systems approach to computing dependability in and out of
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Hirokazu IharaHiro Systems Laboratory ihara@coral.ocn.ne.jp
Motohisa Funabashi Systems Development Laboratory, Hitachi, Ltd. funa@sdl.hitachi.co.jp
Systems Approach to Computing Dependability
In and Out of HitachiConcept, Applications and Perspective
IFIP-WCC2004 Topic 3 In honor of Emeritus Professor Algirdas Avizienis
Sculpture by Ryoji Goto
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(a) Reliability is prior to its performance and cost.(b) Environment conditions are very rigorous (ambient temperature, humidity, vibration, dust,
etc.)(c)Event-driven or data-driven processing from the
machines(d) Time-critical(e) The turnkey or the solution business(f) Periodically to adapt their functions by changing
demands
Inherent Property of Control ComputingCompared to Enterprise Computing
Two Business groups for Enterprise and ControlComputing has been operated in Hitachi Ltd.
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Evolution of Computing Systems
ShutdownShutdown
Partial CutoffPartial Cutoff
Autonomous ReconfigurationAutonomous Reconfiguration
Function-sharingFunction-sharingStrict InterfaceStrict Interface
ExpandabilityExpandability& Versatility& Versatilityfor Manufacturerfor Manufacturer
DistributionDistribution1970s
1980s
CentralizationCentralizationTight ConnectionTight ConnectionTime-sharingTime-sharing
PerformancePerformance
2000s
ExtendabilityExtendabilityDependabilityDependabilityin Operationin Operation
DecentralizationDecentralizationReceiver InitiativeReceiver Initiative
AutonomousAutonomousFunctionFunction
Multi LayeredMulti LayeredDecentralizationDecentralization
Emergent FunctionEmergent FunctionMulti-modal InitiativeMulti-modal Initiative
On-lineOn-lineMetamorphosisMetamorphosis
System StructureSystem StructureRequirementRequirement FeatureFeature
19601960ss
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4Centralized
Hierarchical Distributed
Functional Distributed
Cost performance System performanceCoordinability Autonomous Coordinability
Autonomous controllability
Controllability
Fault tolerance
Fault avoidance
Autonomous Decentralized
Our Target of System Concept
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Constantvalue
Judgment
Comparator
AND
ComputerB
System input
System output
DSC (Dual System Controller)
Register Register
Constantvalue
Interrupt Interrupt
ComputerA
Dual Structure System of COMTRAC
COMputer aided TRAffic Control
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ComputerC
DSC
ComputerA
DSC
ComputerB
STR
System output
DSC
System input
Symmetrical Structure of COMTRACDual –Duplex System Structure
DSC;dual systemcontroller
STR;statusregister
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Tokaido Line
Sanyo Line
NaganoNagoyaOsaka
Hakata
Kyushu Line Tohoku Line
Jyoetsu Line
Fukushima
NiigataYamagata
Akita
Nagano Morioka
Tokyo
NagoyaOsaka
OkayamaKumamoto
Kagoshima
Hachinohe
Nagano Line
Yamagata LineAkitata Line
Network of Shinkansen has been developed line by line since 1964 andoperated by COMTRAC since 1972 without any system failure.
Present Dependable COMTRAC
19722004
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Principle Recognition ofAutonomous Decentralization Concept (ADC)
(a) Always includes inactive (temporary faulty,complementary or spare) parts
(b) Always changes its conditions and states amongoperation, metabolism, generation and growth(plus or minus)
(c) Always changes its objectives to the goal byalternatives selection, optimization and daptation
(d) Always keeps accomplishing its objectives almostcompletely
This observations are opposite recognition againstthat system should be complete and stable.
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(a) Autonomous controllability: if any subsystem fails, the other survivors can manage themselves
(b) Autonomous coordinability: if any subsystem fails, the other survivors can coordinate their individual objectives among themselves.
