syllabus - kces

M.Sc.II, Syllabus, Zoology, M.J.College, Jalgaon, w.e.f. 2020-21 1

Khandesh College Education Society’s

Moolji Jaitha College, Jalgaon

An “Autonomous College” Affiliated to

KBC North Maharashtra University, Jalgaon

SYLLABUS

ZOOLOGY

M. Sc. II

(Semester III and IV)

Under Choice Based Credit System (CBCS)

[w. e. f. Academic Year: 2020-21]

Program Specific Outcomes: ● Understand the nature and basic concepts of cell biology, genetics, taxonomy, physiology,

ecology and applied Zoology

● Analyse the relationships of plants and microbes with animals

● Perform procedures as per laboratory standards in the areas of Taxonomy, Physiology,

Ecology, Cell biology, Genetics, Applied Zoology, tools and techniques of Zoology,

Toxicology, Entomology, Biochemistry, Fish biology, Animal biotechnology,

Immunology and Research methodology

● Understand the applications of biological sciences in Apiculture, Aquaculture, Agriculture

and Medicine

● Gains knowledge about research methodologies, effective communication and skills of

problem-solving methods

● Contributes the knowledge for Nation building.

M. Sc. II Zoology Course Structure

Term /

Semester

Course

Module

Subject

Code Title of Paper Credit

Hours per

DSC ZOO-301 Animal physiology I / Fishery

science I 4 4

DSC ZOO-302 Developmental biology 4 4

DSC ZOO-303 Practical based on ZOO-301 4 8

DSC ZOO-304 Practical Based on ZOO-302 4 8

SEC ZOO-305 Biostatistics 4 4

DSE ZOO-306 Toxicology 4 4

DSC ZOO-401 Animal physiology II / Fishery

science II 4 4

DSC ZOO-402 Inheritance biology 4 4

DSC ZOO-403 Practical based on ZOO-401 4 8

DSC ZOO-404 Practical based on ZOO-402 and

Dissertation 4 8

GE ZOO-405 Research methodology 4 4

DSE ZOO-406 Insect pest management 4 4

DSC: Discipline Specific Elective Core Course; SEC: Skill Enhancement Course;

DSE: Discipline Specific Elective (DSE) Course; GE: Generic Elective Course

ZOO-YSC : Zoology (Y-year; S-Semester; C-Course number)

Examination Pattern for the all Courses (60: 40)

Nature Marks

External Marks 60

Internal Marks 40

Total Marks 100

M.Sc. (Zoology): Semester-III

ZOO-301: Animal Physiology I

Total Hours: 60 Credits: 4

Course objectives:

● The major aims of this course are to provide students with a basic understanding of the

fundamental processes and mechanisms that serve and control the various functions of

the body.

● To understand how these principles are incorporated into the adaptations of different

animal groups;

● To provide experience in researching, discussing, and answering questions about

animal physiology; ● To provide practical experience in investigating physiological questions, and

collecting, analyzing, interpreting, and reporting experimental data; and ● To provide experience in reading published primary physiology literature and

incorporating it into your knowledge.

Course outcomes:

Student will be able to

● Students are taught the detailed concepts of digestion respiration excretion the

functioning of nerves and muscles ● Students gain fundamental knowledge of animal physiology ● Students will gain skill to execute the roles of a biology teacher or medical lab

technicians with training as they have basic fundamentals ● Understanding of stress physiology and endocrine mechanisms will allow them to

control their stress and emotions there by diverting their energy towards the positive

nation building activities ● Comparative animal physiology is a comprehensive subject that gives in depth

knowledge of various physiological processes in the animal kingdom ● students gain knowledge about the comparative physiological concepts of nutrition

digestion respiration excretion metabolism and osmoregulation. ● Course provides students comprehensive understanding about neurobiology,

neurophysiology, molecular neurobiology ● Understanding of cognitive/behavior neurobiology, thus allowing then to correlate the

human behaviour under given situation. ● It gives comprehensive understanding regarding inborn disorders and deranged

metabolisms. ● Students feel confident in teaching physiology as well as executing research projects

Unit I: Introduction: 02 h

● Importance and scopes of physiology ● Branches of physiology

Unit II: Chemical foundation of physiology: 05 h

● Diffusion and Osmosis, ● Body Buffer system: Buffer, Bicarbonate Buffer system ● Significance of buffers

Unit III: Thermoregulation: 05 h

● Homeostasis; ● Classification of Animals Based on Thermoregulation; ● Vants Hoff law; Lethal temperature; ● Effect of cold Acclimation; ● Thermoregulatory Mechanisms; ● Thermoregulation in Camel

