................. ii
ACRONYMS AND ABBREVIATIONS .................................................................................................................. iv
UGUNJA CONSTITUENCY ................................................................................................................................... vi
STRATEGIC PLAN EXECUTIVE SUMMARY.................................................................................................... vii
CHAPTER ONE: INTRODUCTION ........................................................................................................................ 1
1.1 Overview ....................................................................................................................................................... 1
CHAPTER TWO: INSTITUTION REVIEW ............................................................................................................ 5
2.1 Vision ............................................................................................................................................................ 5
2.2 Mission ......................................................................................................................................................... 5
2.3 Main Strategy ................................................................................................................................................ 5
2.4 Objectives ...................................................................................................................................................... 5
2.5 Core Values ................................................................................................................................................... 5
2.6 Goal of Ugunja Strategic Planning ................................................................................................................ 6
CHAPTER THREE: DEVELOPMENT INITIATIVES BY THE GOVERNMENT ............................................... 7
3.1 Vision 2030 ................................................................................................................................................... 7
3.2 Millennium Development Goals 2000–2015 ................................................................................................ 7
3.3 Economic Stimulus Programme .................................................................................................................... 8
3.4 Public Private Partnership (PPP) ................................................................................................................... 9
CHAPTER FOUR: SITUATIONAL ANALYSIS ................................................................................................... 11
4.1 Youth Agenda .............................................................................................................................................. 11
4.2 Agriculture ................................................................................................................................................... 13
4.3 Women Empowerment ................................................................................................................................ 18
4.4 Infrastructure ............................................................................................................................................... 20
4.5 Education ..................................................................................................................................................... 22
4.6 Persons with Disability ................................................................................................................................ 28
4.7 Healthcare .................................................................................................................................................... 29
4.8 Environment ................................................................................................................................................ 32
CHAPTER FIVE: SWOT AND PESTEL ANALYSIS ............................................................................................... 35
SWOT ANALAYSIS ............................................................................................................................................... 35
PESTEL ANALYSIS ............................................................................................................................................... 37
CHAPTER SIX: SECTOR ISSUES, OBJECTIVES AND STRATEGIES ................................................................. 41
6.1 Youth Agenda .............................................................................................................................................. 43
6.2 Agriculture ................................................................................................................................................... 44
6.3 Women Empowerment ................................................................................................................................ 44
6.4 Infrastructure ............................................................................................................................................... 45
6.5 Education ..................................................................................................................................................... 47
6.6 Persons with Disability ................................................................................................................................ 49
6.7 Healthcare .................................................................................................................................................... 49
6.8 Environment ................................................................................................................................................ 50
CHAPTER SEVEN: IMPLEMENTATION MATRIX ................................................................................................ 51
CHAPTER EIGHT: CO-ORDINATION OF IMPLEMENTATION, MONITORING AND EVALUATION .......... 59
8.1 Coordination of Implementation ................................................................................................................. 59
8.2 Monitoring and Evaluation .......................................................................................................................... 59
8.3 Communication ........................................................................................................................................... 60
REFERENCES ............................................................................................................................................................. 62
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ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
The crafting of Ugunja Constituency Strategic Plan 2013-2018 would not have been conceivable without
the support of many people. I consequently wish to express my sincere gratitude, first to the zealous
committee that burned the mid night oil to come up with this wonderful document, and second to the
many individuals and volunteers who contributed to this plan, including scores of public participants.
The project team included the following individuals: Hon. J. Opiyo Wandayi; Dr. Charles Owino; Mr.
Beneah Ochieng; Mr. C.J. Ogolla; Mr. Jacob Omondi; Mr. Bernard Oluma; Mr. Hawi Rapudo; Mr.
Charles Ouma and Mr. Ben Ogolla. These are volunteers who sincerely devoted their time and service for
every activity and task. The group was passionately involved in an on-going basis. The technical team
members come from a variety of backgrounds - business, public service, the voluntary and community
sector, as well as the academia ― and therefore represented the interests and concerns of the full diversity
of Ugunja Constituency. All of them are engaged in the day-to-day work of advancing development in
their individual capacities. I cannot overstate the debt owed to them for working on the frontline ― both
for that daily work, and for bringing their expertise to bear.
Special thanks also to Mr. Charles Ogada, Chairman of Ugunja Constituency Development Fund (CDF)
and the CDF Committee members: Mr. Jackson Omari (Manager), Mr. Patrick Ooko Opata, Mr. Erick V.
Ochieng Oyeho, Mr. Kevin Omondi Lubalo, Dr. Margaret Akinyi Oloo, Ms. Jane Atieno Okoth, Ms.
Jackline M. Anyanje Omondi, Mr. Clement Lutta Owino, and the Ugunja Constituency Office led by the
manager Mr. Moses Omondi Okoth for sharing the literature and invaluable resources.
There are other personalities who shared their knowledge, ideas, and numerous tips, all of which
culminated in the accomplishment of this plan. Prof. Owuor Olunga, Dr. Mildred Mudany, Dr. Orodi
Odhiambo, Amb. Elkanah Odembo, Dr. Okoth Ongore, Prof. Francis Onyango, Prof. Walter Jaoko, Eng.
Edwin Oduor, Mr. Nick Oture, Mr. Edward Ouko, Prof. Henry Adalla, Eng. Jasper Oduor, Dr. FXO
Odawa, Dr. Bell Okello, Dr. Debrah Otieno, Dr. Charles Opondo, Dr. David Soti, Dr. Bernhard Ogutu,
Dr. Dismas Ongore, Mrs. Gladys Koyengo, Mr. John Mudany, Mr. Paul Nyambala, Mr. Collins Oduor,
Mr. Charles Rading, Eng. Vincent Oduor, Mr. Aggrey Omondi, Mr. Odera Oteng, Mr. George Oyeho,
Mr. Paul Orengo among others were abundantly helpful, and offered invaluable insights, and support
during meetings we had with Ugunja professionals and other smaller summits. These individuals, and
others not listed here gave us valuable comments on a regular basis throughout the evolution of this
strategic plan.
I would also like to convey many thanks to the numerous ministry officials and individuals based in
government and non-governmental organizations in Ugunja for providing the much needed data. The
District Social Development Office, District Education Office, District Development Office, District
Cooperative Office, and the District Medical Office provided us treasured information and helpful facts.
Deepest gratitude is also due to Ugunja local leaders who participated in a brainstorming session held in
the constituency at the formative stages of the development of this strategic plan. Without your
knowledge and assistance, the drawing of this plan would not have been successful. Lotiatia Kipkech,
Deputy County Commissioner, Ugunja, and his assistant Ms. Faith Kendagor, Mr. Kosgey, the Officer
Commanding Police Division (OCPD), Mr. Mutungi, the Officer Commanding Police Station (OCS)
Ugunja, and the District Intelligence Officers were all very instrumental, and proved that indeed the
success of any project depends largely on the inspiration and assistance of many others.
I wish to also express my sincere gratitude to the County Assembly Ward Representatives: Mr. Andrew
Omwende - Sigomere Ward; Mr. Joseph Agoko - Sidindi Ward; Mr. Edwin Otieno Lord - Ugunja Ward
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and Ms. Mary C. Ajwang – Nominated. They were key pillars in the development of this strategy. The
Chiefs and Assistant Chiefs, Orange Democratic Movement (ODM) Party Officials, Orange Young
Democrats, Orange Women Democrats, representatives of Non-Governmental Organizations (NGOs) and
Community Based Organizations (CBOs) as well as Faith-based organizations did a wonderful job. I
likewise take immense pleasure in thanking the Kenya National Union of Teachers (KNUT), Kenya
Union of Post Primary Education Teachers (KUPPET) leadership in Ugunja, and the entire teaching
fraternity for their support.
I cannot express enough thanks to Hon. J.Opiyo Wandayi, MP Ugunja Constituency for his continued
support and encouragement. He incessantly and persuasively conveyed a spirit of adventure in regard to
exploring new areas, and enthusiasm in regard to articulating issues he thought were pertinent to Ugunja
Constituency, and needed to be built into the strategic plan. I offer my sincere appreciation for the
learning opportunities he provided.
As a show appreciation to all those who contributed to this project, I remind them of Voltaire (1694 –
1778) who once said: “Appreciation is a wonderful thing. It makes what is excellent in others belong to us
as well.”
Charles Owino (PhD)
Chairman, Project Team
Ugunja Strategic Plan 2013-2018
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FOREWORD
The Ugunja Constituency Strategic Plan 2013-18 clearly articulates a multi-year vision, along with a
winning strategy that was translated by a technical team into specific, well-defined strategic objectives.
These objectives were arrived at through a collaborative process, and helped to define the key imperatives
in the short-term, medium-term and long-term. The objectives then drove the development of clear
metrics and accountability. Thus, this strategic period that beckons us seems particularly meaningful as it
sets out what needs to be done within a specific period of time.
This strategic plan summarizes our priorities and sets out a series of programmes and projects that we
believe will help to make Ugunja Constituency fairer, more equal place, with fewer of us likely to face
discrimination and many of us able to realize our potential to the full. In particular, this plan addresses the
question of how the eight pillars we shared during our campaign period will address a cross-section of
issues that affect us with a vision of transforming Ugunja into a model constituency in Kenya. These
socio-economic pillars include Youth Agenda, Agriculture, Women Empowerment, Infrastructure,
Education, People with Disability, Health Care and Environment.
But the heart of our mission is to build effective structures that promote sustainable development within
the constituency. Our integrated mandate means that we will act across all the areas for which we are
responsible, promoting fairness through structural change that would benefit the nearly 100,000
inhabitants of Ugunja Constituency. We will always be ready to tackle the specific issues of
empowerment, inequality and basic rights failings that matter to each and every one of us in the society.
There can be no fair society if poverty, age, disability, gender, and health issues remain as markers of
disadvantage; and there can be no lasting or deep-rooted progress for disadvantaged groups unless we
make a robust case for fairness which involves everyone. This makes our strategic plan comparable with
the Kenya Vision 2030 and the Millennium Development Goals. In these strategies, the key areas of
concern for address entail the sectors of; agriculture, education, security, healthcare, infrastructural
development, environment management, development of the cooperative movement, culture variations
and good governance. We take concrete commitment to respect these observations, and I shall oversee the
delivery of this Strategic Plan to the best of my ability.
In delivering this plan we will not be working alone. We already have dozens of partners who share our
vision and dedication to equality. We will keep the good relations, and we consider it vital to work in
close collaboration with them because the hard work of delivering this strategy can only succeed with the
involvement of the widest possible coalition. I hope and believe that our plans match that ambition.
Hon. J. Opiyo Wandayi
Member of Parliament
Ugunja Constituency
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ACRONYMS AND ABBREVIATIONS
ARV Anti-Retro Viral
CACC Constituency Aids Control Committee
CBO Community Based Organizations
CBR Community Bases Rehabilitation
CCC Constituency Communication Centre
CDC Constituency Development Committee
CDF Constituency Development Fund
CDFC Constituency Development Fund Committee
CEAC Constituency Environment Awareness Campaign
CED Constituency Education Day
CYEF Constituency Youth Endowment Fund
CRC Community Resource Centre
DEB District Education Board
DDC District Development Committee
DFSR District Food Security and Relief
EACP East African Common Market Protocol
ESP Economic Recovery Programme
ERSWEC Economic Recovery Strategy for Wealth and Employment Creation
GAR Gross Attendance Ratio
GoK Government of Kenya
HIV/AIDS Human Immuno Deficiency Virus/ Acquired Immuno Deficiency Syndrome
ICT Information & Communication Technology
IEC Information, Education and Communication
IGA Income Generating Activities
KCPE Kenya Certificate of Primary Education
KCSE Kenya Certificate of Secondary Education
KDHS Kenya Demographic Household Survey
KEFINCO Kenya Finland Cooperation
KICOMI Kisumu Cotton Mills
KIBHS Kenya Integrated Household Budget Survey
KNHA Kenya National Highway Authority
KKK Kazi Kwa Vijana
KURA Kenya Rural Roads Authority
MDGs Millennium Development Goals
MoALF Ministry of Agriculture, Livestock & Fisheries
MoCSA Ministry of Culture, Sport and the Art
MoDP Ministry of Devolution and Planning
MoE Ministry of Education
MoEACT Ministry of East African Affairs, Commerce & Tourism
MoEP Ministry of Energy & Petroleum
MoEWM Ministry of Environment, Water & Mineral
MoICT Ministry of Information, Communication & Technology
MoIED Ministry of Industrialization & Enterprise Development
MoLHUD Ministry of Lands, Housing & Urban Development
MoH Ministry of Health
MoM Ministry of Mining
MoLI Ministry of Labour, Social Security & Services
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MoIS Ministry of Internal Security
MoTI Ministry of Transport & Infrastructure
MTEF Medium Term Expenditure Framework
MTP Medium Term Plan
NACC National Aids Control Council
NALEP National Agricultural and Livestock Expansion Programme
NDF National Development Fund
NGO Non-Governmental Organization
NHIF National Hospital Insurance Fund
PPP Public Private Partnership
PSDA Private Sector Development in Agriculture
PWD People With Disability
TNT The National Treasury
PESTEL Politics, Economic, Social, Technological, Ecological and Legal
PRSP Poverty Reduction Strategy Paper
SAGA Semi-Autonomous Government Agency
SDDP Service Development & Delivery Process
STD Sexually Transmitted Diseases
SWOT Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities and Threats
UNDP United Nations Development Programme
UN United Nations
UPWDC Ugunja Persons with Disability Council
URTI Upper Respiratory Tract Infection
VCT Voluntary Counseling and Testing
V2030 Vision 2030
WVSLA Women Village Savings and Loan Association
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STRATEGIC PLAN EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
Ugunja Constituency is at an exciting stage of development, and to guide this to the next stage of growth,
we conducted a major planning process. We solicited input from a broad range of interested parties
including local leaders, elders, women, the youth, professionals and external stakeholders, by gathering
data and then went ahead to review the constituency’s performance. Based on this process, we developed
a disciplined long-term approach to expanding the scope and impact of our work in the constituency. This
Strategic Plan 2013-2018 provides a clear blueprint for Ugunja Constituency’s future. At its core, the plan
shows the way toward building on our strengths to change the lives of the people and outlines a focused
direction for maximizing our effectiveness.
The object of this strategic plan is to be a guiding tool in Ugunja Constituency for the next five years.
This will facilitate implementation of development projects that are relevant to the needs of the people.
This plan aims to empower residents of Ugunja constituency through; value addition of their agricultural
produce; improve access to education and health care; promote entrepreneurial activities that will increase
job opportunities, particularly to the youth; empower women and provide people with disabilities access
to basic services as well as check environmental degradation among other germane problems. The vision
is to transform Ugunja into a model constituency in Kenya by building effective structures that promote
sustainable development within the constituency.
So as to understand the current situation, this plan identified key challenges and has established
interventions to mitigate them. Eight sectors have been identified as the centre of focus. These sectors
include Youth Agenda, Agriculture, Women Empowerment, Infrastructure, Education, People with
Disability, Health Care, and Environment. Other prioritized sub-sectors are water and sanitation; roads,
electricity; Information Communication Technology (ICT), security; fisheries; sports; socio-economic
empowerment; gender and children; physical planning and housing; communication and governance.
