syria outbound: protecting women on the migrant trail

20  |  Solutions  |  March-April 2016  |  www.thesolutionsjournal.org

Perspectives

Oumo, from sub-Saharan Africa, was forced to trade sex twice for 

a fake passport and passage to Turkey on her way to Greece. Noor, a pregnant mother of two, was freezing and in severe pain as she waited for a train near the Serbian-Croatian border, unknowingly sitting just meters away from medical services. The journey for Farah and her daughters, who fled Afghanistan and then Iran, was both difficult and dangerous. Their biggest fear? Men.

Outrage, sparked by recent attacks in Cologne, Germany, rightfully led to conversations about upholding women’s rights in Europe,1 but steered the conversation away from investi-gating widespread, consistent abuses of migrant women’s rights across the continent. Sexual and gender-based violence, exploitation, and a lack of medical resources make the migration route just as dangerous for women and girls, if not more so, than the situations they are attempting to leave behind. European countries consistently top the World Economic Forum’s rankings on gender equal-ity and lead the world in ensuring women’s rights,2 yet refugee women consistently and unnecessarily suffer within their borders.

Oumo, Noor, and Farah are just a few among thousands of women who have fled their countries and traversed Europe toward hope for a safe resettlement. Their stories serve as case studies in a joint assessment conducted by the Women’s Refugee Commission (WRC), United Nations Population Fund (UNFPA) and United Nations High Commission on Refugees (UNHCR), released on January 20, and a second WRC report 

released on January 26.3,4 The joint assessment highlights conditions for female migrants in Greece and Macedonia, and the WRC’s second report reveals findings from research in Serbia and Slovenia. The release of these reports follows that of Amnesty International’s January 18 report on the assault, exploitation, and harass-ment of women on the migrant trail.5

These reports shed light on harsh realities that have existed since the beginning of the refugee crisis. Beyond investigating the inadequate services for migrant women, the reports offer exigent recommendations to local governments and international aid organizations to take more concerted action. Their research makes clear that the suffering of refugee women and girls is preventable within the realm of current organizational and govern-mental power. According to Dr. Sarah Costa, executive director of WRC, “The response in Europe so far is failing women and girls on the migration route in every way.”

Failure to ensure the safety of refugee women is not new. “This hap-pens in every humanitarian crisis,” says Deni Robey, director of strategic communications at WRC, “and yet over and over and over, the necessary guidelines, systems and procedures to 

protect women don’t get set up in the beginning. It’s hard to go back and set them up later.”

Much of the abuse experienced by women and girls, according to Amnesty International, occurs at the hands of police and other refugees in sleeping and bathroom facilities that are not separated by gender. Marcy Hersch, a senior advocacy officer 

at WRC who researched and wrote for both WRC reports, says she saw “no separate bathrooms or sleeping spaces, no lighting, no rape kits. To see this in Europe, I just find it very disappointing.”

Female interpreters and specialists are essential so that women and girls can safely and confidentially discuss their needs, yet they are missing across the board, according to Hersh. When refugees enter European transit centers, they “first encounter police and military officials who play the role of helping everyone get preliminary information. I have never seen a single female police officer. Front line work-ers are uniformly men,” says Hersh.

When female translators and personnel are not visible at entry, exit, or transit centers, women and girls are less likely to seek out relevant services or ask questions about sensitive information, whether it be related to 

Syria Outbound: Protecting Women on the Migrant Trailby Molly Bernstein and Xanthe Ackerman

Bernstein, M. and X. Ackerman. (2016). Syria Outbound: Protecting Women on the Migrant Trail. Solutions 7(2): 20–22.

https://thesolutionsjournal.com/article/syria-outbound-protecting-women-on-the-migrant-trail/

“Women’s rights organizations are strong across Europe, and yet we have systematically found that they’re an untapped source of support.” —Dr. Sarah Costa

www.thesolutionsjournal.org  |  March-April 2016  |  Solutions  |  21

Perspectives

reproductive health, sanitary napkins, or sexual and gender-based violence. “Even if a woman wanted to come for-ward, she can’t. This is unacceptable,” says Robey.

One of the most glaringly absent structures is systemized, cross-border information sharing about high-risk refugees. The silence between transit points renders any isolated services or progress made with individual refu-gees en route essentially meaningless. To compensate for local governments’ shortcomings, humanitarian aid workers resort to sharing information in WhatsApp groups. Poor handling of information is most harmful to survivors of sexual violence, who are forced to “disclose sensitive details of 

their case multiple times, which can be re-traumatizing,” according to the WRC report.

WRC found that local women’s groups were the most effective at sharing information, particularly in the Balkans. These organizations set up ad hoc networks and target areas where refugees are backed up outside of official transit points. They deliver the kind of services and havens for women that governments and inter-national organizations have failed to adequately provide.

“Women’s rights organizations are strong across Europe,” says Costa, “and yet we have systematically found that they’re an untapped source of support.”

One such organization, Atina, gets around government roadblocks by deploying teams to work around the perimeters of transit centers where refugees are waiting.6 The teams they send to assist refugees take a global approach to serving women. By creat-ing safe areas for mothers to drop off their children, they give women time and space to rest. In secure, women-only spaces, they provide a range of medical services, and offer support to survivors of sexual and gender-based violence. Their cross-border network helps women moving quickly along the migration route.

Yet women’s activists trying to reach and help migrant women report having to navigate obstacles, 

Natalia Tsoukala/ Caritas International A refugee woman stranded at Idomeni, on the Greek-Macedonian border in late January 2016.

22  |  Solutions  |  March-April 2016  |  www.thesolutionsjournal.org

Perspectives

including circuitous routes to camps. “They’re often told it’s for their own protection,” says Hersch, although she finds the excuse dubious. In fact, the WRC report finds that not only are local governments and aid organizations in Europe neglecting women’s needs on the migrant trail, but they actively refuse women’s rights organizations access to transit centers.

Says Hersch, “I feel outraged at what I saw.” 

Ben White/ CAFOD Two Syrian women disembark from a plastic dinghy on the Greek island of Lesbos in October 2015. Having made the harrowing crossing from Turkey, they would have then set off on the equally challenging migrant trail through Europe.

References1.  ProChange. In Cologne, German Women’s Bodies 

Should Not Be Used to Promote Racism. Ms.blog 

Magazine [online] (January 12, 2016) http://

msmagazine.com/blog/2016/01/12/in-cologne-

german-womens-bodies-should-not-be-used-to-

promote-racism/.

2.  The Global Gender Gap Report 2014. World 

Economic Forum [online] (2014) http://

www3.weforum.org/docs/GGGR14/GGGR_

CompleteReport_2014.pdf.

3.  Refugee women on the move in Europe are at risk, 

says UN. UNHCR [online] (January 20, 2016) http://

www.unhcr.org/569fb22b6.html.

4.  No Safety for Refugee Women on the European Route. 

Women’s Refugee Commission [online] (January 26, 

2016) https://www.womensrefugeecommission.org/

gbv/resources/1265-balkans-2016.

5.  Female refugees face physical assault, 

exploitation and sexual harassment on the 

journey through Europe. Amnesty International 

[online] (January 18, 2016) https://www.amnesty.

org/en/latest/news/2016/01/female-refugees-

face-physical-assault-exploitation-and-sexual-

harassment-on-their-journey-through-europe/.

6.  The Women Helping Refugees Survive Europe’s 

Migration Crisis. Atina [online] (2016) 

http://www.atina.org.rs/en/content/women-helping-

refugees-survive-europes-migration-crisis.