systems analysis & design 7 th edition chapter 1 introduction to systems analysis and design

Systems Analysis & DesignSystems Analysis & Design

7th Edition

Chapter 1

Introduction to Systems Analysis and

Design

22

Introduction

● Companies use information as a weapon in the battle to increase productivity, deliver quality products and services, maintain customer loyalty, and make sound decisions.

● Information technology can mean the difference between success and failure

Figure 1-1

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The Impact of Information Technology

● Information Technology – Combination of hardware and software

products and services that companies use to manage, access, communicate, and share information

– A vital asset that must be used effectively, updated constantly, and safeguarded carefully

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The Impact of Information Technology

● The Future of IT– Responsible

for half of all productivity growth and a third of all economic growth between 1995-1999

Figure 1-3

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The Impact of Information Technology

● The importance of Systems Analysis and Design– To ensure information system’s (IS)

quality

● The Role of Systems Analysis and Design– Systems Analysis and Design

• Step-by-step process for developing high-quality information systems

– Systems Analyst• Plan, develop, and maintain information

systems

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The Impact of Information Technology

● What do we need in IS? -> How to do it?

● Who develops Information Systems?– In-house applications– Software packages– Internet-based application services – Outsourcing– Custom solutions

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Information System Components

● A System is a set of related components that produces specific results

● Information systems have five key components: hardware, software, data, processes, and people

Figure 1-6

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Information System Components

Figure 1-9

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● Hardware – Everything in the physical layer of the

information system– Moore’s Law accurately predicted that

computer processing power would double every 18 to 24 months

Information System Components

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Information System Components

● Software– System software– Network operating system– Application software – Enterprise applications==========================

======= – Horizontal system (橫向系統 )– Vertical system (縱向系統 )– Legacy systems (老舊系統 )

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Information System Components

● Data – The raw

material that an information system transforms into useful information

Figure 1-11

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Information System Components

● Processes – Describe the tasks and business functions

that users, managers, and IT staff members perform to achieve specific results

● People– Users, or end users, are the people who

interact with an information system, both inside and outside the company

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Understanding The Business

● Business Profile– Overview of a company

● Business Models – Graphical representation of one or more

business processes

Figure 1-12

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Understanding The Business

● New Kinds of Companies ● Companies are classified based

on their main activities:– Brick-and-mortar

• Production-oriented • Service-oriented

– Click-and-mortar or pure play• Dot-com (.com)

Figure 1-14

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Impact of the Internet

● E-Commerce (I-Commerce)– B2C (Business-to-Consumer)– B2B (Business-to-Business)

• EDI, XML, HTML

● Web-Based Development– WebSphere, .NET

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How Business Uses InformationSystems

● In the past, IT managers divided systems into categories based on the user group the system served– Office systems– Operational systems– Decision support systems– Executive information systems

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How Business Uses Information

Systems● Today, it makes more sense to

identify a system by its functions, rather than by users – Enterprise computing systems– Transaction processing systems– Business support systems– Knowledge management systems– User productivity systems

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How Business Uses Information Systems

● Enterprise computing systems– Support company-wide operations and

data management requirements– Enterprise resource planning (ERP)

• Ex. Wal-Mart’s Inventory Control System

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How Business Uses Information Systems

● Enterprise computing systems– Information systems that support

company-wide operations and data management

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How Business Uses Information Systems

● Transaction processing systems– Process data

generated by day-to-day business operations

Figure 1-18

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How Business Uses Information Systems

● Business support systems– Provide job-related

information to users at all levels of a company

– Management information systems (MIS)

– Radio frequency identification (RFID)無線射頻辨識系統

– What-if

Figure 1-19

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How Business Uses Information Systems

● Knowledge management systems– Simulate human reasoning

Figure 1-20

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How Business Uses Information Systems

● User productivity systems– Technology that improves productivity– Word processing is an example

● Information systems integration– Most large companies require systems

that combine transaction processing, business support, knowledge management, and user productivity features

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Information System Users and Their Needs

Figure 1-21

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Information System Users and Their Needs

● Top managers● Middle Managers and Knowledge

Workers ● Supervisors and Team Leaders ● Operational Employees

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Systems Development Tools and Techniques

● Systems analysts must know how to use a variety of techniques such as modeling, prototyping, and computer-aided systems engineering tools to plan, design, and implement information systems

● Systems analysts work with these tools in a team environment

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Systems Development Tools and Techniques

● Modeling– A systems analyst can describe and

simplify an information system by using a set of business, data, object, and process models.

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Systems Development Tools and Techniques

● Prototyping– Early working version of an information

system– Speeds up the development process

significantly– Can be an extremely valuable tool

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Systems Development Tools and Techniques

● Computer-Aided Systems Engineering (CASE) Tools– CASE uses powerful software to help

systems analysts develop and maintain information systems

Figure 1-22

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Systems Development Methods

● Structured Analysis– traditional systems development technique – Uses the systems development life cycle to

plan, analyze, design, implement, and support an information system

Figure 1-25

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Systems Development Methods

● Object-oriented (O-O) analysis– combines data and the processes that act

on the data into things called objects– Systems analysts use O-O to model real-

world business processes and operations

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Systems Development Methods

● Joint Application Development and Rapid Application Development– JAD – Team based fact finding– RAD – compressed version of the entire

process

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The Systems Development Life Cycle

● SDLC used to plan and manage the systems development process.

● It includes the following steps:1. Systems planning2. Systems analysis3. Systems design4. Systems implementation5. Systems operation and support

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The Systems Development Life Cycle

Figures 1-28 & 1-29

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The Systems Development Life Cycle

● Systems Development Guidelines– Stick to a plan– Involve users– Identify milestones– Establish checkpoints– Be flexible– Provide accurate and reliable cost and

benefit information

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Information Technology Department

● The information technology (IT) department develops and maintains a company’s information systems

Figure 1-30

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Information Technology Department

● Application Development– Team may include users, managers and

IT Staff members

● Systems Support– Provides hardware and software support

● User Support– Provides users with technical information,

training, and productivity support

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Information Technology Department

● Database Administration– Database design, management, security,

backup, and user access

● Network Administration– Includes hardware and software

maintenance, support, and security

● Web Support– Design and construction of web pages

and presence. Important for e-commerce

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The Systems Analyst Position

● A systems analyst investigates, analyzes, designs, develops, installs, evaluates, and maintains a company’s information systems

● On large projects, the analyst works as a member of an IT department team.

● Smaller companies often use consultants to perform the work

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The Systems Analyst Position

● Responsibilities● Required Skills and Background

Figure 1-31

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Homework

● 搜尋兩家公司之組織圖，並比較MIS部門在組織圖中的位階。

● 請說明所選擇的企業之相關資訊，如：– 公司歷史與重要里程碑、資本額、營業額、員工人數、行業別、主要產品等。