Definition of ADS
Properties of ADC
Uniformityofstructure
Equalityamongsubsystems
Locality ofinformation
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Subsystems
FlagFlag CCContent
CodeSender
IDSender
IDControl
codeControl
CodeData or
CommandRC
Virtual Data Field by Broadcast
Elements of Typical Information Format
VDF(Virtual Data Field)
Data/Data/CommandCommand
Flag
BroadcastingBroadcastingnetworksnetworks
AutonomousAutonomouscontrolcontrolprocessor(ACP)processor(ACP)
ACPsACPsdistinguishdistinguishtheirtheirnecessarynecessaryinformationinformationby Contentby ContentCodesCodes
ACP ACP ACPACP
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Connection of Autonomous Decentralized Systems
Analogy of Nerve Analogy of Brain
b3b3
a2a2a3a3
a1a1
b1b1 b2b2
c2c2
c1c1
c3c3
L1L1
L2L2
ACPACP
ACPACP
Tightly coupledHexagonal connection
Loosely coupled Doubleloop network
ACP ACP
Sculpture by Ryoji Goto
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Kofu Shinjyuku
Shinagawa
Kawasaki
YokohamaOfuna
Tokyo
Ueno
Omiya
Jinbohara Kuroiso
Hatori
ChibaOchanomizu
2,200 computers
Atami
Kofu Tachikawa
Kawasaki
introduced since 1996 in Tokyo Metropolitan Wide Area
Ikebukuro
Yokosuka
19 lines
300 stations
6,500trains
Total line 1,200km
Autonomous decentralized Transport Operation controland information System (ATOS)
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Strong Non-linear
ProblemSolving Systems
Strong Non-linear
Complex Problems
ProblemSolving Systems
Degree of structuring
high
poor
Linear orSimple-non linearProblem
Analytical Engine
Knowledge Conquer
Intelligent Information
Inference Engine
abstract
Human Brain & Intelligence
Common/Specific Knowledge
Formula, Axiom, Law
Perception, UnderstandingSelection, Analogy, Association
Search Engine
Ad hoc, Matching
Syntactics-oriented
-specialization-domain
--
-oriented
Processing Systems
-
--
--
Our Target of Remained Area of Computing
specificSemantics
ProceduralProceduralProcessing systemsProcessing systems
segmentationlinearization
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Fuzzy Expert System forSubway Operation (1987)
Evolutional Practice of AI Technology
Attempts in early 1980sDiagnosis of Nuclear
Power PlantQuality Control of
SemiconductorManufacturing
Project Management ofOversea Construction ofFossil Power Plant
Real ApplicationsDeveloped in 1980s
Operation Guidance ofBlast Furnace and PublicUtility Plants
Generation Assistance ofTrain Operation Diagrams
Construction Planning andProject ManagementSupport
Assessment Support ofFinancial Investment
EUREKA(Real-timeInferenceEngine)
ManagementMethodology
forUncertainty
BlastFurnace
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Knowledge Acquisition Technologyfor AI Systems
BareExpertise
ConsistentExpertise
KnowledgeRefinementBy NeuralNetwork
DataWarehouse
Data Mining
AcquiredKnowledge
PredictionModel
Objectiveof
Acquisition
CRM (CustomerRelationshipManagement)Systems inTelecommunicationOperators
Quality ControlSystems in LSIManufacturing
Control Systems forPublic Utility Plants
Financial TradingSystems
Gray Box Approach
Black Box Approach
Applications for instance
MovingAverage
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City
Nation
UniformVariety
Disperse
Close
Vert
ical
Dis
trib
utio
n
Horizontal Distribution
EADC
Hierarchical Systems of Human-beings
Hierarchical Layers andEqual Diversification
CommunityCommunity
FamilyFamily
IndividualIndividual
OrganOrgan
CellCellADCADC
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Autonomous Observability: if any change occurs
in the surrounding of the subsystem, subsystems can observe it immediately
EADC is characterized by
Autonomous controlability
Autonomous coordinability
Autonomous observability
Definition of Autonomous Observabilityfor EADC
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controllability
Coordi- nability
autonomouscontrollability
observability
autonomousobservability
TwoTwo dimensionaldimensional
Four dimensionalFour dimensional
(Space & Time)(Space & Time)
On lineOn line
HeuristicHeuristic
Off lineOff line
Extended ADS AttachedAutonomous Observability to ADS
autonomouscoordinability
Pre-installPre-install
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Sensor Network Devices