Ugunja Constituency has a lot of strengths and opportunities, although it is facing many weaknesses and
threats. The critical thing in achieving the vision of the constituency is to reduce the weaknesses, mitigate
the threats and harness the strengths as we exploit the opportunities at hand.
The implementation of the strategies outlined in this strategic plan will be done by various stakeholder
groups within the constituency, some of which include; Constituency Development Fund Committee
(CDFC), constituency office in Ugunja and Nairobi; County Administration; Government departments;
Town council; Development committees; Community; Churches; Schools; Investors; and Ugunja
Professionals. A lot of communication within the stakeholder groups will be done to avoid duplication of
efforts and resources.
A monitoring and evaluation subcommittee will be set up. The M&E will be done periodically, at least on
a quarterly basis to check progress against plans. This will allow results, processes and experiences to be
documented and used as a basis to steer decision-making and learning processes. The data acquired
through monitoring will be used for evaluation as systematically and objectively as possible. The
evaluations will appraise data and provide information that will guide future strategic decisions. Each
sectoral committee shall have a monitoring and evaluation sub-committee. Dates for the submission of the
progress report and the completion of projects deadline shall be fixed. Regular meetings and field
assessment at development sites will be carried out to ensure successful implementation.
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CHAPTER ONE: INTRODUCTION
1.1 Overview
Location
Ugunja Constituency is in Siaya County, Nyanza Province. Ugunja is located on the Kisumu-Busia
highway, which links Kenya and Uganda and lies between latitude 00 23‟ North and longitude 34
012‟
East and 34021‟ East. The town is 72 km north of the nearest city, Kisumu, which sits on the shores of
Lake Victoria. The equator is 40 km south of Ugunja town. The Constituency, whose area is
approximately 213 square kilometers, has a population of 93,372 and is bordered by Gem
Constituency to the South East, Ugenya to the North and West, and Alego to the South. There are
three county assembly wards in Ugunja Constituency namely: Sidindi, Sigomere and Ugunja. Sidindi
comprises of Simenya, Rangala, Yiro East, Yiro West, Ruwe and Uhuyi sub-locations of Siaya
County and has a population of 24,527. Sigomere with a population of 29,632 encompasses of Got
Osimbo, Mung‟ao, Madungu, Sigomere, Asango East, Asango West, Tingare East and Tingare West
sub-locations, while Ugunja, which has a population of 39,213 comprises of Ligega, Umala, Ambira,
Ngunya, Ugunja, Rambula South, Rambula North and Magoya sub–Location of Siaya County.(GoK,
2012)
Terrain
The Constituency has two major geomorphologic areas; the dissected Uplands and moderate
Lowlands. These have different relief, soils and land use patterns. River Nzoia traverses the
constituency and enters Lake Victoria through the Yala Swamp. The river is able to facilitate large
scale irrigation and power generation. The physical features have a bearing on the overall
development potential of the area. High altitude areas have higher rainfall hence suitable for
agriculture and livestock keeping.
Soils:
The geology of the area is composed of the old Nyanzian system forming exposed rocks. These rocks
include basalts, desites and rylites. They are the bearers of course and fine aggregates used in the
construction industry. The main soil type is ferrasols and its fertility ranges from moderate to low
with most soils being unable to produce without the use of either organic, inorganic or in most cases
both type of fertilizers. Most of the areas have underlying murram with poor moisture retention.
Ecologically, the area spreads across agro ecological zones LM1. (GoK, 2012)
Rainfall
Ugunja constituency experiences a bimodal rainfall. The relief and the altitude influence its
distribution and amount. It is relatively wet, and is wetter towards the higher altitudes in the eastern
part, which borders western province. The long rains occur between March and June while the short
rains occur between August and November.
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Culture
The inhabitants of Ugunja Constituency are largely Luo, and have a deep sense of pride for their rich
Luo culture. The community has a profound sense of communal life and support for each other. The
people have a subterranean appreciation of life and express it through their lifestyle. There are also
peoples of other cultures, especially in the town centres and market places. This has contributed to a
rich blending of different the cultures. The settlement patterns in Ugunja Constituency follow agro-
ecological and business zones with the high potential areas having the highest population density.
Resources
Resources within the community include agricultural land, rives, timber, indigenous forests and
fisheries. Residents of Ugunja Constituency mainly depend on agriculture as their main source of
food and income. The farming is mostly subsistence, and major crops grown are sorghum, potatoes,
cassava, beans and maize. When farmers have surplus crops, they sell in local markets for income. In
the past, some farmer haves grown cotton and coffee as cash crops, but due to market unreliability,
most farmers now prefer to jus grow food crops for their own families and local markets.
The Constituency is about 80% arable with small land sizes of less than one hectare per household.
Most of the population is concentrated in the major trading centers such as Ugunja, Sigomere and
Sidindi due to availability of business opportunities and social infrastructures such as schools, roads
health centers among others. Ugunja town is a major business centre and serves as a trading center for
the community around it and the nearby urban centers. In the town most people work in small
businesses and offices. There are a number of retail shops, bars, hotels, cafes, and residential houses.
There are also banks, a post office, transport service companies, supermarkets, chemists, a health
centre and some private clinics.
Poverty
The rural poverty in the constituency is estimates at 60%, while urban poverty is at 89%. In the rural
areas, households headed by illiterate people are 63% poor, those headed by primary school leavers
are about 61% poor and those headed by secondary school leavers are 48% poor. In urban areas,
households headed by illiterate people are 94% poor, those headed by primary school leavers are 92%
poor and those headed by secondary school leavers are 84% poor. Generally, male headed households
are 61% poor while female headed households are 58% poor.(GoK 2012)
The causes of increased poverty in the constituency are diverse, but mainly attributed to various
factors such as; poor soils, which has led to perpetually low agricultural yields; over-reliance on
traditional methods of agriculture due to lack of extension services; unpredictable rainfall patterns;
high rate of deaths due to HIV/AIDS; limited economic empowerment initiatives; inability to access
finance; attitude by the current generation of farmers who have not developed beyond subsistence
farming; employment opportunities are extremely scarce and therefore little wealth being created;
infrastructure (roads, electricity, communication) is in a poor state, only about 5% of population has
access to electricity; few institutions offering microfinance and extension facilities; culture of saving
is lacking, especially among youth; poor farming techniques; and insecurity among others. (SDDP
2008)
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Health
The current estimated HIV prevalence in Ugunja is 15%. To note is that Kenya‟s HIV prevalence,
among adults 15-64 years old, is estimated to be 6.3%. Studies have shown that women are more
likely to be infected (8.0%) than men (4.3%), and young women aged 15-24 are four times more
likely to be infected (6.4%) than young men of the same age group (1.5%). Additionally, there are
significant regional variations in HIV prevalence. Over half of all HIV-infected adults live in Nyanza
and Rift Valley provinces. Immunization is at 72 %., 42.7 per 1000 are crude births and the fertility
rate is at 5.7 children per woman. The Mean age of 1st birth is 19 years while the mean age of first
marriage is 26 years for the boys and 21 years for the girls. Infant mortality rate is at 135.6 per 1000
while under five mortality rate is at 234 per 1000. Life expectancy at birth for men is 37 years and
that of women is 43 years. HIV/AIDS has had a significant impact on the community with the highest
rates of infection being recorded in this region. (KDHHS 2008 – 09)
Education
Gross Primary school enrolment in Ugunja is more than 100% for the boys and girls. In 2005 the
Gross Attendance Ratio1 for primary school was 131.7 % for boys and 119.0 for girls (KIBHS2). The
dropout rates of 10 - 14 years old‟s is at 9%. There is high primary school enrollment, but rather high
illiteracy rate amongst adults. (KIBHS 2005/6)
Stakeholders
There are many stakeholders within the constituency who are working closely with the constituency
office including; the District Administration headed by the Deputy County Commissioner; Ugunja
town council headed by the town clerk; and other government departments such as Ministry of
Education, Agriculture, Livestock & Fisheries, Ministry of Health, and Ministry of Culture, Sport and
the Art among many others, all of whom are headed by the district heads. The larger Ugunja
community, the business community and the professionals are other key stakeholders. At the heart of
development initiatives in the constituency is the District Development Committee (DDC) composed
of all departmental heads, Member of Parliament, NGOs, District Officers, Religious leaders,
Chairmen of local authorities, parastatals and business community representatives.
1 Gross Attendance Ratio (GAR) is the total number of school pupils/students expressed as a percentage of the
official school age population, (6-13) years for primary and (14-17 years) for secondary. 2 Basic Report of the Kenya Integrated Household Budget Survey 2005/2006 p.55
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CHAPTER TWO: INSTITUTION REVIEW
The grounding of this strategic plan involved strategic workshops with Ugunja professionals and
gathering of information from relevant literature and key stakeholders. This chapter highlights the vision,
mission, core values, goals and objectives that will facilitate the implementation of the development
agenda in the constituency.
2.1 Vision
A model constituency in Kenya
2.2 Mission
To build effective structures that promote sustainable development within the constituency
2.3 Main Strategy
To empower residents of Ugunja constituency through; value addition of their agricultural produce; check
environmental degradation; improve access to education and health care; promote entrepreneurial
activities that will increase job opportunities, particularly to the youth; empower women and provide
access to basic services.
2.4 Objectives
To promote value addition of farm produce and livestock
To increase productivity and employment opportunities through entrepreneurial activities
To avail basic social amenities to all constituents through development of infrastructure
To mobilize and strengthen effective participation and involvement of the community through
capacity building
To promote transparency and accountability through project impact analysis and proper
monitoring and evaluation of projects
2.5 Core Values
Value of life by making every effort to ensure everyone is able to access basic needs
Visionary leadership - possession of a vision and ability to lead and articulate issues
Teamwork - working together towards a common goal
Hard work by employing every effort in pursuit of results
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Participation through networking with all stakeholder groups to get their opinion
Transparency, accountability and public mindedness where all leaders are accountable and
transparent in the use of resources for development projects
Commitment to serve with dedication for the benefit of everyone
2.6 Goal of Ugunja Strategic Planning
This strategic plan will be a guiding tool in Ugunja constituency for the next five years so as to facilitate
implementation of development projects that are relevant to the needs of the people. It will be useful in
enabling prioritization of development projects; and enable the implementers to have a reference point in
creation of sub-objectives and action plans. It will be used in monitoring and evaluation of projects on
progress to ensure that deviations are corrected in good time. Some of the limitations foreseen during
implementation include; lack of enough funds; delayed procurement processes, and challenges in
coordination.
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CHAPTER THREE: DEVELOPMENT INITIATIVES BY THE GOVERNMENT
As we seek to make Ugunja Constituency a model, the implementers of this strategy will continue to be
guided by other development initiatives by the government, especially the vision 2030 and the
millennium development goals, which are highlighted below. Others include the Economic Stimulus
Programme (ESP) and the Public Private Partnership (PPP).
3.1 Vision 2030
The Kenya Vision 2030 is the development blue print for the period 2008-2030, which aims at making
Kenya an industrializing middle income country providing quality life for all citizens. The vision is based
on three pillars (Economic, Social and political) each of which has key sectors containing flagship
projects to be implemented in successive five year medium term plans.
Economic pillar
In pursuit of the vision, the constituency is aiming at boosting agribusiness, improve the roads, and
empower its people through creation of employment. The constituency is also looking forward towards
identifying some tourist attractions, adding value to the existing agricultural and livestock produce as well
as boosting the cottage industries.
Social pillar Boosting the education standards is a major priority in the constituency and plans are underway to
construct model schools, reward student and teacher performer as well as offer bursaries and sponsorships
to bright students. Other areas that are being improved include access to water supply. Health centres will
be equipped with better facilities and construction or up grading an existing health facility to a District
Hospital Level 5 has been proposed. Other proposals include improvement of infrastructure and
dispensaries in the area to boost health standards. People with special needs have been given priority in
the constituency, and plans are underway to identify their needs so as to facilitate a decent living
environment.
Political pillar
Communication and governance is envisioned as a major step towards achievement of transparency and
accountability. To this extent the Member of Parliament Hon. J. Opiyo Wandayi through the
communication and governance committee has planned to produce the first issue of the Ugunja
constituency newsletter and there will also be a website for the constituency. Already the members of the
constituency are interacting through Ugunja Constituency Face book. The constituency is generally
peaceful, witnessed by its purely common culture. Peace building and conflict management among the
constituents is facilitated by the Provincial Administration. Security is a great concern, and measures to
curb criminal activities will be implemented.
3.2 Millennium Development Goals 2000–2015 Ugunja constituency is at the forefront in the implementation of government initiatives for achieving
some of the eight Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) by 2015 as declared in 2000 during the UN
Millennium Summit in order to address the world‟s main development challenges.
Eradication of extreme poverty and hunger
The District Food Security and Relief (DFSR) committee is working to ensure that the constituents are
able to put food on the table. The department of agriculture has several projects that can be implemented
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to see this through. In particular National Agricultural and Livestock Extension Programme (NALEP) and
Private Sector Development in Agriculture (PSDA) will be training farmers on soil conservation, farming
methods, biogas production and agribusiness.
Universal primary education
Generally, the constituency has a moderate level of literacy now because of free primary education, but a
majority of the older generation are still illiterate because they did not have access to basic education. The
government initiative of free primary education, which is currently under implementation, has harnessed
the achievement of this goal.
Gender equality and empowerment of women
Nearly all committees including the Constituency Development Fund (CDF), the development committee,
among others in the constituency have at least a third of women in tandem with the requirement of the
current constitution.
Reduction of child mortality
The constituency has at least one public health office and more than 80% immunization coverage. There
are plans to have school health programmes, where nursery schools and primary schools are visited by
health officials.
Maternal health improvement
A lot of awareness on maternal health among the communities will be carried out by health officials
during the strategic period. There is access to maternal health throughout the constituency, with at least
four public health centres and numerous private and faith based health facilities.
Fighting HIV/AIDS, malaria and other diseases
Ugunja constituency will propose to have a functional HIV/AIDS branch office of National Aids Control
Council (NACC) namely the Constituency Aids Control Committee (CACC), headed by a coordinator.
This will facilitate community mobilization and advocacy through Information, Education and
Communication (IEC), Orphan management, VCT centres, ARV access and PMTCT sites through-out
the constituency. Initiatives by the Government include Beyond Zero campaign, and free treatment for
children under five
Environmental sustainability
Ugunja constituency, through District Environment committee and the town council has been working
together to ensure a clean environment for its constituents. The forest and wildlife department is working
on forest protection management and extension to ensure that wildlife is safe. Re-forestation, forestation
and agro-forestry are highly encouraged. It is recommended that at least 10% of the agricultural land
should have trees.
Global Partnership for Development
Several international partners such Care Kenya from Canada, Help Age International, Heifer
International, HACI – Plan International, FAULU Kenya, Christian Children‟s Fund, Inter Diocesan
Christian Community Services, Association For Education Development, and Kenya Women Finance
Trust, are implementing development projects in the constituency. Others include KEFINCO who have in
the past successfully funded water projects like bore holes. (UNDP, 2000)
3.3 Economic Stimulus Programme
The Economic Stimulus Programme (ESP) was a turnaround strategy by the government for the period
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2009/2010 to combating the global economic downturn that brought social economic challenges in
Kenya. It was a high intensive programme that was expected to stimulate economic activity at the local
level by creating employment opportunities, spurring entrepreneurial activities and supporting building
blocks that anchor a healthy, educated populace.