Unit IV: Nutrition 08 h

● Unit IV: Nutrition 08 h

● Organization of Vertebrate Digestive System,

● Functional Adaptations of the Alimentary Canal,

● Physiology of digestion; Absorption; Assimilation; Egestion or defecation,

● Types of Digestion

● Types of nutrition; Ingestion; Feeding mechanism; Digestion; Enzymes;

● The evolution of digestive mechanism: Phagocytosis; A digestive cavity (Intracellular

digestion)

Unit V: Excretion 08 h

● Definition of Excretion; Types of excretory Products, ● Excretory organs in animals: In Invertebrates and Vertebrates, ● General Structure of Nephron, ● Metabolism of Nitrogen, ● Osmoregulation in Invertebrates, ● Osmoregulation in Vertebrates

Unit VI: Metabolism 14 h

● Carbohydrate Metabolism: Intermediary Metabolism; Glycogenesis;

Glycogenolysis; Glycolysis Krebs cycle, Electron transport system; Respiratory chain;

Oxidative phosphorylation; Energetics of Glucose; Metabolism; Pasteur effect;

Gluconeogenesis; Cori cycle or lactic acid cycle; Uronic acid pathway; Crabtree

effect,

● Lipid metabolism: Metabolism of lipids; Oxidation of Glycerols; Fatty Acid,

Oxidation; β-Oxidation; Ketogenesis; Ketosis; Ketolysis; Biosynthesis of Fatty Acids;

Biosynthesis of Triglycerides,

● Protein Metabolism: Deamination; Transamination; Decarboxylation; Ornithine

cycle; Krebs Cycle, Citric Acid Cycle; Catabolism of the Carbon; Skeleton of amino

acids; Pyruvic acid; Amino acids entering by α-Ketoglutaric Acid; Amino Acids

entering by Succinyl Co-enzyme A; Catabolism of Amino Acids that are both

Ketogenic and Glucogenic; Anabolism of Proteins; Energetics of amino Acids

Oxidation

Unit VII: Detoxification 02 h

● Mechanism and role of Microsomal Enzymes in Detoxification

Unit VIII: Circulatory system 08 h

Closed and open Circulatory system;

General plans of Circulation: Annelid plan, Amphioxus plan, Gill plan of fishes, Lung

plan of Mammals;

Blood vessels: i) Arteries and arterioles ii) Veins and Venules, iii) Microcirculation

Types of Heart: Pulsating Heart, Tubular Heart, Chambered Heart, Accessory heart

Physiological types of Hearts: Neurogenic heart and Myogenic heart,

Functions of Circulatory system in Vertebrates;

Types of Circulation: a) Systemic circulation b) Pulmonary circulation,

● Advantages of Double Circulation;

ECG; Heart Sound; Cardiac cycle; Cardiac output;

Unit IX: Nervous System 08 h

● Nervous Co-ordination; Brain; Spinal cord; ● Neurons or Nerve cells; Nerve Fibres; Neuroglea; Nerve impulse; Neuromuscular

junction; ● Neurotransmitters; Nerve reflexes; Reflex arc; Types of Reflexes; ● Evolution of nervous system; ● EEG

References

• Tortora, G. J., & Derrickson, B. (2006). Principle of Anatomy and Physiology, 11th,

John Wiley & Sons. Inc., USA.

• Hoar, W. S. (1983). General and comparative physiology (No. 591.1 H6 1983).

• Chatterjee, C. C. (1992). Human physiology: Volume-I. Medical Allied Agency.

• Chatterjee, C. C. (1992). Human physiology: Volume-II. Medical Allied Agency.

• Goel, K. A., & Sastri, K. V. (1984). A TextBook of animal physiology. Rastogi

Publications.

• Nielsen, K. S. (1964). Animal physiology (Vol. 7). Prentice-Hall of India (Private)

Limited.

• Bell, G. H., Davidson, J. N., & Scarborough, H. (1959). Textbook of physiology and

biochemistry. Academic Medicine, 34(6), 621.

• Withers, P. C. (1992). Comparative animal physiology. Philadelphia: Saunders

College Pub.

• Arora M. P.(2018). Animal Physiology. Himalaya Publishing House Pvt. Ltd.

• Sobti, R. C. (2008). Animal physiology. Alpha Sci. International.

• Jabde, P. V. (2005). Text Book Of General Physiology. Discovery Publishing House.

• Berry, A. K. (1981). Textbook of Biochemistry and Animal Physiology: Emkay.

ZOO-301: Fishery Science I Total Hours: 60 Credits: 4

Course objectives:

● To know scope and importance of Fishery Science.

● To understand classification of commercially important fishes.

● Enable students to understand external and internal morphology.

● To know the special adaptive features in fishes like Coloration, Migration, light

producing, Poison glands, Sound producing organs etc.

Course outcomes:

● Students will be capable to differentiate morphological features of various species of

fishes.

● Learn aspects of the internal body organization using relevant conventions,

terminology.