Emerging Playersfor Autonomous Observability
µ-chip
0.4mm 0.4mm
2.45GHz RF antenna
1mm
µ-TAS (Micro Total Analysis System)for Health Monitoring
Micro Channel
Micro Separation Devices
Antenna Built-in Type RFID
10mm
LSI(Wireless+ Controller)
Prototype
Sensor
Vibration based Generator
R. Amirtharajahet al. of MIT (1999)
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Super Distributed Objects: AYA(context Aware & Yet Another service)
OA WorldMobile World
UPnP World ECHONET World
Ad hoc Collaboration according to the Context Collaboration among AV, Facility, and OA
Systems with Autonomous Observability
HDLA World
SensorVideoVideoVideo
Voice
Air Conditioner
…
PCVoice
Listening via Mobilein case of Outdoor
Quiet and Energy Savingin case of Sleeping
Viewing via TV incase of Home
PCServer Functions-Monitoring-Content Delivery
Object Model: AYA
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ABS
ABS
ABS
ABS
ABS
ABS
Autonomous Group Management for ITS based onAutonomous Observability
Dynamically Formed ABS (Autonomous BaseStation) Group according to Car Position
Reliable Data Transmission for High Speed Cars through DSRC(Dedicated Short Range Communications) by Autonomous GroupFormation of Base Stations
Data Field
ABS
AutonomousGroup Formation
Service Control
AutonomousService Delivery
Service ProvidersITS: Intelligent Transport Systems
tools
Systems engineers
Model view
InformationBase
Intelligent engineering system
Simulation Simulator
Life Cycle systemDynamic management system
Integration,Analysis,Optimization
Life cyclesystemmodel
requirement development operation
Intelligent collaboration
System knowledge
Overview of Emergent Synthesis EnvironmentDomain engineers
Open Development and Operation Infrastructure(ODOI)
Outsideexpert/
Citizen
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For project members to retrieve, accumulate, suggest, simulate, validate and synthesize comprehensive information and knowledge for the phases of plan, design, validation and operationFor project members and experts outside to communicate, exchange, discuss and interactrecursivelyFor people interested in including citizens to watch recursively the on-going process and proposed new idea or suggestionFor developed systems to have autonomous operation supported by ODOE
Aims of Open Development & OperationInfrastructure (ODOI)
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Sample Scenario for Yaoyorozu Society in 2010
AugmentedMemoryServices
MyRemembrance
YourRemembrance R
eminder
Service
Memory ofBenches
Memory ofLights
Memory ofRoads Small Smart
Devices
MemorizingService
3rd P
arty
Serv
ice
HealthDiagnosis
andAdvice
PervasiveInformation
Society(Yaoyorozu)
in 2010
(Annotated World bySmall Smart Devices)
Memorizing EveryPersonal HealthConditions,Perceptions, andSocial Interactions(Conversation, Mail, Phone, …)
P2PExchange
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Yaoyorozu in Japanese Myth
PublicFacilities
Information & Media
Production
MaterialProduction
Home &Community
“Yaoyorozu” (= eight million)means countless in number,particularly in the phrase“Yaoyorozu no Kami-gami, or“eight million gods”, indicatingthat gods live not only in the manyshrines, but in trees and stones, inthe sky and water, constantlysurrounding and protecting us.
For our project, we use“Yaoyorozu” in place ofUbiquitous for the heterogeniousintelligent devices surroundingand protecting us.
Secure and AffluentSociety by Convergenceof IT, Bio, and Nano
Eight MillionGods inJapanese Myth
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Supported by Special Coordination Funds for PromotingScience and Technology by MEXT (Ministry of Education,Culture, Sports, Science and Technology, Japan)
The Yaoyorozu Project
Systems(Trans-DisciplinaryScience &
Technology)
Humanity(Lifestyle,
Ethics)
Engineering(IT)
Research Goal- Desirable Institutional
Systems & CoreTechnology forUbiquitous (Yaoyorozu)Information Society in2010
- Research Methodologyfor Multi-disciplines
(August 2002-March 2005)
Project Organization
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Our Research Attitude
Calligraphy by Mr. ODAIRANamihei
(Founder of Hitachi, Ltd.)
Sculpture by Ryoji Goto
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