Key activities included; building fresh produce markets country wide; delivery of education; delivery of
holistic healthcare; rehabilitation and expansion of irrigable land; establishing fish farming enterprises in
140 constituencies; and purchase of mobile computers and setting up of constituency industrialization
centres.
Ugunja constituency already has land for the construction of a modern retail market, will look at having
model schools and a district hospital. Implementation of fish farming will also come to fruition. There is
also a proposal for the construction of water pans for rain water harvesting for irrigation purposes.
3.4 Public Private Partnership (PPP)
The constituency enjoys a healthy Public-private partnership (PPP) with the private business operators as
well as from its professionals and the communities. Implementation of development projects can only be
successful if there is collaboration of the communities. The professionals from the constituency will be
encouraged to be very generous with their time and expert advice in sectoral committees. Further the
private sector from the constituency is encouraged to directly invest in public projects in partnership with
the government.
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CHAPTER FOUR: SITUATIONAL ANALYSIS
This chapter highlights the situation in eight key priority sectors namely, Youth Agenda, Agriculture,
Women Empowerment, Infrastructure, Education, Persons with Disability, Healthcare and Environment.
Other areas of concern have also been highlighted.
4.1 Youth Agenda
Ugunja constituency prides itself in having more than 60% of its population below 50 years. It has a very
vibrant youth that engage itself in various sporting activities such as football, and athletics. To date there
are a few football clubs in the constituency that compete against each other. Plans are underway to
support existing clubs so that they can be able to produce national players. Almost all the youths have
undertaken the basic primary education and indeed quite a few are „O‟ level graduates.
Others have undertaken tertiary education in various fields of trainings. Majority of the youths, however,
are unemployed and this has in turn led to their engagement in drug abuse and criminal activities such as
petty theft and mugging. Of concern also is the increase in HIV, Aids and Sexually Transmitted Diseases
(STD) infections among the youth. There is need for practical and deliberate programmes that can change
youth attitude towards self-employment and HIV and Aids.
The proposed revival of the village polytechnics will engage the youth in development and increase job
opportunities. Moreover the creation of the Ugunja District has ensured that the employment centre for all
government agencies now is within Ugunja constituency. If and when resources will be available, there
are plans for construction of a youth empowerment centre. The centre will provide a library and training
facilities that will empower the youth and offer sports and recreation facilities.
Limited youth participation in political process and leadership has largely been fueled by lack of
democratic space for able and talented youth, high level of political patronage by the wealthy class,
handout syndrome among the youth as a result of unemployment and adverse poverty. Lack of affirmative
action to promote the vulnerable group in participating in the development processes has also been a
challenge. These have resulted into limited or no engagement of youth in civic or electoral process,
economic drawback due to lack of investor confidence, high voter apathy, nepotism, massive corruption
and insecurity. The new system of devolved government decentralizes power and resource to counties for
equitable distribution; however, this change process may experience various hitches related to limited
experience and capacity to the youth and other local leaders to manage their own affairs. At present, the
capacity of local development committees is relatively weak while majority of youth are neither aware
nor involved in the prudent management of devolved resources. There is limited participation and
awareness of the youth and local communities in these reform processes hence the need for intensive civic
education and engagement. This plan aims to create a robust forum that inspires, informs and empowers
youth socio-economically for improved livelihood and civic engagement.
The economic situation of Ugunja Constituency has suffered from high un-employment amongst the
youth, partly due to lack of economic goodwill which saw the collapse or closure of various factories in
the Western region including Kisumu Cotton Mills (KICOMI), Kenya Breweries, cotton ginneries,
tobacco industries, Miwani Sugar Factory etc. There is also gross underutilization of existing natural
resources such as Lake Victoria, and the agricultural potential for crops such sugarcane, cotton, rice,
sorghum, and millet. There is a high cost of doing business in Ugunja due to poor infrastructure. Other
related challenges among the youth include increasing crime rate, drug and substance abuse, prostitution,
HIV/Aids, lack of saving culture and limited innovative capacity.
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This strategic plan aims to sensitize community members on comprehensive civic education, encourage
youth to be involved in leadership through civic engagement, play their democratic right of electing
visionary leaders by registering as voters and play key role in business opportunities brought about by the
East African Common Market Protocol (EACP).
Ugunja is a patriarchal society and key assets and resources such as land, trees, and domestic animals are
owned and controlled by older men rather than the youth. The new constitution has recognized the need
for gender equality in all aspects of social life and leadership. The national employment policy advocates
for opportunity for all. However, lucrative and well-paying opportunities are dominated by the wealthy
and senior elites that accounts for below 20% of national population due to unequal opportunity for
learning in the past. This plan underscores the challenges and hopes to tighten Ugunja‟s economic
empowerment policy for job and wealth creation among the youth.
Elite Entertainers Youth group entertain the public in one of their outreach programs at Ugunja market.
On the right, volunteer youth from Canada join hands with Ugunja youth in a clean up exercise of the amrket
The transport network is thin, disjointed, and in some areas non-existent. However construction of feeder
roads is currently being undertaken by Constituency Development Fund (CDF) and Kenya Rural Roads
Authority (KURA). The ICT infrastructure is equally rudimentary; there is for instance inadequate or no
access to computers in most rural based learning institutions. Majority of youth and local leaders are still
computer illiterate and resort to manual ways of conducting their operations. Improvement of
infrastructure has the potential to stabilize the region, improve security, and strengthen its integration
within the region and with the rest of the country.
Internet and mobile phones are becoming relatively common in townships within the region together with
the related services such as telephone banking (M-PESA, ZAP). However, other than M-PESA and ZAP,
exploitation of ICT facilities for doing business is more or less absent. Rural electrification project has
extended power up to the villages, but residents do not currently use the resource optimally for socio-
economic benefits. It is nonetheless expected that with the formation of the county governments, this will
most likely improve the situation in the region and ultimately lower costs of doing business and other
development work.
The natural resource potential in the area range from fish, rice, sugarcane, solar, wind and bricks, but
these are largely untapped. Tourist attraction sites (in and around River Nzoia, Kit Lwiyo etc) and pasture
are all critical resources upon which the people of the region can depend. Access to and control over these
resources is differentiated by gender and age, with youth playing key roles in natural resource
management, but with control over most resources primarily in the hands of older men.
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There is also an industry for young people in marrum and sand harvesting along River Nzoia for
construction/grading with no attempts to reclaim areas where the mining/harvesting has taken place.
Ugunja Constituency forest cover still fall below nationally acceptable limits due to rampant deforestation
by charcoal burning for domestic fuel and for sale. Further, forest resources are also destroyed by frequent
charcoal burning and firewood vendors who are mostly youth. This has significantly disrupted the rain
patterns and resulted in the negative effects of climate change, hence persistent drought and floods
leading to food insecurity. There is minimal exploration and/or exploitation of alternative energy sources such
as biogas amongst others due to un-affordability and limited technological know-how.
4.2 Agriculture
Agro eco-zones, topography and altitude
The Ugunja Constituency lies in the highland equatorial zone with lower midland as the main Agro-Eco –
Zones LM1 and LM2. The Constituency has an undulating topography with slopes ranging 1% to 20%.
The altitude range is 1,200m ASL and 1,500m ASL.
Rainfall and temperatures
Rainfall ranges between 1,200mm to 1,500mm annually. This is bimodal in nature, reliable and well
distributed. Long rains are in March-June and short rains in September- November. The dry spell is
experienced in the months of January, February, August and December. The mean temperature ranges
between 30oC maximum and 16oC mean minimum. The variations are minimal and favour 99% of
agricultural activities undertaken in the area.
Above: A banana farm at Ugolwe Primary School.
Right: A demo farm in a green house. Agriculture
is the backbone of the local economy and requires
priority attention
Soils
The area comprises of Ul D 1 type of soils, which are well drained, moderately deep to very deep, dark
red to strong brown, friable clay; in many places shallow over petroplinthite: chromic and orthicacrisols
and rhodicferralsols, partly petroferric phases, and dystric phases, with dystricnitisols.
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Source: Ministry of Agricuture (2012)
Agricultural activities
Subsistence mixed farming predominate the area except sugarcane that forms major cash crop. Maize and
beans for both cash and food crop. Millet and sorghum-both food crops are also major crops in the
Constituency. Local and exotic vegetables such as kales, tomatoes are produced in small scale for local
markets. Pineapple and bananas form the bulk of the fruits. Main roots and tuber crops are cassava and
sweet potatoes. Groundnuts and bananas are becoming major enterprises with a high potential for
growth. A few farmers are producing passion fruits targeting local market and other markets outside the
district.
In the livestock sub-sector, the majority of the farmers as well as groups are involved in dairy cow, goat
production and poultry production especially local poultry. Local zebu predominates in the area. The
interest for sugarcane is steadily increasing because agro-ecologically the large zones LM 1 and 2 are
suited. Generally, the climatic potential is high (Zones LM 1 and 2 mainly) and the soils are good for
sugarcane.
Table 1: Arable land and Agro Ecological zones suitable for cane growing in Ugunja District
District Division Arable land(KM2) Annual Rainfall range (mm)
Population No. of farm families
Average Farm size (Ha) LM1 LM2 Total
Ugunja Ugunja 121.3 41.6 162.9 1200-1500 88,450 16,254 0.8
Source: Authors
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Remarks:
The area is predominantly LM1 with a few parts LM2. LM1 comprises of Southern Ugunja, North Uholo,
East Uholo and parts of West Uholo Locations while LM2 comprises of Central Ugunja and parts of West
Uholo Locations.
Table 2: Crop Statistics 2013
Crop Targets Achievements
Hectares Total Production (MT/Bags) Area in Ha Total
Tons/bags production
LR SR TOTAL LR SR Total LR SR Total LR SR Total
Maize 4,500 4,000 8,500 90,000 80,000 170,000 4550 91,000 bags
Sorghum 1,000 0 1,000 10,000 0 10,000 1010 10,100 bags
Finger millet 10 10 50 0 50 8 40 bags
Beans 3,600 3,400 7,000 18,000 17,000 35,000 3,500 17,500 bags
Green grams 35 36 71 70 72 142 25 50 bags
Cow peas 35 42 77 70 84 154 30 60 bags
Groundnuts 150 140 290 750 630 1380 155 775 bags
Sweet potatoes
120 145 145 1,000t 1,250t 2250 105 875 Tons
Cassava 310 350 350 3100t 3500t 3500 300 3,000 Tons
Tomatoes 30 45 65 300t 350t 650 5 50 Tons
Kales 30 35 65 30 35 65 20 20 Tons
Local vegetables
5 5 10 5 5 10 1 1 Ton
Pineapple 5 5 5 350 350 350 4 280 Tons
Bananas 250 260 260 750 750 750 240 720 Tons
Avocado 5 5 5 15 15 15 4 12 Tons
Sugar Cane 1,078 10,100 10,100 64,680 66,000 130,680 1,078 64,680 tons
Soybean 25 34 45 25 20 45 20 20 Bags
Oil Palm 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 Tons
Amaranth 6 3 9 6 3 9 .1 1 Ton
Source: Authors
LR= Long Rains SR=Short Rains
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1. Gross Margin Analysis and Enterprise Ranking
a) Gross Margin Analysis
Table 3: Gross Margin Analysis
Enterprise Gross Output
Variable Costs Gross Margin Return to a Shilling
Rank
Food crops (Per Acre)
Sweet potatoes 46,000 19,000 21,000 2.4 4
Beans 28,800 18,750 10,050 1.5 9
Finger millet 32,000 20,340 11,660 1.57 8
Sorghum 19,600 16,100 3,500 1.2 10
Maize 28,000 23,565 4,435 1.2 10
Horticultural crops
Bananas (Acre) 330,000 47,966 282,034 4.0 1
Pineapples (Ha) 1,020,000 29,870 990,130 3.87 2
Passion fruits (Acre) 256,000 28,720 227,280 1.7 7
Kales (Acre) 60,000 29,650 30,350 2.0 5
Groundnuts (Acre) 50,000 25,400 24,600 1.96 6
Industrial crops
Sugarcane (Acre) 418,585 224,808 193,777 1.7 7
Livestock enterprise
Local Chicken (100birds) 1,504,250 379,050 1,125,200 3.0 3
Dairy Cow (1head) 148,193 65,800 47,037 0.7 11
Source: Authors
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b) Enterprise ranking: Based on returns to a shilling
Table 4: Enterprise Rankling
Crop enterprise Returns to a shilling Rank
Bananas 4.0 1
Pineapples 3.87 2
Local Chicken 3.0 3
Sweet potatoes 2.4 4
Kales 2.0 5
Ground nuts 1.96 6
Passion Fruits 1.7 7
Sugarcane 1.7 7
Finger Millet 1.57 8
Beans 1.5 9
Sorghum 1.2 10
Maize 1.2 10
Dairy cow 0.7 11
Source: Authors
Evidently, the people of Ugunja constituency are largely dependent on agriculture for food and income,
majority of them have very small pieces of land. Most people are poor and depend on subsistence
agriculture as their mainstay. Food security and nutrition projects focusing on agriculture should form the
key driver to poverty eradication, economic empowerment and growth. These should therefore be the
spotlight of the community development. Food insecurity is common for most households, caused by
poor agricultural production systems. The main food crops grown are maize, sorghum, beans, cassava,
sweet potatoes and vegetables; while the main cash crops grown are sugar cane, cotton, Robusta and
Arabica coffee.
The causes of increased poor agricultural productivity in the Constituency are diverse, they include:
Poor soils as a result of soil exhaustion, which has often led to low agricultural yields;
Due to limited extension services, most of the farmers are over-relying on traditional methods of
agriculture, which has tended to lower food production, thus creating food insecurity;
Unpredictable rainfall patterns that is attributed to environmental degradation and climate change
have tended to make planning by the local farmers impossible;
High rate of death due to HIV/AIDS takes away the strong workforce, consequently leaving only
the very young and the very old to fend for themselves. The scourge erodes all the resources that
the affected families have, as a result of paying for medical bills.
Poor road network, the roads are in a sorry state and usually impassable during the rainy seasons,
making it hard for farmers to access markets with their produce.
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The Constituency has a fully-fledged department of Agriculture and department of Livestock and
fisheries, even though this should be supporting the farmers, especially by training farmers on crop
management, soil conservation, animal husbandry and agribusiness, very little is done.
The constituents are not involved in processing of their produce. There is a plan to in future, bring about
mini factories for processing fruits and other agricultural produce. Fish farming will also become a reality
with the implementation of the government initiative of improving food security by rearing fish. Farmers
will be encouraged to plant some cash crops as well, so as to increase their incomes. Working together
with the department of agriculture, livestock and fisheries are development partners such as Care Kenya,
by training farmers on soil conservation, farming methods and agri-business. Private Sector Development
in Agriculture (PSDA) will also empower farmers by training them on how to make biogas and jikos in a
bid to complete the value chain.
4.3 Women Empowerment
In virtually all developing countries in Africa, women bear the burden of catering for their family needs at every
level, despite their disposition. As rightly articulated in the Beijing plan of Action, women in the third world still
grapple with all forms of humiliation as they seek to provide for their families and improve their social and
economic status. Despite the prevalence of various forms of afflictions and diseases, including HIV/Aids, which has
devastated the continent, the women, who, because of their vulnerability have been hard hit, are still expected to be
the major bread winners especially in the rural areas.