● Student will be acquainting valuable skills in fish anatomy and physiology including

regulatory mechanisms.

● Enables student to understand about different fishery activity.

Unit I: Introduction, definition, scope and importance of fishery science. 06 h

● Origin and Evolution of fishes: General characters and classification of Fresh and

marine water fishes. Classification of fishes up to species level. General characters of

bony and cartilaginous fishes and phylogeny of fishes.

Unit II: Integument and its Derivatives: 02 h

● Types of Scales

Unit III: Digestive system and physiology of digestion 06 h

● Feeding habits in fishes: Herbivorous, Omnivorous and Carnivorous fishes and

Physiology of digestion.

Unit IV: Respiration in fishes: 06 h

● Mechanism of breathing of fishes, types of gills. Accessory respiratory organs of

fishes.

Unit V: Blood Vascular system: 06 h

● Blood, Heart, Working of heart, Arterial system and Venous System.

Unit V: Excretion and Osmoregulation: 06 h

● Structure of Kidney, Control of osmoregulation.

Unit VI: Nervous System: 06 h

● Brain in different fishes, Spinal cord in fishes, Peripheral nervous system and

Autonomous nervous system. Cranial and Spinal Nerves of Shark and Labeo

Unit VII: Reproduction: 08 h

● Embryonic and larval development of freshwater fishes. Spawning habits, Gonodo-

osmatic index, fecundity and breeding. Age and Growth: Length-weight relationships.

Vital pondral index, condition factor.

Unit VIII: Fish Diseases and Management: 04 h

● Viral diseases, prophylaxis and preventive measures

● Bacterial, fungal, protozoan infections and treatment

Unit IX: General Topic: 10 h

1) Coloration in fishes, physiology of coloration,

2) Migration in Fishes: Types of migration

3) Bioluminescence and physiology of light production in fishes.

4) Venom and venomous glands, electric organ in fishes.

5) Air bladder- Location of air bladder, different types of air bladder, their Structure and

functions.

6) Weberian ossicles in fishes – structure and functions.

References

1. Bal D.V. and Veerabhandra Rao, K (1990): Marine fisheries of India., Tata McGraw-

Hill., New Delhi.

2. Day, F. (1967): The fishes of India, Vols. 1 and 2. Jagamander Book Agency, New

Delhi.

3. Handbook of Fisheries and Aquaculture, Indian Council of Agricultural Research,

ICAR, (2006), DIPA, New Delhi, INDIA.

4. Hickling, C.F., (1961): Tropical inland fisheries. London, Longman, 287 p.

5. Jayraman K. C. (1999) : Fishes in India., Narendra Publishing House, 1999

6. Jhingran V.G. (1975):Fish and Fisheries of India., Hindustan Publishing corporation

(India) New Delhi.

7. Khanna S. S. (1996): An Introduction of Fishes., Central Book Depot. Allahabad.

8. Misra S.R. (2012): Fisheries in India., Aph Publishing Corporation.

9. Pandey K. and Shukla J. P. (2005): Fish and Fisheries., Rastogi Publications India.

10. Shafi, S.M. (2003): Applied fishery science (Vol. I & II)., Atlantic Publication.

11. Sharma V. and Grover S. P. (1982): An Introduction to Indian fisheries., Dehra Dun,

India : Bishen Singh Mahendra Pal Singh.

12. Shrivastava C.B.L. (2006): A textbook of fishery science and Indian fisheries., Kitab

Mahal.

13. Shrivastava U. K. and Reddy, D. M. (1983): Fisheries development of India., Some

Aspects of Policy Management., Concept Publishing Company., New Delhi.

14. Shrivastava U. K. and Vathsala, S. (1984): Strategy for Development of Inland

Fishery Resource in India., Concept Publishing Company.

15. Talwar, P.K. and Jhingran, A.G., (1991): Inland Fishes of India and Adjacent

countries, Vols. 1 and 2. Oxford and IBH Publishing Co. Pvt. Ltd., New Delhi.

ZOO-302: Developmental Biology

Total Hours: 60 Credits : 4

Course objectives:

● To understand the processes that lead from the fertilisation of an egg cell (or

equivalent) to the formation of a well-structured and functional multicellular organism

Course outcomes:

● Students will come to understand how their level of understanding of a biological process

increases by using an embryological approach to science.

● Acquire advanced information on developmental biology topics like fertilization, gene

action in development, Potency, induction, competence, determination (specification

& commitment) and differentiation.

● Study Development in-depth using model Systems such as Drosophila melanogaster

and Caenorhabditis elegans.