In Ugunja Constituency, women have had to withstand the worst in developing their own families, as men tend to
leave the running of household to them, in favour of more manly duties that rarely put food on the table. Population
explosion, unemployment, over tiled farms, insufficient skills, diverse and numerous roles that leave women with
limited time have dealt a blow to their attempts at raising their social and economic status within their communities.
Negative gender stereotyping and poor health, occasioned by the ravages of HIV/AIDS, among other diseases, has
seriously affected the women within the area.
Women in the constituency are generally not empowered in any way, therefore, making them vulnerable to the
machinations of others. The most affected women in this area are those either living with HIV, have AIDS or are
affected in one way or the other within their families. Because of their status and stigmatization within the
communities, these women have the disadvantage of having to look for upkeep for their families and themselves,
and yet they don‟t get enough resources and support from any quarter.
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Guard of honour by Girl Guides from Ng’op Musengni Primary ready for inspection sir: Ugunja MP graced this
occasion. Right, Girls from Uref Primary School receive sanitary pads
Ugunja Constituency has been on the forefront in promotion of gender equality and empowerment of women by
ensuring women representation in virtually all committees including the CDF, the development committee, among
others. Despite this, women in the constituency still face numerous challenges among them; unemployment,
physical abuse, gender discrimination, HIV and Aids infection, drug and alcohol abuse and poverty. Other
challenges facing women in the constituency include early pregnancies. This has pushed many young women to
engage in prostitution to be able to feed themselves and their babies.
Empowerment of these women in terms of increasing their spiritual, political or economic strength as
individuals and communities is crucial. Women empowerment often involves developing confidence in
their own capacities to enable them have these capabilities: Have decision making power of their own;
access to information and resources for taking proper decision; have a range of options from which you
can make choices; ability to exercise assertiveness in collective decision making; have positive thinking
on the ability to make change; ability to learn skills for improving one‟s personal or group power; ability
to change others perception through democratic means, growth process and change that is never ending
and self-initiated as well as increase ones positive self-image and overcoming stigma.
Women have been marginalization for years in the constituency. This is manifested in the overt or covert
trends within the society whereby sometimes women are perceived as lacking desirable traits or deviating
from the group norms and therefore tend to be excluded by men and ostracized. This being one of the
main problems that women face in defiant societies, various solutions are being designed to try and curb
marginalization including: encouraging women to create their own women groups and using the rationale
that only the marginalized know what their fellow women need the most. Women empowerment within
Ugunja Constituency will also be looked at exhaustively by examining problems such as violence against
women, sexual assault on women and trying to encourage and promote healthy relationships. Others
critical areas include economic security and financial literacy, self-esteem, female leadership and
women‟s health.
Whilst the girl child has been highly supported, thanks to the nationwide campaigns, the boy child in Ugunja
constituency is facing neglect. The boy child who is cared for by the mother may not receive proper education, thus
getting involved in alcohol and drug abuse as well as criminal activities. Urgent measures are required to address the
plight of the boy child. Not many children in the constituency have access to basic needs, including food, shelter
clothing and health facilities. The constituency is also faced with the plight of orphaned children who are now under
the care of grandparents. But these grandparents lack income or the energy to do work and earn a living due to old
age. Data will be collected on orphaned children so as to make decisions that are informed in enabling these children
access basic needs.
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Hon. J. Opiyo Wandayi, Ugunja MP (centre in a blue shirt), poses for a group photo with members of
Dendiyo Moyie Women Group. Women are a cornerstone of our economy and require deliberate
affirmative action
4.4 Infrastructure
It is common knowledge that a good working infrastructure is a key pillar to social economic growth of
an area. This includes good navigable roads and water ways. Proper roads promote trade as producers can
easily access market areas. Proper roads are needed in Ugunja Constituency for the transportation of cane
to factories with little spillage, transportation of crops to the markets and basic mobility. This sector of
infrastructure also includes energy, where rural electrification is emphasized, ICT, water and sanitation.
Indeed all socio-economic variables are dependent on proper physical infrastructure.
Generally, infrastructure is poor in Ugunja Constituency. Less than 25% of roads are accessible
throughout the year. Only 2.4% of the population has access to electricity and fewer than 20% of the
constituents have access to clean drinkable water. More than 92.2% household use firewood for cooking.
Basic services are not adequately provided nor adapted to the population, which means that the
inhabitants have poorer health and lower levels of education than majority of the people in other parts of
the country.
The fact that roads are important for ease in communication and transport means that bad roads hinder
development; increase the level of insecurity for motorists as well as poverty level. Ugunja constituency
has a large network of roads, most of which are dry weather roads. Some of the roads in class C and
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above include: Kisumu-Busia, Ugunja-Ukwala, and Ugunja-Butere roads. Particular roads fall within the
Ministry of Infrastructure, while others are now under the County government.
This is how we want projects rolled out: Hon. J. Opiyo Wandayi, Ugunja MP, seem to be explaining a point to the
CDF committee members who were inspecting a water project at Siror Primary School in Ligega
The main Kisumu-Busia highway transverses the constituency and falls under the Kenya National
Highway Authority (KNHA). Majority of the roads that connect to homes and farms are murram and
earth roads, thus hindering access of produce to markets during rainy seasons. Some residents have
encroached public access roads for settlement and agricultural activities, making infrastructure
development very difficult. To mitigate this, an initiative that is supported by majority of residents will be
launched to create space for development of infrastructure and other related developments.
The road sector is a key priority of the Government of Kenya and it developed roads 2000 maintenance
strategy through the ministry of infrastructure. The strategy involves usage of labour and equipment in
repairing constituency access roads. The programme emphasizes on usage of labour, utilization of local
resources, and engagement of the private sector. The key objectives of the Roads 2000 strategy are cost
effective maintenance of the classified road network of the country to an economic level of serviceability
using local resources and labour-based methods wherever these are cost effective. This strategy supports
the Kazi Kwa Vijana (KKV) programme initiated by the government to create 300,000 jobs for the youth.
Upgrading murram roads to soil stabilized roads using the method of chip and seal may be explored in the
near future. Chip and seal is a thin surface treatment consisting of an application of liquid asphalt or
emulsion binder covered with an aggregate. It is a method that spreads a layer of low-grade asphalt
emulsion/bitumen and compact stone chips on top of it. Its advantages are that it is less expensive,
excellent skid resistance and fast setting, that is least amount of traffic disruption.
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The CDF committee will continuously hold regular consultations with the relevant authorities especially
on the road sector, in particular the Kenya National Highway Authority based, in Nairobi to obtain reports
on the progress of the state of the tender processes for tarmacking roads. Some of these roads include
Butere-Sidindi road, whose construction should be on going, and the tender progress of the Ukwala-
Ugunja-Sigomre-Mumias highway whose construction as a major tarmack Trunk Road had been
budgeted for during the previous financial years. The construction of these roads will open up our
constituency and indeed county for faster socio economic development for the people of Ugunja as
promised in our development agenda
The energy sector in the constituency is in deplorable condition. The major sources of energy in the
constituency are firewood, kerosene, electricity and to some extent solar energy. Rural Electrification
Program is underway targeting public institutions like schools, health facilities and market centres.
While it is true that a vibrant ICT set- up is key to development in contemporary society that has to keep
adherent to the dynamism in socioeconomic development, there is very limited access to ICT in Ugunja
Constituency. Various constraints in terms of ICT uptake have been cited in Ugunja Constituency. Some
of the factors have led to low penetration of ICT in Ugunja include: Low computer literacy levels among
the population; lack of equipment; lack of telecommunication services in some area and low awareness on
the advantages of computer technology among others. Use of ICT will see fast accurate information to
plan and right service delivery results. More services can be made practicable by the mobile providers to
complement the current success story where farmers are paid through the popular M-Pesa and Zap
services.
ICT creates employment opportunities for local residents through sale of ICT products like Mobile
Phones, Computer accessories and services like maintenance and repair. ICT also ensures an improved
cost effective way of doing things starting with communication, and e-learning among such programs
encourage dissemination of various information on environment, HIV/AIDS, Gender and tourism,
commerce, trade and industry. The constituency will support all initiatives aimed at promoting ICT and
this will include facilitating private investors to acquire necessary local licenses to put up ICT
infrastructure like cyber cafes, phone accessory shops, information resource centres, as well as digital
libraries.
The constituency will also encourage public institutions of learning to embrace ICT so as to improve
information flow, storage and processing. This would be done through Rural Electrification Program to
various Public institutions that don‟t have electricity. By doing so, it would be improving the capacity of
ICT in the area in order to expand the ability to respond to demands for information by users in the
community. This can only be achieved through the development and implementation of sound ICT
infrastructure in the constituency. The current business world is technology based and therefore a strong
ICT base will give the area comparative advantage over other regions in doing business by improving on
the quality of the work, reducing the time taken to process information and pass the same to consumers,
suppliers and retailers.
4.5 Education
The education department has divided Ugunja Constituency into three zones. These include Sikalame
zone; Ambira zone and Sigomere zone. Each zone has approximately 22 schools. Sikalame zone has
schools from Yiro, Sidindi up to Simero area. Ambira zone has schools from Rang‟ala, Ugunja, Umina
and Ligega areas. Sigomere zone has schools from the larger Uholo.
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Past studies show education is a crucial predictor of professional success and future income levels. But
children who have completed primary education can only have a shot at higher education if they get to
join secondary schools, stay and complete their studies. Quality education is paramount in steering
development, and thus education is a top priority in Ugunja constituency. Education is critical in creating
alternatives for the Ugunja population, for it is the only tool that can enable most of the young people to
at least have the opportunity to progress further, and take jobs in other sectors.
The total number of schools in the constituency is 79 pre-primary schools, 71 primary schools and 20
secondary schools. These have a total enrolment of 3,793 at preprimary, 24,309 at primary and 5,190 at
secondary schools. On the backdrop of this, the teaching staff at all levels is lower than the recommended
number. At the preprimary level, it has only 72 teachers and more than half of them are untrained. At the
primary level teachers there are 579, while at the secondary level they are 173. The emerging issues in
this sector that pose a challenge is that of orphans whose numbers are on the increase. HIV/AIDS has
affected teaching population and the pupil/student population raising the number of orphans. Most
teaching staff succumbing to HIV/AIDS are hardly replaced, thereby straining teaching pupil ratio in
schools.
The gross primary school enrollment in Ugunja Constituency is quite high though, estimated at almost
100% for both boys and girls. Close to 10% of children drop out of school during the 6th, 7th and 8th years
of primary schooling. The dropout rate for girls is of course higher, estimated at approximately 25%. In
this respect there will be regular stakeholder forums to discuss ways of improving education standards in
the constituency.
Left, Students and teachers of Rang’ala Girs High School are joined by the Hon. J.Opiyo Wandayi area MP, as
they celebrate the 2013 KCSE results. The school topped in Chemistry nationally. On the right, girls from schools
around Ugunja, taking part in intergrated health and talent talk program in one of the forums
Ugunja constituency has 19 public secondary schools, none of which is a national school, two are
provincial, and at least four are District schools. In addition there is only one private secondary school in
the constituency. There are 67 public primary schools and at least three private primary schools. There are
no middle level colleges and less than ten known pre – primary schools in the constituency
By end of 2012 the enrolment to primary school was impressive at almost 100% in public schools, out of
which there were slightly more boys than girls. In the private primary schools, fewer pupils had been
enrolled. On the other hand the enrolment of students to public secondary schools by end of 2012 was not
great because many parents lacked school fees. The table below shows the number of schools and
students in the district:
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Table 4: Number of schools in Ugunja (2012)
Primary Secondary Total
Public day 67 14
81
Public boarding 0 5
5
Private day 3 1
4
Private boarding 0 0 0
Total 71 20 90
Source: Authors
The primary schools constitute 78% of the schools, while the secondary schools are only 22% of all the schools in
the constituency. While private schools constitute 4.5% of the schools, the public schools make 95.5%. The ideal
conclusion would be that the number of students who do not join secondary schools is high within the constituency.
The enrolment in Ugunja Constituency stands at about 100% in primary school going children and 55% at secondary
school level. The transition from primary school to secondary school is ratio is 2:1. For every two children that
graduate from primary school, only 1 proceeds to high school.
Table 5: Students roll in Ugunja (2012)
Boys 13,154 3,718
Girls 13,102 3,318
TOTAL 26,256 7,036 33,292
Source: Authors
The ratio of boys to girls enrolled in schools within the district is approximately 1:1 in both primary and
secondary schools. Given that there are approximately 26,000 pupils of primary school going age, there
are about 450 children who are not in primary school. This constitutes about 1.7%. It is estimated that of
the secondary school going students in the entire constituency, 50% are young men and women who do
not join secondary schools each year. The secondary schools dropout rate per school per year is more than
30 students, which translates to about 600 students dropping out of school annually. This is due to various
reasons that include general poverty and lack of school fees, and girls dropping out due to pregnancies.
The average school fees per student for day schools is estimated at Ksh. 20,000 per year, while that of
Provincial is estimated at ksh.40,000 per student per year, this excludes a minimum upkeep of up to
ksh.10,000 for boarding schools and 5000 for day schools.
Number of places available in form one vis-à-vis the number students from primary schools proceeding to
form one, that secondary schools can admit has always been a challenge. This is because only a few
students get places available in form one per year, while the number of pupils who sit for KCPE per year
continues to grow. The teacher: student ratio is very low in many of the schools, as low as 4 teachers for 8
classes, and the number of secondary schools with a science laboratory, water, electricity, computer and
internet services is very low.
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The performance rating below is based on the results of the Kenya Certificate of Primary Education
(KCPE) and Kenya Certificate of Secondary Education (KCSE) of 2012.
Primary schools
As mentioned earlier, there are three educational zones in Ugunja Constituency. Below is how they were
ranked in performance in 2012 KCPE results
1. Ambira
2. Sigomere
3. Sikalame
There are 67 primary schools in the constituency that presented candidates in the 2012 KCPE. These
schools scored a mean of 268.19 out of a possible 500, an aggregate of 53.6% (grade C- minus). Out of
the 67 schools, 37 of them scored below the constituency mean score. Thus, 55% of the primary schools
performed below a C- (minus) grade.
The tables below show the top three and the bottom three schools in the 2012 KCPE performance.
Table 6: Top 3 primary schools in the Constituency (2012 Results)
School Roll Category Mean score Aggregate
Pattand Academy 14 Private 328.21 65.6 (B-)
Uref Primary 33 Public 321.15 64.2 (C+)
Kid Star Academy 12 Private 307.75 61.5 (C+)
Source: Authors
Table 7: Bottom three primary schools in the Constituency (2012 Results)
School Roll Category Mean score Aggregate
Musiko 20 Public 216.9 43 (D)
Tihinga 15 Public 234.5 46 (D+)
Luru 36 Public 237.5 47 (D+)
Source: Authors
Best performed subject in the district was English, while the worst was Kiswahili. The figures tell much.
The class enrolment is small in all the schools, (below the national recommended of 40 pupils in a class),
yet the performance is wanting, with the best schools scoring an aggregate of B – (minus). The average
cut off mark for form one entry to national schools is 400 marks. These results therefore indicate that
Ugunja district did not send anybody to a national school in 2013. Still, very few attained the provincial
school admission marks of 380 marks. It is worth mentioning that students from other districts form a
good population in the good provincial schools within the district.
Secondary schools
The secondary schools in the district had a means score of 5.43 (C-) out of a possible 12.
Table 8: Top 3 secondary schools in the Constituency (2012 Results)
School Category Aggregate
Rangala Girls Public 8.367 (B-)
Ambira Public 7.432 (C+)
Rangala Boys Public 7.248 (C+)
Source: Authors
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Table 9: Bottom three secondary schools in the Constituency (2012 Results)
School Category Aggregate
Sidindi Public 4.814 (D+)
Got Osimbo Girls Public 4.659 (D+)
St. Augustine Ogeda Public 2.5 (D-)
Source: Authors
With an average mean of 5.43 (C-), most of the secondary school leavers did not even qualify for
admission into middle colleges, leave alone the universities. And a good number of them did not even
qualify for recruitment into the police force or any other meaningful jobs. This definitely leads into high
rate of unemployment cases.
Workers fixing windows on a classroom sponsored by Ugunja Constituency
Development Fund (CDF) at Ulhoye Primary School in South Ugenya
There has been a decline in academic performance in both primary and secondary schools over the years. Some of
the factors attributed to this include; lack of community ownership; inadequate number of teachers; lack of role
models; low transition rates; drug abuse and the consumption of cheap illicit brews; inadequate infrastructure and
lack of motivation among teachers.
Positively
Easy access: - schools that are along the major roads and near towns perform better. Such schools
are well staffed, with some being overstaffed. For example, the Rangala schools, Ambira and
Uref schools, which performed well are near towns and are easily accessible.
Best performing teachers also end up being posted to such schools. These schools are also
inspected frequently by the education officers.
Cooperative parents and communities have positive impact in learning as they support the
educators with incentives.
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Good and dedicated teachers inspire their students to better performances.
Committed education inspectors ensure the syllabus coverage is adequately done.
Negatively
Interior or far flung schools are used as punishment posts to place lazy and difficult teachers, for
instance Musiko and St. Augustine Ogeda. Such schools are mostly understaffed as many
teachers avoid or protest when posted to them.
Parents‟ apathy: Most parents in the constituency do not take education seriously. They treat
education with indifference, with many parents not bothering to find out how their children are
performing in school. Many parents do not attend school meetings. Instead of using poverty as
motivation to educate their children, they use it as an excuse not to care about education.
Teachers‟ apathy: Many teachers are not serious in expediting their duties. Lessons attendance is
at an average of 40% according to the UN survey of 2011. Most teachers believe that they should
be paid extra money by the community to perform well.
No refresher courses are available to empower the teachers to be abreast with the prevailing
trends in teaching.
Completion of syllabus stands at an average of 60% in primary schools while 70% in secondary
schools.
Politics play a big role in Ugunja education sector. This is seen in staffing of teachers to particular
schools. Politically or otherwise connected teachers who do not perform cannot be reprimanded
by the education officers.
Bursaries, scholarships, motivation of teachers and students, construction of schools and addition of
teachers would go a long way in alleviating these problems. Also frequent testing of students help expose
their weaknesses, thus enabling the teachers and pupils to remedy such, as early as possible.
A community will develop as much as it is educated. It is apparent that the education sector in Ugunja is
wanting. The leadership in the constituency will steer the populace in the right direction as far as
education is concerned. The primary factor to consider is the quality of education. Pertinent to this is the
quality of the teachers. Refresher courses and seminars should be held for teachers to equip them with
better skills to impart knowledge. The provincial administration will be used to sensitize the people about
the importance of education.
Ugunja Constituency will request for funds under the Economic Stimulus Programme for construction of
a model primary and secondary schools. The primary school will require at least three acres, while the
secondary required at least five acres. Proposals will be made to the people of Ugunja and other
institutions to donate land or funds to buy land for construction of these facilities.
The constituency will have an active and vibrant District Education Board (DEB), which will also be
required to prepare their own strategic plan to guide actions. Its mission will be focused on leading,
developing and implementing dynamic education policies and practices, by bringing together all
stakeholders (community, parents, teachers, students, government, investors, and sponsors) to inspire the
achievement of academic excellence in Ugunja Constituency. It will achieve its mission through:
provision of leadership and direction in education; setting of education standards; harmonization of the
private and public education sectors; addressing challenges facing education in the constituency;
monitoring resources provided by the government and the public; providing motivation to the
stakeholders; and encouragement of good performance in education.
4.6 Persons with Disability
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Stigmatization and discrimination has cultivated the negative perception by society towards persons with
disabilities. This may be due the nature and extent of their disability, thus making them vulnerable to
negligence, ignorance, lack of recognition and all other forms of abuse and misuse by able bodied persons
within the society. In essence, the physically able people have benefited a lot, and even taken more than
their fair share of resources at the expense of the persons with disabilities. This has further been fuelled
by the persons with disabilities‟ lack of a common voice of reason and a common avenue through which
this ill treatment could be addressed and countered, and other necessary measures towards achieving
meaningful socio-economic interventions taken.
The Persons with Disabilities (PWDs) Act stipulates the rights and privileges for people with disabilities
as follows:
1) Right to education: The PWDs have a right to special education and special attention while in public
schools. They are also entitled to receive bursaries from the relevant authorities to help in facilitating
education costs.
2) Economic planning: The PWDs being an integral part of the society must be involved in policy
making in matters pertaining to economic planning.
3) Housing: Public buildings and social amenities must be constructed in a manner friendly to the access
of the PWDs. For example the construction of toilets that more often than not favour the normal at the
expense of the PWDs.
4) Transport: Public transport vehicles have to be designed in a way accommodative to the use of the
PWDs
5) Labour: About 30% of all civil servants must be persons with disabilities
6) Freedom of speech: All the persons living disabilities have a right to talk and to converse, as do the
other members of the society
7) Freedom of worship: All the persons with disabilities have a right to choose their religions and the
faith they profess.
8) Right to health and medication: The persons with disabilities have the right to seek health
interventions like other members of the community.
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A national sitting volleyball championship at Ambira High School for Persons with Disability. The
Ugunja Constituency Strategic plan aims at cultivating a positive perception by society towards Persons
with Disabilities
The most serious challenges facing persons with disabilities revolve around: Economic, Health,
Exploitation, Non-inclusion, Education, Human rights abuse, Social stigma and HIV/AIDS. There is thus
a need for the formation of a strong body to arbitrate and advocate for the rightful position of the persons
with disabilities in Ugunja Constituency. There was one such body, the first one ever formed for this
special group of people in Kenya in the original larger Ugenya Constituency. However, there is need for
one in Ugunja Constituency, and its subsequent buttressing to enable it take more responsibilities.
Ugunja Persons with Disabilities Council will be a body that incorporates the interests of all persons with
disability in the constituency. The formation of the council will involve, first the formation of location
councils in all the locations in the constituency with office representation from all the sub-locations. For
ease of governance and administration in this expansive area under its jurisdiction, an executive
committee will be formed from the representatives of location Persons with Disabilities Councils to
spearhead the running of the council. Ugunja Persons with Disabilities Council (UPWDC) will be
exceptional in its structure and composition in that the executive committee and secretariat of the council
will be made up of persons with disabilities with a fair and equitable representation from all the locations
in the constituency.
4.7 Healthcare
Health status indicators for Ugunja are poor, for there are only 13 health facilities serving a total
population of 93,372, of which 10 are government facilities with only one at Sub District Status and 3 are
private health facilities. These health facilities are poorly staffed and ill equipped to effectively cater for
the needs of the people of Ugunja. These facilities both government and private do include Ambira Sub
District Hospital; Sigomere Health Centre; Rang‟ala Health Centre; Simenya Dispensary; Sikalame
Dispensary; Tingare Dispensary; Rambula Dispensary; Matibabu Foundation Kenya Nzoia Clinic; Uluthe
Dispensary and Uzima Clinic; Ligega Health Centre; Uhuyi and Got Osimbo Dispensaries.
The constituency has an established public health department in Ugunja district, which aims at provision
of efficient, high quality health care system that is – accessible, equitable, and affordable to every house
hold. Meanwhile the existing health facilities will be equipped and upgraded. The public health
department will be requested to establish community units, each with a capacity to serve at least 5,000
individuals. In each of these units community health workers will be assigned to train 20 households on
treatment of minor ailments, homecare for patients, referral cases, and use of first aid kits. Among the top
ten causes of illnesses are the upper respiratory tract infections (URTI), eye infections, typhoid, malaria,
wounds and cholera. HIV/ AIDS is equally prevalent, although this is not classified as an ailment, but as a
situation that provides for other opportunistic ailments.
The constituency has a high prevalence rate of HIV/AIDS estimated to be about 15%, in tandem with the
Nyanza province rates and life expectancy at birth is 37 years for men and 43 years for women. The
negative impacts of it are also high such as orphans; opportunistic infections, and deaths are very high. It
is on record that the high mortality rate in Ugunja Constituency is as a result of the increasing deaths from
HIV/ AIDS, which has led to low population growth rate, and the composition of the population shows
that young people make up to 60 per cent of the population (KIBH, 2010/11).
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Immunization levels are estimated at 72%. The constituency has 42.7 per 1000 crude births and the
fertility rate is about 5.7 children per woman. Infant mortality rate is estimated at 135.6 per 1000, while
under five mortality rate stands at 234 per 1000. Also, basic services are not adequately provided, nor
adapted to the population of this constituency, which means that the inhabitants have poorer health and
lower levels of education than majority of the people in other parts of the country. The implications of
the high mortality rate surpassing the population growth rate could be disastrous to the constituency‟s
future development goals (KIBH, 2005/6).
Left, Members of Ugunja Healthcare Pillar, spearheaded by health professionals from the Constituency in one of
their meetings. On the right, the new wards under construction at Ambira Sub-District Hospital. The facility is
earmarked for upgrade to a level 5 referral hospital
Table 10: Health Indicators
Ugunja National
Health Mortality Ratio/1000 live births (KDHS 2009) >488
488
Under five mortality/1000 live births (KDHS 2009) 234 74
Infant mortality/1000 live births (KDHS 2009) 136 53
Fully immunized infants (%) DHIS 2013 72 78
Source: Ugunja Professionals Health Committee – (Doctors’ Survey, 2014)
Health Institutions
Ugunja Constituency had the following number of hospitals per type/ category in 2013:
a) Mission Hospitals- (1)
Rang‟ala Mission Hospital
b) Health Centers:
Public- (4)
Sigomere
Sikalame
Simenya
St. Paul‟s Methodist- Ugunja
Private- (1)
c) Dispensaries- (7)
Nzoia
Got Osimbo
Rambula
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Uluthe
Tingare
d) Private Clinics- (5)
Uzima
Child Family Welfare Clinic
Inuka* (Yet get full registration)
Health Workers in the constituency
a) Doctors- (2)
b) Clinical Officers- (15)
c) Nurses- (36)
The above numbers of health workers are now looked at in comparison with the World Health
Organization (WHO) recommended number of people to be served by each health worker as well as the
Kenya‟s existing ratio for appreciation, and taking corrective measures aimed at improving health
services to the people of Ugunja Constituency. The information will be used in formulating the preventive
measures as opposed to treatment. Ugunja today has (15) Health Facilities in total, five (5) of these are
private and 10 are public, of which Seven (7) are Dispensaries, Two (2) are Health Centers and One (1)
Sub-District Hospital (Ambira). None of the above health facilities meets norms and standards –
Infrastructural, Equipment and Human Resource for health (HRH).
Table 11: Brief Health status: Human Resources for Ugunja Constituency
Cadre Ideal Number Available
Doctors 6 2
Pharmacists 4 1 (shared with Ugenya)
Clinical Officers 36 15
Nurses 90 36
Source: Ugunja Professionals Health Committee – (Doctors’ Survey, 2014)
Details No. of Health
Institutions No. of Doctors
No. of Clinical Officers
No. of Nurses
Population 93,372 93,372 93,372 93,372
Capacity available 15 2 15 36
Ratio for Ugunja Constituency 1:6,225 1:46,686 1:6,225 1:2,594
Current ratio for Kenya 1:4,962 1:5,334 - -
WHO recommended ratio - 1:435 - -
Source: Computed by authors 2013
Summary of requirements
Ideally each health facility should be on a 5 acre land at the minimum. None of these facilities has that
size of land. There should thus, be consultation with relevant communities, to get more land to facilitate
future developments. Five (5) facilities do not have a fence: Sikalame, Uhuyi, Uluthe, Rambula, and
Tingare and six (6) do not have a gate: Sikalame, Uhuyi, Uluthe, Rambula, Tingare, Got Osimbo. Each
facility should have a minimum of two (2) staff houses. Only Ligega Health Center has one house and
therefore seventeen (17) staff houses are needed. None of the facilities has the recommended standard Out
Patient Department (OPD). However, spaces have been converted to provide varying critical services, and
this varies from one facility to another. In the meantime these should be strengthened. Again none of the
facilities has the recommended standard Maternal and Child Health/Family Planning (MCH/FP), this
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needs urgent action to address the high maternal and child indicators. Another serious matter is that no
facility in the constituency has the recommended standard Maternity; this too needs to be addressed.
Each facility should have at least three (3) Clinical Officers, thus a total of 27 would be ideal. The six (6)
who are now available are all on contracts supported by development partners and the county should
absorb them at end of contracts and then recruit the balance, which is 21. Each facility should have at
least three (3) Registered Nurses, thus the ideal total would be 27. Right now 13 are available and
therefore 14 should be recruited. Each facility should have at least three (3) Enrolled Nurses and the
number available now is 11, the balance needed is 16. None of the facilities has running water and there
are frequent power interruptions. The County Government has provided one Ambulance to each Sub-
County, this comes with a driver and maintenance; however, in future each ward should have an
Ambulance.
Table 12: Ugunja Health Facility equity data
Requirements Ideal Available Balance Comments
Water Supply Rain water 9 4 5 This should be given priority. Almost all health facilities have a bore hole close by, and is shared by the community. None has running water and therefore rain catchment should be mandatory
Bore hole 9 8 1
Main line 9 2 7
Waste Disposal Protected Composite pit
9 7 2
Incinerator 9 0 9
Placenta pit 9 3 6
Energy Supply Electricity main 9 6 3 Frequent outages
Solar 9 2 7
Transport Ambulance 9 0 9 County Government is providing an Ambulance for each sub location
Motorcycle 9 3 6
Source: Ugunja Professionals Health Committee – (Doctors’ Survey, 2014)
4.8 Environment
Ugunja Constituency is endowed with vital natural resources and related ecosystems, which are major
environmental resources of great importance. The constituency falls under North Victoria catchments
basin, with the main river being River Nzoia, which traverses the constituency as it drains into Lake
Victoria. There are other numerous streams namely; Rana, Wuoroya, and Gaula, which have great
potential of enhancing access of clean piped water to locals. The water can also be used to increase
agricultural productivity of the area through irrigation to produce vegetables, fruits and other horticultural
crops. Wuoroya and Gaula steams can be harnessed to produce paddy rice in areas like Raombo in North
East Ugenya.