Units I: Basic concepts of development: 12 h

● Potency, commitment, specification, induction, competence, determination and

differentiation; morphogenetic gradients; cell fate and cell lineages; stem cells;

genomic equivalence and the cytoplasmic determinants; imprinting; mutants and

transgenics in analysis of development

Unit II: Gametogenesis, fertilization and early development: 12 h

● Production of gametes, cell surface molecules in sperm-egg recognition in animals;

embryo sac development; zygote formation, cleavage, blastula formation, embryonic

fields, gastrulation and formation of germ layers in animals; embryogenesis.

Unit III: Morphogenesis and organogenesis in animals: 12 h

● Cell aggregation and differentiation; axes and pattern formation in Drosophila,

amphibia and chick; organogenesis – vulva formation in Caenorhabditis elegans, eye

lens induction, limb development and regeneration in vertebrates; differentiation of

neurons, post embryonic development- larval formation, metamorphosis;

environmental regulation of normal development; sex determination

Unit IV: Programmed cell death, aging, senescence, Regeneration 12 h

Unit V: Placenta 12 h

● Definition and significance,

● Types of placenta in Mammals – A) With reference to morphological peculiarities -

i] Deciduate, ii] Indeciduate and iii] Contra-deciduate placenta; B) With reference to

the foetal and maternal tissue involved - i] Diffuse, ii] Cotyledonary, iii] Zonary and

iv] Decidual; C) With reference to histological peculiarities – i] Epithelio-chorial ii]

Syndesmo-chorial iii] Endothelio-chorial iv] Haemo-chorial, v] Hemo-endothelial

placenta.

References

1. Gilbert, S. F. (1997). Developmental biology. Sinauer Associates, Incorporated.

2. Sussman, M. (1961). Animal growth and development. Soil Science, 92(2), 152.

3. Newth, D. R. (1970). Animal growth and development. Animal growth and

development.

4. Patten, B. M. (1920). The early embryology of the chick. P. Blakiston's son &

Company.

5. Patten, B. M. (1958). Foundations of embryology. Foundations of embryology.

6. Arumugam N. (2014). A Text Book of Embryology (Developmental Zoology). Saras

Publication

ZOO-303: Practical based on ZOO-301

Course objectives:

● The laboratory component of the course is designed to reinforce the topics discussed in

lecture, as well as to familiarize students with some of the laboratory techniques and

equipment used in the acquisition of physiological data.

Course outcomes:

● To perform various physiological experiments ● To perform logically research related experiments.

Practical corresponding to ZOO 301 (B) Animal Physiology - I

1. Preparation of Phosphate and Bicarbonate Buffers, given Normality solutions,

Physiological Mammalian Saline Solution

2. To demonstrate the principle of dialysis

3. To demonstrate the principle of Osmosis

4. Determination of Salivary Enzyme digestion and Effect of Temperature on Enzyme

Activity

5. Determination of GFR

6. Determination of Nitrogenous Excretory Product – Uric acid

7. Estimation of SGOT/SGPT from a given biological sample.

8. Antioxidant activity of any suitable material.

9. Determination of Fatty acids and Amino Acid from Lipid and Protein Digestion

respectively.

10. Reflexes in man.

11. Estimation of plasma proteins by copper sulphate specific gravity method.

12. Estimation of Blood Glucose level.

Course objectives:

● To acquaint the students with the theoretical and practical aspects of the Fishery

Science

● To impart basic practical skills in different aspects of Fishery Science

● To understand identification and classification of commercially important fishes.

● To know about identification, external and internal morphology.

● To know the special adaptive features in fishes like Coloration, Migration, light

producing, Poison glands, Sound producing organs etc.

Course outcomes:

● Establish and maintain an appropriate Branch and Specialist section structure to meet

the local, specialist and overall needs of fisheries interests.

● Impart practical training on fisheries in identification and fishery related research.

● Learn aspects of the internal body organization using relevant conventions,

terminology.

● Acquaint valuable skills in fish anatomy and physiology including regulatory

mechanisms.

● Understand about different fishery activity.

Practicals

1. Identification of importance of local food fishes, Prawn, Molluscs and cultivable fishes

2. Study of freshwater and marine water fishes with respect to following systems

● Digestive System

● Respiration : Accessory respiratory organs and types of gills

● Blood Vascular System

● Nervous System

3. Mounting of various scales using wastes from recognized fish markets.

4. Compilation of Length- Weight relationship and indices on the basis of observation of

fish population

5. Study of cranial nerves in suitable/ available freshwater fish with the help of already

available permanent slides/ ICT tools/ models/ charts/ photographs etc.

6. Fish diseases, prophylaxis and preventive measures (Bacterial, Fungus, Viral and

Protozoan)

7. Study of Electric organ in fishes

8. Study of accessory respiratory organs in some air breathing fishes with the help of

already preserved material/ ICT tools/ charts/ models/ photographs etc.

9. Study of weberrian ossicles in suitable/ available freshwater fish with the help of already

available permanent slides/ ICT tools/ charts/ models/ photographs etc.

Course objectives:

● To understand the processes that lead from the fertilisation of an egg cell (or

equivalent) to the formation of a well-structured and functional multicellular organism

Course outcomes:

● Students will come to understand how their level of understanding of a biological process

increases by using an embryological approach to science.

● Acquire advanced information on developmental biology topics like fertilization, gene

action in development, Potency, induction, competence, determination (specification

& commitment) and differentiation.

Practical corresponding to ZOO -302 (Experimental)

1. Study of different types of eggs.

2. Study of cleavages- Snail, Amphioxus, fish, frog, birds and mammals

3. Study of Blastulae- Amphioxus, frog and birds.

4. Study of Gastrulae- Amphioxus, frog and birds.

5. Study of types of placenta.

6. Permanent preparation of chick embryo

References

1. Gilbert, S. F. (1997). Developmental biology. Sinauer Associates, Incorporated.

2. Sussman, M. (1961). Animal growth and development. Soil Science, 92(2), 152.

3. Newth, D. R. (1970). Animal growth and development. Animal growth and

development.

4. Patten, B. M. (1920). The early embryology of the chick. P. Blakiston's son &

Company.

5. Patten, B. M. (1958). Foundations of embryology. Foundations of embryology.

6. Arumugam N. (2014). A Text Book of Embryology (Developmental Zoology). Saras

Publication

ZOO-305: Biostatistics

Course objectives:

● Students understand all the primary concepts regarding to the biostatistics.

● Student can able to organize, summarize the quantitative data.

● The students can interpret the Standard deviation, correlation, regression and other

statistics for observed experimental data.

Course outcomes:

● Student will be able to apply statistical methods to biological research, medical and

public health research. ● Student will be able to use basic computational methods to generate the result. ● Student will be able demonstrate basic of statistical data

Unit 1: Introduction 12h

● Definition of biostatistics.

● Application and uses of Biostatistics.

● Sample and Sampling methods: Simple random sampling, Systematic sampling,

Sratified sampling, Non- random sampling.

Unit 2: Collection and presentation of Data 12h

● Collection of data, classification of data.

● Types of classification.

● Terms and fundamentals concepts of biostatistics: Class boundaries, Class width,

Class Interval: overlap and non- overlapping class interval method.

● Frequency distribution, relative frequency distribution, cumulative frequency

distribution.

● Graphical representation of grouped data: Bar diagram, Histogram, Pi diagram,

Frequency polygon, Ogive curve.

● Problems and Exercise.

Unit 3: Measures of central tendency 12h

● Measures of central tendencies- Mean, mode, median

● Measures of dispersion- Range, Standard deviation, Variance and Covariance

Unit 4: Probability and Correlation and Regression 12h

● Probability: Definition, Types of Probability, Important terms in probability.

● Bivariate data scatter diagram and its uses, Karl Pearson’s correlation coefficient.

● Regression equation and its uses.

Unit 5: Testing of hypothesis 12h

● Statistical Hypothesis, Null hypothesis, Alternative hypothesis, critical region,

acceptance region, Type I error, Type II error, Level of significance, one tailed and

two tailed tests.

● Tests Based on large samples: test of significance of mean, test of significance of

difference of means.

● Tests based on small samples:

▪ t- test: Testing single population mean, two population means, paired t-test.

▪ χ2 – test for testing independence of attributes, single population variance.

▪ F- Test for testing two population variances.

References

1. Gurumani, N. (2002). An introduction to Biostatistics. MJP publisher.

2. Khan I. and Khanum A. (2009). Fundamentals of biostatistics. 3rd edition. Ukaaz

publication, Hyderabad

3. Prasad S. (2012). Fundamentals of biostatistics [Biometry]. Emkay publications,

Delhi 110 051

4. Mahajan, B. K. (2002). Methods in biostatistics. Jaypee Brothers Publishers.

5. Dixit J.V. Principles & Practice of Biostatistics. Banarsidas Bhanot (Publishers).

ZOO-306: Toxicology

Course objectives:

● It is a discipline overlapping with biology, chemistry, medicine that involves the study

of toxic ants, their mechanism of action.

● It involves the study of the adverse effects of chemical substances on living

organisms.

Course outcomes:

● Skill development in environmental and occupational Toxicology ● It provides opportunities for students research projects, internships in assessing the

effects of toxic pollutants on the environment and in the food chain

Unit 1: Introduction 04 h

● Definition, basic divisions of toxicology- Environmental toxicology, Forensic

toxicology, Economic toxicology, Clinical toxicology

● Scope of toxicology

Unit 2: Toxicants 06 h

● Definition, classification of toxicants on the basis of the human organ/ system affected

– environmental carcinogens, cardio-toxicants, immuno-toxicants, teratogens,

occupationally absorbed toxicants, hepato-toxicants, and Mutagenic toxicants.