Two Dams namely Lifunga Dam and Mauna Dam, were constructed way back with the aim of producing
clean water sources for use by the local populace. The other intension was to also help in the production
of horticulture, vegetables and even fish farming. To date these dams have not been exploited fully, for
they supply just a few cubic litres of piped water to the local residents and they experience intermittent
breakdowns. The other water resources are water pumps, which are spread across the constituency, most
of which have since broken down, there are also a number of natural springs and unprotected wells that
need to be protected and harnessed in a more hygienic manner. River Nzoia has partially been harnessed
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for a few uses like sand harvesting, washing and bathing as well as small scale fishing, but not much has
been done to harness the water for farming.
Demands on the natural resources and related ecosystem have increased, especially with proportional
increase in population and the need for survival for livelihood. Coupled with low environmental
awareness and inadequate enforcement of environmental regulations, the increased demands have resulted
in the proliferation of unplanned developments, increased pollution of the water sources, increased brick
making and restricted access to the resources, especially for those who depend on these natural resources
for livelihoods support. This has in turn created land use conflicts that threaten the continued integrity of
the ecosystem.
Subsistence farming could be a viable economic activity in the short term, but there is need to find ways
of alleviating the growing population on land and other available resources, as well as increasing the
range of cash sources available to families, many of whom rely on remittances sent from family members
working elsewhere. This sad state of affairs has led to the population encroaching into the protected
regions, which act as the rain catchment for the area. This has resulted in serious climatic change, thus
reduction in rainfall due to deforestation. The other result has been the drying of water points down
stream and reduced food production in the region. Equally the massive moulding of bricks has intensely
degraded the environment because lots of trees have been cut to generate firewood for curing the bricks
and at the same time the process has degraded the soils as brick makers have continually dug the fertile
top soils to mould the bricks. This has led to enormous soil degradation due to erosion of the top soils
hence low agricultural productivity in most parts of Ugunja Constituency.
Planting of indigenous trees and managing soil erosion is, therefore, a key concern for soil conservation.
Planting of eucalyptus trees near water catchment areas is highly discouraged. The District Environment
committee and the town council have been working together to ensure a clean environment. Environment
conservation has been of concern in the constituency in terms of how to keep Ugunja town and shopping
centre free of waste materials. Plans are underway to further sensitize the constituents on how to manage
and keep the environment attractive and clean.
Ugunja Constituency is privileged to have the Sidindi-Malanga Water project, which used to work closely
with the community to manage water supply challenges. This project needs to be revived. The sources of
the current water supply in the constituency include bore holes, streams and springs. Generally: the
constituency lacks sufficient water storage facilities; wetlands have been encroached by farmers; poor
distribution systems and non-functional pumps in the boreholes. Conservation of water catchments areas
is paramount as well as building of dams and directing water into those dams.
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CHAPTER FIVE: SWOT AND PESTEL ANALYSIS
This chapter gives a summary of the internal strengths and weaknesses as well as the external
opportunities and threats. Ugunja Constituency, as shown below has a lot of strengths and opportunities,
although it is facing many weaknesses and threats. The critical thing in achieving the vision of the
constituency is to reduce the weaknesses, mitigate the threats, harness the strengths and exploit the
opportunities at hand.
5.1 SWOT ANALAYSIS
STRENGTHS -Availability of small scale industries within the constituency -Large network of major banks within Ugunja town & availability of credit from these financial institutions -Cosmopolitan town (Ugunja)– attracts people from different backgrounds who come with new ideas and investments. -Existence of cooperative societies. -Availability of many professionals and diverse expertise in different fields of interest including teachers. -Presence of properly trained police service men and women committed to ensure peace & security -Wide road network including the Kisumu/Busia highway -Social groupings & activities still prominent in some villages -Presence of missionary churches, schools & hospitals -Constituency within easy reach of Kisumu (airport) -Capacitated school supervisory structures -Learning zest for those who take a keen interest. -Availability of rich soil profiles & good soil textures -Presence of water catchment areas & existence of high number of natural springs. -Existence of rivers & streams that can be used generally & for fishing. -Availability of varied land topography with hills, valleys & balanced seasons that would nourish both flora and fauna. -Presence of murram & quarry for access to raw materials. -Availability of 12 hour sunrise for solar power, thus potential growth of local industries that can use solar energy -Willingness of people to participate in trade activities -Available of ready labour in the constituency because of high youth population. -Availability of electricity. -Devolved funds targeting the youth. -Existence of cultural sites & rich cultural history -Agri-tourism in some areas
WEAKNESSES -Poor performances in the schools for the last several years -Poor attitudes of parents, children & the community in general, thus hampering progress in education. -High dropout rates from schools & poor management of schools -Inadequate school development funds, thus poor school infrastructure -Passive school management committees -Apathy amongst parents & learners -Lack of tertiary and university-level Institutions. -High rate of unemployment resulting to increase in criminal activities & insecurity -Environmental degradation due to lack of a waste management culture & conservation of natural resources -Individualism leading to lack of collective responsibility/action -Lack of adequate resources for implementation of interventions - Extensive land sub-division, thus lowering the benefits of economies of scale -Land depletion -Inadequate uptake of Appropriate Agricultural Technologies (AATs). -Inadequate land for cultivation. -Inadequate water for farming & domestic uses in some areas as agriculture is rain-fed -Unreliable rainfall -Extreme poverty in some areas -Drug, substances & alcohol abuse among the community - No access to local market for green produce & value added products -Limited presence of health facilities, professional medical & public health personnel -Inadequacy of essential drugs & relevant equipment -Poor management of health facilities -Insufficient ambulance services -Limited presence of CBOs & other groups committed to environmental projects -Limited implementation of the community policing program & lack of adequate personnel to implement policing to every corner in the constituency -Inadequate equipment like vehicles to reach & every end of the constituency -Corruption & public apathy towards security -Continued deterioration of road networks -Poor transport modalities & bad road networks that inhibits movements of goods and services
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-Non availability of water reservoir -Lack of adequate knowledge in environmental management & non-appreciation of environmental degradation -Poor road works by crooked contractors, poor road maintenance culture & road encroachment by farmers -High cost of energy -Lack of infrastructure to tap into solar power -Lack of incentives to businesses to set up energy solutions -Vandalism of power equipment -Lack of a saving culture & retrogressive cultural practices affecting trade -Poor market infrastructure with high fees for licenses -Lack of local investments -Inadequate land for investment in some areas -Low heavy capital investments -Inactive cooperative Societies, which lack of commitment and discipline -Poor knowledge on ICT & limited ICT facilities -High unemployment rates for youth -Lack of equipment & balls, with few resource centres for the youth -Limited recreation facilities for the youth, hence idle & indulge in vices -Youth lack collateral to take up loans from financial institutions -Laziness/idleness among some constituents -Misuse of youths by leaders -Some youth have very limited knowledge on farming -Lack of sustainable development programs & training policy – which affects service delivery to the constituents. -Lack of effective communication channels within the constituency, thus a lot of developments agenda do not reach locals. -Complacency because of ready market has killed initiative & creativity -Mechanized farming is lacking -Destruction of water catchment areas -Pollution of water points -Poor waste disposal methods
OPPORTUNITIES -A favourable climatic, topographical & soil conditions for agricultural purposes as well as other land uses -Ready market for farms produce due to proximity to Kisumu airport -Working Economic Stimulus Programs (ESP) in other constituencies that can be taken advantage of -Cooperation & commitment from agricultural extension offices. -Average access to farm inputs -Availability of devolved funds. -Availability of collaborative partners, licensed medical practitioners & health facilities. -Structures committed to environment conservation. -Presence of unlimited sunshine for solar energy -River Yala & its tributaries like Wuoroya can be tapped for Hydro-electric power. -Presence of microfinance institutions -Existence of banks & various micro finance institutions
THREATS -High prevalence of HIV and AIDS & other life threatening conditions/diseases, with devastating impacts such as increased orphans -Negative influences such as criminal gangs, prostitution & drug abuse in Ugunja town -Cultural decay emanating from the spillover of urban culture -Rural urban Migration that has motivated people to sell their native land to outsiders -Unrests in schools -Substance & drug abuse mainly by the youth -Teachers commitment to demonstrations for pay hikes. -Negative peer pressure -Natural disasters -Impacts of negative climate change & changing weather patterns -Security insensitive to development processes -Fluctuations in pricing agricultural products
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ready to give loans - Economic stability: borrowing from strategic partners at lowered interest rates/risks is a possibility - Political stability -Training course available from credit financing organizations -MDGs & vision 2030’s to guide the implementation of the strategy -Presence of bilateral, multilateral & development partners, plus other stakeholders -Ready investment opportunity for ICT -Kazi Kwa Vijana programs -Line ministries mainstreaming youth issues - Improved infrastructure in general, for example fiber optics penetrating various areas in the country - Enlightened society as catchments area: professional advice/services easily accessible - Strategic position in the county: easily accessible from Kisumu, Busia, Kakamega, Mumias, Sio Port, Bondo, etc
-Terminal & communicable diseases -Explosion & prevalence of endemic & pandemic diseases -Inadequate funds for health facility expansion -Limited number of professional health personnel -Abuse of the Clean Development Mechanism by Investors practicing industrial commerce -The impacts of global warming -Deforestation -Unemployment among youths a time bomb -New techniques employed by criminals -Infiltration of illegal small arms & light weapons -Unqualified road contractors -Increased cost of road construction -Climatic conditions like unreliable rainfall -Prohibitive cost of putting up energy projects -Limited local consumption of clean energy with emphasis on oil & charcoal -Insecurity -High cost of fuel and transport cost -High inflation rates eroding the saving power -Low returns on farm produce -Poor management of activities -Destruction of water catchment areas -Poor farming methods -High cost of electricity -Vandalism of electricity cables/theft of transformers -High equipment cost -Drug & alcohol abuse -Lack of active sports clubs -High crime -Poor repayment of borrowed funds -Youth apathy -High illiteracy rates -Poor external infrastructure/utility: (water, power and roads) -Rent seeking tendencies of some leaders in strategic positions - High cost of living - Ever expanding tax regime
WEAKNESSES STRENGTHS
5.2 PESTEL ANALYSIS
Politics/legal
Constituency being within Kisumu Metropolis is a major strength as it is likely to benefit from
regional development programmes
Hiring of the unemployed persons is an opportunity
Resources and services brought closer to the people is an opportunity
Political interference by local leaders could be a major a threat
Economic
Agribusiness in horticultural crops, livestock practiced within the constituency is a key strength
Increased entrepreneurial activities in Ugunja town and other shopping centres is a strength
Presence of natural resources like water/good soil is another major strength
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Value addition of the produce within the constituency is an opportunity that would increase
employment
Rehabilitation of some natural resources to tourism attraction sites is another good opportunity
High financial requirements for any kind of investment is a threat to potential investors
Poor bargaining skills has to be dealt with
Improved retail market would be an opportunity
Increased rental income from those who have invested in real estate is a great opportunity
Social
Ugunja town being a cosmopolitan community within town centre is a key strength
Human resource management demands is snowballing posing a real threat
Society integration is an opportunity that will leave the society well-knit as the people will be
firmly bound together by close relationships and ties
Loss of indigenous property to newcomers if local people do not take investment opportunities
seriously would be real, and this can be a major threat to local people
Loss of cultural practices because of infiltration by and aping western cultural activities is a real
threat
Technological
Creation of an ICT hub within Ugunja constituency would present a major opportunity to the
youth
Access to online buying and selling locally and worldwide would also be a big opportunity
Low computer literacy in the area poses a genuine threat
High costs of installation of equipment is one issue that has got to be dealt with because of its
ramification given the level of poverty in the area
Negative attitude by the older generation to take up ICT is a threat as they will not hid to
generational change
Ecological
Majorly red soil, good terrain and two rainy seasons in the area are obvious strengths
Increased food security as a result of bumper agricultural produce every season is an indisputable
opportunity
High value of land for agriculture or construction is an obvious opportunity to those willing to
invest in agriculture or real estate
Impassable weather roads is one of the most disturbing things in the constituency
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Table 13: Stakeholders Analysis
Stakeholder
Functional Relationships
Role of Stakeholder Expectations of Stakeholders
Constituents Owners of the
constituency
1. Harmonious and fruitful co-existence
1. Good service & support. 2. Economic stability
Leaders Elected by the
constituents to lead
1. Identifying areas of need 2. Help finance operations 3. Give policy direction 4. Quality & timely
implementation
1. Efficient implementation of policies 2. Quality leadership & service all
the time
Relevant public & private institutions
1. Existence within the legal framework
2. Payment of rates taxes
1. Provide security & enabling environment for economic growth.
1. Ethical practice
2. Prompt payment of taxes & rates
3. Promote sports.
4. Operate within the laws of the land.
National Government
1. External customers & neighbours
2. Equitable distribution of the national resources.
1. Proper use of the allocated resources. 2. Improved livelihood of the people.
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CHAPTER SIX: SECTOR ISSUES, OBJECTIVES AND STRATEGIES
This chapter gives a summary of the issues at hand in the constituency sector by sector. It further
highlights the objectives and the strategies to implement in mitigating the challenges within the next five
years. Some of the challenges cut across different sectors while others have a spiral effect on others.
6.0 Priority sectors
6.1 Youth Agenda
Considering the caseload of the youth problems to be handled, the interventions of other stakeholders as
well as the appreciation that CDF cannot do everything is of the essence. The following section elaborates
the specific program and other focus areas chosen and the basis of the same.The choices include:
1. Youth in leadership and Governance: This program area shall focus on peace, youth civic
education and engagement, as well as nurturing good/focused leadership. The program although
focusing on the entire community shall center on the youth, women and (local) leaders including
elders, religious and political leaders.
2. Quality healthcare and Environmental Protection: This program shall address issues related to
quality healthcare; environmental conservation and protection; HIV/AIDs scourge; child motility;
lack of health information among the youth; drug and substance abuse among the youth. This will be
implemented through county youth bunges.
3. Livelihood Enhancement: The program focus area shall address issues related to youth
unemployment and poverty; lack of business and technical skills; poor health care services and other
social amenities, HIV/AIDs scourge; insecurity; poor infrastructure; lack of safe water and sanitation
and lack of information among the youth; The program will focus on vulnerable youth through county
youth bunges. The Forum plans to support the youth socio-economically to reduce poverty index in
the region.
4. Partnership and Organizational Development: KCYDF appreciates the need to continue with its
own internal capacity development processes in order to effectively realize its mandates. This focus
area will address internal capacity development.
Overall Strategies
1. Policy lobbying and advocacy
2. Social media engagement for mobilization and activism for social change
3. Work with key stakeholders in resolving conflicts and enforce relevant laws and regulation
4. Cooperation/collaboration with the local administration and other stakeholders.
5. Use local structures e.g. elders, religious leaders etc in conflict resolution and management
6. Use sports as an avenue for enabling community cohesion/trust building
7. Facilitate/promote interaction between youths and key community leaders
8. Facilitate identification and resolution of grievances which trigger inter-communal conflict, such as
political representation, access to resources etc
9. Embracing modern technology to reduce poverty and vulnerability amongst youth in Ugunja
Constituency while promoting peace
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10. Promoting networks and collaborations with relevant development partners in areas like
environmental clean ups, community policing, peace building and HIV awareness creation.
Key Challenges
High level of unemployment and youth idleness, especially in the shopping centres
Lack of recreation facilities within the constituency
Drug and substance abuse among the youth
Objective 1:
To empower the youth socially, politically and economically
Interventions/Strategies
Work closely with Orange Youth Democrats, Ugunja Chapter, to drive the youth agenda in the
constituency.