● Effects of toxicants – acute, chronic and sub chronic effects.

Unit 3: Absorption, Translocation and Excretion 06 h

● Routes of absorption- gastrointestinal tract, skin, lungs, parenteral administration.

● Translocation.

● Excretion-principal organs of excretion of chemicals- kidney, gastrointestinal tract,

liver, lungs, sweat glands, mammary glands, salivary glands, and vagina.

Unit 4: Toxicity tests 07 h

● Definition

● Types of toxicity tests- a) Acute toxicity tests, LC 50 value, LD 50 value, EC 50

value. b) Sub-acute toxicity test. c) Chronic toxicity test.

Unit 5: Selective and Sub cellular toxicity 07 h

● Definition, Need of selective toxicity.

● Advantages of selective toxicity.

● Cell injury- causes

● Injury to Mitochondria, Endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi complex

Unit 6: Toxicants of public health hazard 10 h

● Effects of toxicants on human health- pesticides, carbon monoxide, Sulphur dioxide,

Fertilizers, Food additives, psychoactive substances.

● Metal toxicity- a) General principle of metal toxicity. b) Effects of toxic metals on

humans and other animals- Arsenic, Lead, Mercury, Chromium, Cadmium, Copper.

Unit 7: Tissues and systems level toxicity 12 h

● Effects of toxicants at the tissues and systems- Dermatotoxicity, Respiratory tract

toxicity, hepatotoxicity, Gastrointestinal toxicity, Nephrotoxicty, Cardio toxicity,

Haematotoxicity, Endocrine toxicity, Reproductive toxicity, Neurotoxicty.

References

1. Pande, Shukla and Trivedi, (2011), Fundamentals of toxicology, 4th Revised edition,

New Central Book Agency, New Delhi.

2. Sharma P. D., (2018), Toxicology, Rastogi prakashan, Meerut

3. Dr. M. A. Subramanian, (2010), Toxicology: Principles and methods, MJP publishers,

Chennai.

M.Sc. (Zoology): Semester-IV

ZOO-401: Animal Physiology II

Course objectives:

the body. ● To understand how these principles are incorporated into the adaptations of different

animal groups; ● To provide experience in researching, discussing, and answering questions about

collecting, analyzing, interpreting, and reporting experimental data; and

● To provide experience in reading published primary physiology literature and

Course outcomes:

Student will be able to ● With the study of this paper students gain knowledge in the areas of responses to

environment with study of receptors CNS integration of behavior ● Understanding of the functions of effectors in all aspects as well as the circulatory

physiology and reproduction and adaptations by animals to environment ● The students will be well equipped to become very competent in research. CO4 The

course provides employability in teaching fields

Unit I: Water Relation and Ionic Regulation 08 h

● Role of membranes in osmotic and ionic regulation; Role of body fluid; ● Adaptation to marine habitat; Adaptation to brackish water habitat; Adaptation to

Fresh water habitat; Adaptation to terrestrial habitat

Unit II: Physiology of Muscles 14 h

● Types: a) Phasic muscles b) Tonic Muscles c) Striated Muscles d) Smooth muscles e)

Cardiac muscles; ● Chemical Composition of Muscle: Water; Proteins; Actin; Myosin; Tropomyosin;

Troponin; Actinin; ● Neuromuscular junction; Motor unit; Membrane excitation; ● Mechanism of muscle contraction; Sliding filament theory; ● General properties of Muscles; Properties of Voluntary muscles; Physical and

Chemical aspects of muscle contraction; Molecular basis of Muscle contraction;

Control of Muscle contraction; ● Role of Regulatory proteins and calcium in muscle contraction; Changes during

muscle contraction; Single muscle twitch; Latent phase or period; Contraction phase;

Relaxation phase; ● Invertebrate muscle, ● Tetanus

Unit III: Respiration 10 h

● Introduction; ● Mechanism of respiration in man; ● Tidal volume and Vital capacity; ● Control of respiration; ● Respiratory pigments: a) Hemoglobin, b)Haemocyanin, c) Haemoerythrin, d)

Chlorocruorin, e) Molpadin, f) Pinnaglobin, g) Vanadium, h) Echinochrome; ● Haemoglobin as an Oxygen Carrier; Transport of Gases-Oxygen transport: Oxygen,

Dissociation Curve; Bohr’s effect; Respiratory Quotient; ● Transportation of Carbon dioxide in the blood; Dissociation Curve of Carbon dioxide;

Chloride shift; ● Anaerobiosis

Unit IV: Reproductive System 08 h

● Patterns of Animal Reproduction i) Asexual reproduction-Fission, Budding, Spore, Formation, Fragmentation,

Parthenogenesis, Gynogenesis and Androgenesis

ii) Sexual Reproduction; Male Reproductive System- Spermatogenesis,

Transportation of sperm, Composition of Semen; Female Reproductive System-

Puberty; Oogenesis; Graafian Follicles; Menstrual cycle; Ovulation; Fertilization;

Implantation; Oestrus Cycle:

● Hormonal Control of Reproductive Cycle; Menopause; ● Hormonal Control of Pregnancy; Parturition; ● Hormonal Control of Lactation

Unit V: Endocrine System 12 h

● Properties and types of Hormones, Mechanism of Hormone action ● The Pituitary Gland: Pituitary Gland in Different Chordates, It’s Hormones, ● Gigantism, Acromegaly, Dwarfism; ● Thyroid Gland: Cretinism, myxoedema, exophthalmic goitre; ● Parathyroid Gland: Functions of PTH, Disorders of parathyroid; ● Pancreas: Islets of Langerhans: Diabetes ● Adrenal Gland: Addison’s disease, Cushing’s syndrome; ● Thymus Gland: Thymosin; ● The pineal Gland: Melatonin, ● Reproductive glands; Testes; Ovary; Placenta; ● Gastrointestinal hormones; Renal Hormones; Prostaglandins; ● Endocrine Glands in Invertebrates: Neurosecretory cells and Neurosecretion;

Neurosecretion in Insects; Pheromones

Unit VI: Sensory Physiology 08 h

● Sensory coding - Transduction, Relationship between Stimulus Intensity and

Response, Central control of Sensory Reception; ● Chemoreception - Gustation and Olfaction; ● Thermoreceptors and Infrared reception; ● Mechanoreception, Mechanotransduction - Invertebrate and vertebrate

Mechanoreceptors - Muscles spindle, ● Acoustico lateralis System, ● Echolocation; ● Electroreception; ● Magnatoreception

References

• Tortora, G. J., & Derrickson, B. (2006). Principle of Anatomy and Physiology, 11th, John

Wiley & Sons. Inc., USA.

Publications.

Limited.

• Withers, P. C. (1992). Comparative animal physiology. Philadelphia: Saunders College

• Harper, H. A., Rodwell, V. W., & Mayes, P. A. (1975). Review of physiological

chemistry 16th ed. Libraries du liban. PO Box, 945.

• Sambasiviah, I., Rao, A. P. K., & Chellappa, S. A. (1980). Textbook of Animal

Physiology and Ecology: S. Chand.

ZOO-401: Fishery Science II Total Hours: 60 Credits: 4

Course objectives:

● To understand identification of commercially important fishes.

● To acquaint knowledge on fishes useful to mankind

● Develop an understanding of the role of growth rate, aquatic weeds and economic

value.

● To know about hill stream fishes

Course outcomes:

● Understand the role of taxonomy in identification of fishes.

● Identify common species available in and around their region using morphological

● Identifies, describes and evaluates the scientific and economic importance of fish

taxonomy.

● Understand entrepreneurship in Fishery as its career.

● To gain knowledge on fish farming in different culture systems.

Unit I: Fish identification techniques. 10 h

● Study of morphometric characters in fishes. ● Study of meristic characters in fishes ● Study of anatomical characters in fishes.

Unit II: Importance of marine, estuarine and inland fisheries of India with reference to

the commercially important fisheries such as :- 10 h

● Mackerel fishery ● Sardine fishery; ● Bombay duck fishery ● Sale fishery. ● Hilsa fishery. ● Prawn fishery and ● Molluscan fishery.

Unit III: Fish Growth: 08 h

● Isometric and allometric growth, the cube law, analysis of growth check on hard

parts(Scale, otolith, vertebrae), Marking and tagging of fish for growth studies, length-

weight relationship, poderal index, relative condition factor and gonadosomatic index.

Unit IV: Aquatic weeds and their control: 08 h

● Introduction methods of control manual and mechanical control.

Unit V: Economic values of fishes: 08 h

● Fish as human food, as food of cattle, Fish oil, Fish glue, and isinglass, Fish leather,

Biological control, In manufacture of artificial pearl, Industries, Harmful fishes.

Unit VI: Planning and management of freshwater fish farm. 06 h

● Site selection, Pond Layout

● Hatchery, Nursery pond

● Rearing pond; Stock pond.

Unit VII: Fishes of the hill streams fishes. 10 h

● Biology of culturable indigenous carps. ● Biology of culturable exotic carps. ● Fisheries of major river systems in India. ● Larvivorous fishes and their relation to public health.

References

1. Pandey A. K. and Sandhu G. S. (): Encyclopedia of Fishes and Fisheries of India –Vol

I to IV, Amol Publications, New Delhi.

2. Biswas, K.P., 1996. A Text Book of Fish, Fisheries and Technology, II ED. Narendra

Publishing House, Delhi, India, 396 pp.