Provide the youth with a strong voice in decisions that affects them, the opportunity to pursue
their dreams and a chance to join a new generation of leadership to shape the future of Ugunja.
Initiate a Constituency Youth Endowment Fund (CYEF) to disburse soft loans and grants to the
youth for Income Generating Activities (IGAs) and facilitate the formation of youth Investment
Clubs as vehicles of resource mobilization and easy access to the funds from the CYEF.
Promote the establishments of relevant agro-based light industries to realize value-addition on
farm produce and create employment opportunities for the youth
Establish a constituency talent and Cultural Centre for the identification and nurturing of youth
talent in areas such as ball games, athletics, martial arts, drama and music, as well as to create
cultural awareness and promote social cohesion.
Organize periodic investment workshops for the youth in order to instill financial discipline and
inculcate entrepreneurship spirit.
Advocate for the allocation of at least 20% of all government contracts in the constituency to the
youth and youth groups.
Advocate for the establishment of a well-equipped middle-level Technical Training Institute in
the constituency to absorb school leavers and enable them acquire essential skills for sustainable
livelihood. These can be youth empowerment or vocational centres with adequate staff centres
complete with libraries, ICT and gym.
Plan to establish and equip an industrial park so that trained youth can be financially empowered
by various funds
Objective 2:
To minimize the social factors that affect the youth such as drug and alcohol abuse
Interventions/Strategies
Plan to set up a rehabilitation and counseling centre that is affordable
Development of guidelines on alcohol consumption and their implementation
Plan to build a sporting stadium and have a yearly calendar of various sporting activities to
engage the youth
Initiate and support youth peer clubs to tackle socio-economic issues related to reproductive
health, HIV/Aids, education, life sustaining skills and Income Generating Activities
Encourage the youths within the constituency to start various common and atypical income
generating activities like poultry – eggs and chicken; Cow – beef and milk; pig products – pork;
bee keeping – honey; Vegetables, and Jua Kali – cottage industries
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6.2 Agriculture
Key Challenges
Lack of high level skills for production among the farmers
Limited access to markets
Little benefits of synergy among farmers
Objective 1:
To empower the farmers with high level skills for production of products
Interventions/Strategies
Train farmers on various methods of farming
Plan to introduce and train farmers on greenhouse farming
Introduce farms to rearing less demanding high value animals such as rabbits, ducks, turkey, fish
etc
Promote diversification in farming by encouraging and supporting viable options such as
horticulture, dairy farming, bee-keeping and mushroom farming to enhance food security and
boost household income.
Minimize the dependency of rain-fed agriculture in the constituency by advocating for the
sustainable use of the existing water sources such as Rivers Nzoia and Wuoroya for irrigation in
greater Magoya, Madungu, Mungao, Rangala, Ngunya, Lower Ambira, Asere, Ginga, Ligega
areas among others.
Objective 2:
To create marketing agents such as Saccos to facilitate creation of demand for farm produce
Interventions/Strategies
Link the farmer to the market
Plan to building of cold rooms and grain silos for storage in the constituency
Create industries for processing local produce
Objective 3:
To find strengths in each target area of Ugunja constituency and build on them
Interventions/Strategies
Establishment of farmers Sacco‟s where they don‟t exist and expand existing ones to facilitate
marketing and encourage savings
Fast-track the issuance of land title deeds to the people in order to guarantee security of
ownership and facilitate access to credit facilities.
Proactively address, in collaboration with relevant partners the twin issues that affect agricultural
productivity in Ugunja, namely farm inputs accessibility and affordability.
Encourage private sector players to invest in agricultural extension services to augment
government efforts so as to accelerate new technology adoption.
Mobilize the people to keep pace with changing times and embrace new technology in farming in
order to ensure profitability and promote advancement in agricultural-based development.
Identify the strength in each area and seek ways of building it further
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Table 14: Summary of Challenges and Suggested Copping Strategies
Constraints Interventions
1. Inadequate sourcing for certified hybrids seeds
- Encourage stockists to stock certified seeds - Demonstration on the use of certified seed. - Enhance extension, research and seed companies’ linkage.
2. Limited use of base and top dressing fertilizers
- Demonstration and training of farmers on use of fertilizer on high value crops.
- Promote group purchasing of fertilizer from distributors in order to reduce costs.
3. Poor agronomic practices - Demonstration - Trainings - Field days and shows - Exchange visits
4. High cost of inputs especially pesticides and fungicides
- Bulk buying - Encourage group purchasing of inputs - Encourage micro-finance institutions to introduce loaning facilities for
purchase of farm inputs - Link farmers with micro-finance institutions
5. Inadequate pre and post-harvest handling skills of produce
- Trainings - Demonstration on post harvesting and storage - Encourage building of storage facilities at farm level
6. Lack of organized marketing groups at the farm level
- Training on group formation - Formation of marketing associations/groups. - Encourage linkages with ministry of Cooperative, Social Service and buyers - Contracted farming
7. Inadequate market information dissemination
- Link farmers with market information sources - Training farmers on market information sourcing - Strengthen agricultural information desks at Locations - Establishment of community information resource centers
8. Impassable feeder roads - Maintenance of local feeder roads by the community and relevant stakeholders.
- Discourage road encroachment - Encourage proper road run off harvest
9. Seasonal over supply of produce - Encourage agro-processing to improve on storage - Encourage off-season production through irrigation - Introduction of cereal banking
10. Lack of incentives that promote production for export
- Introduce contracted farming of exportable commodities. - Facilitate farmers access to credit for high value enterprises such as fruits,
Greenhouse farming and value addition - Training on good agricultural practices
11. Irregular rainfall patterns - Promoting micro irrigations - Construction of water pans
12. Selling produce immediately after harvesting
- Promoting value addition technologies
6.3 Women Empowerment
Key Challenges/Issues
Lack of adequate resources to sustain livelihoods
A large number of orphaned children under the care of elderly grandmothers
Neglect of the girl child and senior women in the community
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Objective:
To propel the women to the next level of development socially and economically, and to empower them
so as not to remain vulnerable groups in the community
Interventions/Strategies
Work closely with Orange Women Democrats, Ugunja Chapter in identifying and prioritizing
issues affecting women in the constituency.
Support the establishment of Women Village Savings and Loan Associations (WVSLAs) at the
sub location level to promote income generating activities and apportion some of the constituency
revenue allocation for grants to the WVSLAs.
Mobilize women to form producer/income generating activities groups in the constituency and
facilitate their training on basic business and financial management skills.
Initiate a robust program in the constituency to advocate for, and create awareness on the rights of
the girl-child and promote access to formal education at all levels.
Advocate for the establishment of a girl‟s secondary school in each location in the constituency.
Introduce special incentives to minimize school drop-out rates among girls (currently estimated at
25%) and facilitate the re-admission of girls who may have dropped out due to early pregnancies
among other reasons.
Prioritize widows and old women in initiatives that seek to expand electricity and water supply.
Identify and develop tourist attraction sites where women would sell their wares once tourists
start trickling into these attractions.
Women especially young ones can enhance leadership‟s though a number of tips including:
joining professional association or community organization to find a role model; enlisting of
mentors; and soliciting feedback on leadership techniques.
Women will also be encouraged to take charge of their own image by showcasing any activities
with leadership role in thoughtful ways such as leading presentations at meetings.
Campaign to sensitize women on: Immunization awareness; women‟s equality; women‟s health;
health insurance; and affordable care.
Creating forums and platforms to address women issues, through opening support and
counseling, encouraging talking to healthcare providers especially if a woman or girl child has
been hurt.
Increasing awareness among policy makers, opinion leaders and the public on how policy
affects women's economic security.
Creating, strengthening and protecting policies and practices that support the ability of women
and their children to achieve economic security.
Demonstrating the value of women‟s funds in effort to reduce poverty.
6.4 Infrastructure
Key Challenges
High number of impassable and unmaintained all weather roads and encroached roads by the
public
Low penetration of rural electrification
Low ICT awareness
Objective 1:
To upgrade and rehabilitate all existing dilapidated roads
Interventions/Strategies
Upgrade and repair damaged roads including; Kisumu-Busia road, as well as murram roads like
Ukwala-Butere, Sidindi-Sigomere am,ong others.
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Advocate for the tarmacking of the Ungas-Ukwala and Mudhiero-Sidindi roads to facilitate
transportation and expand business opportunities for the people.
Procure an earth-mover to be on stand-by for regular grading of all feeder roads within the
Constituency.
Implement Kazi Kwa Vijana (KKV) government initiative by hiring the youths in maintenance of
roads
Push for the upgrade and repair of all the roads that fall under the Kenya National Highway
Authority (KeNHA).
Push for the upgrading of Ugunja town to a metropolis, and then involve the local community to
lobby through the Principal Secretary of Ministry of Infrastructure for funding.
Facilitate the construction and/or rehabilitation of modern bridges like the one linking Rangala
and Got Osimbo among others, and culvert placements across all streams within the constituency
to address transport challenges during rainy seasons.
Shift from murram to soil stabilized chip seal road - pilot projects can be done on Sidindi-
Sigomere, Got Osimbo-Rangala roads.
Widen encroached roads within the constituency
Objective 2:
To facilitate implementation of rural electrification and other infrastructure
Interventions/Strategies
Fast-track Rural Electrification Programme to cover at least 70% of the villages by
operationalizing “Stima e Dala” concept (Mobilizing local professionals to light their mothers‟
and grandmothers‟ homes).
Advocate for the expansion of police installations and promote community policing as well as
optimal deployment of security personnel in the Constituency. In particular, establish a fully-
fledged Police Posts at Sidindi and Rangala Wards to add onto the existing Sigomere and Ugunja
Police Stations. Additionally, establish Police Posts in the major trading centres.
Expand clean water infrastructure to ensure at least 60% access in the villages through
rehabilitation and increase in capacity of the established water supply channels in Sigomere,
Sidindi and Ambira as well as modernization of the local water springs and wells by introducing
treatment and pumping elements. Extend the water supply channels to cover Ligega and
surrounding areas.
Sink boreholes in designated areas starting with Ambira, then Rangala, Sidindi and other areas
where water supply is a problem.
Objective 3:
To enhance the use of ICT in the constituency
Interventions/Strategies
Partner with corporate institutions to establish Constituency ICT Centers in order to facilitate free
information exchange for purposes of marketing agricultural produce, education, job placements
and other advertisements.
Expansion of telecommunication services to all areas of the constituency
Enhance computer literacy among the population, especially youth
Encourage use of ICT in public and private offices
Establish a satellite Telecenter in each of the 3 wards of Ugunja Constituency
Disseminate Civic Education on the importance of Computer Literacy in the entire Constituency.
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6.5 Education
Key Challenges
Poor academic performance
Negative attitudes (by some teachers, parents & children)
Low enrolment in public schools and low transition from primary to secondary schools
Poor syllabus coverage – syllabus not completed within the year, therefore students ill prepared
for national examinations
Lack of adequate lesson preparation by teachers – resulting in poorly prepared students
Social Issues Affecting Education
Poverty tops since most parents are peasants and this may cause irregular class attendance
Rampant alcohol and drug abuse, especially among the boy child, thus plummeting his transition
to the next level of learning
HIV /AIDS and other health related issues affecting teachers and students attendance
Lack of role models for the children since those who do well rarely interact with the students
back in the villages
Proximity to the Ugunja town leading to moral degradation
Objective 1:
Increase transition rates from primary to secondary schools by 15% in 3years (5% per year) in both
private & public schools
Interventions/Strategies
Each school to have an early childhood development (ECD) center
Expand existing secondary school streams from one to at least two
Each location to have at least one boys & girls boarding school
Establish two mixed Primary boarding schools, which will be centres of excellence.
Objective 2:
Increase the mean grade to C+ and above in secondary schools by 20% every year in the next three years
and improve Primary Schools‟ mean score by 15% annually:
Interventions/Strategies
Every end of term to have a prize giving day on closing days in boarding schools and parents to
attend at least twice in a year
Have a book harvesting day for capacity building
Support head teachers though capacity build in leadership to motivate them
Develop a standardized award system for all stakeholders
Objective 3:
Increase the ability to read by: 100% at Standard 5 in year 1; 100% at standard 4 – year2; 100% at
standard 3 – by year 3
Interventions/Strategies
Establish a fully-fledged Community Library in the constituency
Provide guidelines for a well-stocked library
Engage the stakeholders in a process of stocking libraries
Mobilize the community to donate reading materials to schools
Set up spelling-bees/reading competitions – encourage a reading culture
Establish reading clubs in every school
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Encourage use of English & Kiswahili as the official language
Objective 4:
Complete Syllabus for every class by the end of the second term every year
Interventions/Strategies
Capacity building of the District Education office so as to effectively monitor and supervise
operations
Field monitoring by officers to all public school
Objective 5:
Set and administer standardized exams (one every term) from standard 5 and above
Interventions/Strategies
Develop guidelines and mobilize resources for setting and implementing standardized exams
Administration of standardized exams to standard five and above
District Education Office to set a programme for Monitoring & Evaluation.
General Interventions/Strategies
Lobby for a minimum of 10% of the constituency revenue allocation to be dedicated for the
expansion of education infrastructure at all basic levels in the Constituency to boost school
enrolment rates and foster conducive learning environment
Support the establishment of ICT Infrastructure in a least 2 schools per sub location per year
Initiate an education fund to provide scholarships and bursaries to bright, but needy students
Initiative and support an annual Constituency Education Day (CED) as a platform for self-
appraisal and celebration of successes in order to promote academic excellence
Advocate for the rights of all teachers and actively support locally and nationally all initiatives
aimed at improving their welfare and preserving their dignity in the discharge of their noble
responsibilities.
Advocate for the establishment of a Community Resource Centre (CRC) in every location,
complete with ICT infrastructure in order to enhance literacy levels and facilitate information
exchange
Promote Functional adult literacy by establishing Community Learning Resource Centres
(CLRC)
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6.6 Persons with Disability
Key Challenges/Issues
Many handicapped persons are neglected in the community
Lack of adequate resources to sustain their livelihoods
Objective:
1. To empower the vulnerable groups in the community including, the handicapped and elderly
persons to enable them to also participate in propelling the constituency to the next level of
development, that is socially and economically.
Interventions/Strategies
Carry out a survey of people with disability, the orphaned children and the elderly
Advocate for the establishment of a well-equipped special school for persons with disabilities in
the constituency.
Establish a special fund to cater for subsidized training and empowerment of persons with
disabilities in various arts and crafts.
Provide special consideration to people with various disabilities who have excelled in academics
in accessing scholarships and/or bursaries.
Advocate for the establishment of Community Based Rehabilitation (CBR) Programme for
people with various disabilities, orphans, the elderly, widows and people living with HIV/AIDS.
Facilitate the enrolment of all the elderly into the government Social Fund Programme for the
Elderly.
6.7 Healthcare
Key Challenges/Issues
Very few health facilities, thus limiting accessibility
Lack of affordable inpatient healthcare
Lack of adequate facilities of the existing health centres
Objective 1:
To ensure that everyone is 20 minutes or less from a health facility to enable people to access health care.
Interventions/Strategies
Carry out a situation analysis on population density and health facility available so as to
rationalize the health facility with catchment area.
Propose the construction of a fully-fledged district hospital (Level 5) in Ugunja.
Increase the coverage of National Hospital Insurance Fund (NHIF) through awareness and
outreach registration role out program.
Objective 2:
To upgrade and improve existing health facilities
Interventions/Strategies
Advocate for the elevation of Ambira Sub-district Hospital to a fully-fledged District Hospital
(Level 5) and equip it with modern X-Ray, ultra-sound, CT Scan and MRI facilities
Advocate for the upgrading of Sigomere, Rambula and Simenya Health Centres to Sub-district
Hospital category (Level 4) with commensurate capacity and equipment.
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Facilitate the deployment of qualified medical personnel to the existing health facilities in the
constituency to minimize child mortality rates as well as offer broad-based preventive and
curative healthcare services to the wider community.
Advocate for the allocation of an ambulance to each primary healthcare facility in the
constituency to facilitate referral of complicated medical cases and save lives.
Establish partnerships with churches and other not for profit organizations to supplement the
provision of affordable healthcare at the village level.
6.8 Environment
Key Challenges/Issues
Cutting down of trees without replacing them
Cultivation on water catchment areas
Careless disposal of solid waste
Objectives: 1
To preserve and improve the natural environment
Interventions/Strategies
Raise awareness and understanding in the constituency on the link between environment and
development, and promote individual and community participation in environmental
conservation.
Encourage tree planting and conservation of native tree species, particularly along water bodies
and rainfall catchment areas.
Conserve and enhance natural and man-made heritage of Ugunja Constituency, including the
biological diversity of unique ecosystems.
Improve conditions and productivity of degraded areas, including the quality and supply of fresh
water, and promote local and international cooperation in the management of the ecosystem.
Promote efforts to meet the minimum 10% land use under forest vegetation cover around Ugunja.
Guide the mitigation of negative impacts of human activities on the environment and promote its
rehabilitation.
Facilitate the reduction of environmental pollutants, re-use and re-cycling of products to
minimize amounts that end up in the surroundings.
Organize annual Constituency Environmental Awareness Campaign (CEAC) events.
Develop a comprehensive environment policy against dumping and littering.
Sensitize community on environment conservation.
To start tree planting activity for the youths for the rehabilitation of the catchment areas that has
been destroyed.
To start a water harvesting programme to reduce siltation, pollution and reduce nutrients levels
deposited in the rivers and water points.
Initiate land rehabilitation programmes where there are brick making and sand harvesting.
Strengthen soil and water conversation initiative.
To mobilize partnership and resources for the establishment of a waste management programme,
proper planning and drainage systems for the urban centres in the constituency.
Initiate energy saving technologies especially for cooking – such as biogas from dairy animals.
Establish solid waste recycling plant
To have litter bins in strategic places in the various shopping centres within the constituency.
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CHAPTER SEVEN: IMPLEMENTATION MATRIX
Appropriate Implementation of strategies will be crucial if the vision of Ugunja Constituency being a
model constituency has to be achieved. The achievement of the vision will involve proper coordination
and utilization of resources in terms of labour, time and finances. The objectives, the action plans and the
expected outputs of the strategies to be implemented will be made clear to all those involved in the
implementation. The eight pillars that will be the focus of attention are listed below.
7.1 Youth Agenda
7.2 Agriculture
7.3 Women Empowerment
7.4 Infrastructure
7.5 Education
7.6 Persons with Disability
7.7 Healthcare
7.8 Environment
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Table 15: Sector Based Implementation Matrix
Sectors Objectives &
Activities
Expected
Results/output
Time
Frame
Budget
(Ksh)
Responsible
Persons/Bodies
7.1 Youth
Agenda
To reduce cases of youth un- employment in the constituency To reduce cases of misuse of youths by leaders
More productivity & reduction in crime rates among the youth Reduced idleness & dependency Reduction in drug & alcohol abuse
4 years 30,000,000
GoK LINE MINISTRIES LATF CSOs CDF OTHER DEVOLVED FUNDS PARTNERS
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Sectors Objectives &
Activities
Expected
Results/output
Time
Frame
Budget
(Ksh)
Responsible
Persons/Bodies
7.2 Agriculture To achieve optimal food security in Ugunja Constituency Improve farming for higher yields Enhance Livestock production Scale up Fish farming Farmers should dedicate at least 50% of available arable land to food production Modernize farming methods Promotion of horticultural farming Establish demonstration farms in the constituency coupled with extension services Introduce dairy farming Construct a fresh produce market in the constituency Tackle declining soil fertility through use of organic fertilizer Encourage farmers to take up credit facilities Establish indigenous poultry incubators Capacity building for livestock farmers Rehabilitation & construction of cattle dips
Ensure food security Improve nutrition & reduce malnutrition in the constituency Create employment opportunities for farmers, especially youth Reduced poverty levels through increased disposable income Increased output per acre of land Sustained land fertility leading to sustained increased yields Easier access to farm inputs at market prices. Increased income from farming
4 years 75,000,000
MOA CDF DEVELOPMENT PARTNERS COMMUNITY LOCAL AUTHORITIES FINANCIAL INSTITUTIONS
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Sectors Objectives &
Activities
Expected
Results/output
Time
Frame
Budget
(Ksh)
Responsible
Persons/Bodies
7.3 Women
Empowerment
To hasten women integration in the constituency development initiatives To reduce cases of women marginalization Empower women economically, socially & politically
Reduce unemployment among women
4 years 20,000,000
CDF DEVELOPMENT PARTNERS COMMUNITY LOCAL AUTHORITIES FINANCIAL INSTITUTIONS
7.4
Infrastructure
To increase road & electricity access in the constituency To open up remote areas to business & commerce To construct bridges to link up remote areas & ease transport & communication Grading& gravelling of all constituency roads Regular maintenance of existing road networks to make them motorable Construction of bridges Coordinating all road funds at the constituency level for better results & open up of new roads to ease transportation
Improved road network for ease of transportation Improve security in the rural areas Connection to the national grid in terms of electricity Improved on ICT connectivity
4 years 500,000,000
KNHA MOI RMLF LATF COUNTY AUTHORITY CDF COMMUNITY PRIVATE SECTOR
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Sectors Objectives &
Activities
Expected
Results/output
Time
Frame
Budget
(Ksh)
Responsible
Persons/Bodies
7.5 Education To improve the education infrastructure in the constituency To restructure the bursary scheme to benefit as many needy students as possible To motivate better performing schools. To increase the enrolment & retention levels in schools Promote ICT in schools To have a pool of resourceful men & women to serve the community
Reduced distance it takes for students to reach schools Improved performance of students Reduced drop out cases among students due to lack of fees Empowered youths Improved computer literacy in the constituency & uptake of ICT Efficiency in utilization of Resources
4 years 300,000,000
MOE CDF FINANCIALINSTITUTIONS COMMUNTY LOCAL LEADERS DONORS OTHER DEVELOPMENT PARTNERS FPE/FSE LATF
7.6 Persons
with Disability
To improve PWD
rights to education
To enhance social
amenities
To push for at
least 30%
employment as
civil servants
To ensure PWD
have freedom of
speech
To improve health
and medical
facilities to benefit
PWD
Enhanced
public schools
to take care of
PWD
Construction of
buildings to
take care of
rights of PWD
PWD doing
business like
any other
persons
4 years 20,000,000
GoK LINE MINISTRIES LATF CSOs CDF OTHER DEVOLVED FUNDS
DEVELOPMENT
PARTNERS
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Sectors Objectives &
Activities
Expected
Results/output
Time
Frame
Budget
(Ksh)
Responsible
Persons/Bodies
7.7 Healthcare To improve on existing health care facilities in the area To push for the provision medical personnel to health facilities To provide essential drugs & equipment to health facilities To reduce the HIV/AIDS incidences in the constituency
A healthy & productive population Reduced infant & mother mortality rates Have a 24 hour response to emergencies in the constituency Reduced the HIV/AIDS prevalence in the constituency Reduced cases of malaria in the district Create employment opportunities in the constituency
4 years 280,000,000
MOH CDF LATF LOCAL LEADERS NGOs DONORS FBO COMMUNITY PRIVATE INVESTOR DEVELOPMENT PARTNERS
7.8
Environment
To strengthen the conservation of natural resources
To reverse the environmental & reduce degradation
To ensure proper waste management & disposal
Increased in forest cover A clean& green environment
Reduced water
borne diseases
Trees planted to act as windbreakers
4 years 90,000,000
MOE NEMA CDF COMMUNITY LATF LOCAL LEADERS DONORS PRIVATE SECTOR
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Table 16: Risk Management Matrix
Sector/ Strategic Objectives
Risk/Assumptions Level of Risk Mitigation Factors
Youth Agenda
Objective: To empower the youth socially, politically and economically
Unemployment
Political stability
Availability of resources
Cooperation from youth
Involvement with drugs
Medium Good will
Core and complementary activities need to be compatible.
Planning
Watch list
Agriculture
Objective: To empower the farmers with high level skills for production of products
Unpredictable rainfall
Political stability
Availability of resources
Stakeholder participation
Medium Structural mechanisms to deal with major new initiatives
M&E Planning Trigger mechanisms
Women Empowerment
Objective: To empower them so as not to remain vulnerable groups in the community
Political stability
Availability of resources
Local politics
Low Programmatic efforts
Analyzing and planning
Constant reviews
Infrastructure
Objective1: To upgrade and rehabilitate all existing dilapidated roads Objective 2: To facilitate implementation of rural electrification and other infrastructure
Political stability
Availability of resources
Procurement delays
Local politics
Low Keep people informed of delays
Communication Link performance to contract Intensify oversight Planning Continuous reviews
Education
Objective 1: Increase transition rates from primary to secondary schools Objective 2: Increase the mean grade to C+ and above in secondary schools
Transfer of teachers
Untimely deaths
Teacher strikes
Political stability
Availability of resources
Medium Push for specialized teacher training
M&E Analyzing and planning Perpetual reviews
Persons with Disability Objective: To empower the vulnerable groups in the community.
Political stability
Availability of resources
Low Analyzing and planning
M&E
Continual reviews
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Healthcare
Objective 1: To ensure that everyone is 20 minutes or less from a health facility to enable people to access health care Objective 2: To upgrade and improve existing health facilities
Adequate funding
Political stability
Availability of resources
Local politics
High Enhance institutional capacity building
Have trigger tools Persistent reviews M&E
Environment Objectives: 1
To preserve & improve the natural environment
Climate change
Soil erosion
Political stability
Availability of resources
Environment degradation
Local politics
Low Coordinated activities
Install trigger gears
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CHAPTER EIGHT: CO-ORDINATION OF IMPLEMENTATION, MONITORING
AND EVALUATION
8.1 Coordination of Implementation
The implementation of the strategies outlined in this strategic plan will be executed by various
stakeholder groups within the constituency, some of which include; Constituency Development Fund
Committee (CDFC), constituency office in Ugunja and Nairobi; District Administration; Government
departments; Town council; Development committees; Community; Churches; Schools; Investors; and
Ugunja Professionals. A lot of communication within the stakeholder groups will be required to avoid
duplication of efforts and resources. Coordination of implementation will be carried out by various
committees namely the District Development Committee (DDC), the Constituency Development Fund
Committee (CDFC) and the sector committee. The committees will be composed of representatives from
the various stakeholder groups to ensure smooth flow of communication. The committees will be
responsible for breaking down the objectives and strategies into sub-objectives and activities that are
actionable. There shall also be a monitoring and evaluation subcommittee.
The Constituency Development Fund Committee and the District Development Committee will be the
overall coordinators of development projects in the constituency under the leadership of the Ugunja
Member of Parliament (Hon. J. Opiyo Wandayi). They will work hand in hand in sourcing for funds
from funding agencies such as the Government of Kenya (GoK), Constituency Development Fund (CDF)
and other development partners including the private sector. They will also oversee the application of the
funds in the respective projects in the Constituency.
8.2 Monitoring and Evaluation
The DDC and the CDC shall each have a monitoring and evaluation subcommittee reporting to them after
which they shall both meet and synchronize the reported information and agree on the course of action.
Each sector committee shall have a monitoring and evaluation sub-committee that shall report to the
subcommittee in the DDC. Monitoring and evaluation will be done on a quarterly basis by the monitoring
and evaluation committees and representatives. Dates for the submission of the progress report and the
completion of projects deadline shall be fixed. Regular meetings and field assessment at development
sites will be carried out to ensure successful implementation.
The Proposed Ugunja Constituency Monitoring and Evaluation Team
The relevant Ministries situated at the District level will consolidate all Monitoring and Evaluation
activities stating roles and respective actors‟ activities to check duplication.
1. The Patron-Member of Parliament
2. The Chairperson- Deputy County Commissioner
3. The Principal Secretary-District Development Officer
4. The Deputy Principal Secretary-CDF Manager
5. CDF Chairperson
6. Ward Representatives
7. Town Clerk
8. Women Leader
9. NGO/CBOs/CSO Representatives
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10. Persons with Disability Representative
The progress reports by the various monitoring teams where applicable shall contain the following:
Project name/title and Geographical location
Objectives and expected benefits
The person/persons/company/s in charge at the site
The resources applied to date – money, human resource, materials
Verifiable indicators to date/output % of work done and work remaining
Expected date of completion
Challenges encountered/ how mitigated
Remarks
8.3 Communication
Communication will be paramount prior, during and after the implementation period. The Constituency
Communication Centre (CCC) at the constituency office and the Constituency office in Nairobi will be in
charge of relaying information to the constituents. The affected communities will be informed of the
intention to commence a certain project and how it will benefit them. They will also be informed of what
is expected of them during the implementation period. During implementation, wherever possible needed
resources will be sourced from the community first. After completion of the project the community will
be informed of its completion and how they will use the products/services to improve their lives.
Key channels of communication will mainly be the constituency website, Face book, a newsletter that
will be distributed across the villages and face to face meetings. Other people will be reached through
other means like brochures, leaflets, posters and banners. Billboards will also be raised in strategic places
within the constituency if need be. The existing notice boards in all government establishments within the
constituency shall also be utilized to relay the information. The constituents will be expected to channel
their complaints and compliments to CDF committee or their chiefs and sub-chiefs who shall then
forward them to the constituency office. Others will send through the constituency email or through visits
to the constituency office.
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Implementation of this strategic plan will require multi-stakeholder collaboration approach as seen in this photo
in which Hon. J. Opiyo Wandayi, Ugunja MP (Centre), chatting with Lotiatia Kipkech, Ugunja Deputy County
Commissioner, (far left) and Ugunja ODM Party Chairman, Otieno Awange (right) as they lead residents of
Sigomere to discuss security matters in the area
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REFERENCES
1. Government of Kenya (GoK), Siaya County Facts and Details, 2012.
2. Government of Kenya (GoK), Vision 2030 and MTP (2008-2012), 2012.
3. Kenya Demographic and Health Survey: KDHS, 2008-09.
4. Kenya District Primary Education Profile, 2007.
5. Kenya Integrated Household Budget Survey (KIHBS), 2005/06.
6. Kenya Integrated Household Budget Survey (KIHBS), 2010/11.
7. Siaya District Development Plan, 2008.
8. Ugunja Constituency Blue Print, 2012…………. (Unpublished).
9. Ugunja Constituency Health Survey, 2014…………. (Unpublished).
10. United Nations Development Programme (UNDP): The 2015 Millennium Development Goals
(MDGs), 2000.
11. IEBC Boundaries Report Volume 3, 2012.
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