3. Dholakia, A.D., 2004. Fisheries and Aquatic resources of India. Daya Publishing

House, Delhi.413 pp.

4. James, W. Meade, 1998. Aquaculture Management, CBS pub., New Delhi.

5. Khanna S. S. and Singh H. R. (2003 Ed.): Text book of Fish Biology and Fisheries -

By Narendra Publishing House, Delhi – 110006

6. King, M., 1995. Fisheries Biology, Assessement and Management. Fishing News

Books, Black well science Ltd., 341 pp.

7. Modern Textbook of Zoology, R. L. Kotpal, Rastogi Publications, Meerut.

8. Nelson, J.S, 2006. Fishes of the World, 4th edition, John Wiley & Sons, Inc.,

Hobaken, New Jersy, USA, 601 pp.

9. Robert R. Stickney (ed.), 2000. Encyclopedia of Aquaculture. John Wiley and Sons,

Inc., New York. 10. Santhanam, R. (1990): Fisheries Science., Daya Publishing House.

11. Shanmugam, K., 1990. Fishery Biology and Aquaculture. Leo Pathippagam, Madras,

India. 698pp.

12. Srivastava C B L (1999): A text book of fishery science and Indian fisheries., Kitab

Mahal.

13. Stickney, (1995): Introduction to Aquaculture. John Wiley & Sons, New York.

ZOO 402: Inheritance of biology

Course objectives:

● To understand how nucleic acids transport genetic information

● To understand experiments that showed the role of nucleic acids for genetic

information ● To learn which enzymes are involved in genetic information flow ● To distinguish mechanisms of genetic exchange

● To understand mutations ● To familiarize with molecular biology tools

Course outcomes:

● Students will understand what is genetics and the concept of heredity and variation. ● To recognize the characters in an individual which are transmitted from the parents

and also recognize variations in the genetic traits of different individuals in a

population. ● To test and verify their mastery of genetics by applying this knowledge in a variety of

problem-solving situations.

Unit I: Introduction: 04 h

● Concept of gene, Allele, multiple alleles, pseudoallele, complementation

tests.

Unit II: Extensions of Mendelian principles:

● Codominance, incomplete dominance, gene interactions, pleiotropy, genomic

imprinting, penetrance and expressivity, phenocopy, linkage and crossing over, sex

linkage, sex limited and sex influenced characters.

Unit III: Gene mapping methods: 06 h

● Linkage maps, tetrad analysis, mapping with molecular markers, mapping by using

somatic cell hybrids, development of mapping population in Drosophila.

Unit IV: Mutation: 05 h

● Types, causes and detection, mutant types – lethal, conditional, biochemical, loss of

function, gain of function, germinal verses somatic mutants, insertional mutagenesis.

Unit V: Structural and numerical alterations of chromosomes: 05 h

● Deletion, duplication, inversion, translocation, ploidy and their genetic implications.

Unit VI: Recombination: 05 h

● Homologous and non-homologous recombination, including transposition, site-

specific recombination.

References

• Dobzhansky, T., (1972), Genetics of the Evolutionary process, Columbia University Press

• Pawar C.B., (2018), Genetics Vol I and II, Himalaya Publishing House, Mumbai

• Stricberger M.W., (1984), Genetics, 4th Edition, MacMillan public Com. Inc, New York

• Lewin B., (2009), Genes Xthedition, Wiley Eastern Limited, New Delhi

• Winchester, (1977), Genetics, 5th Revised edition, Houghton Mifflin Harcourt (HMH)

• Sinnot Dunn A. M. and Dobzhansky, (1958), Principles of Genetics, McGraw-Hill Book

Company

• Kotpal R. L., (2020), Concept of Genetics, 6th Edition, Rastogi Publication, Meerut.

Course objectives:

the body.

● To understand how these principles are incorporated into the adaptations of different

animal groups;

● To provide experience in researching, discussing, and answering questions about

collecting, analyzing, interpreting, and reporting experimental data; and ● To provide experience in reading published primary physiology literature and

Course outcomes:

Student will be able to ● With the study of this paper students gain knowledge in the areas of responses to

environment with study of receptors CNS integration of behavior ● Understanding of the functions of effectors in all aspects as well as the circulatory

physiology and reproduction and adaptations by animals to environment ● The students will be well equipped to become very competent in research. ● The course provides employability in teaching fields

Practical Corresponding to ZOO 401 Animal Physiology – II

1. 1. Study of adaption in Brackish, Fresh, Marine water and Terrestrial habitat.

2. Recording of lung volumes and capacities by spirometry

3. Determination of oxygen consumption of any suitable animal.

4. Study of different types of muscles.

5. Super-ovulation in Rat

6. To study the estrous cycle by vaginal smear method.

7. Assessing skin sensitivity - locating different receptors

8. Study of Endocrine glands with the help of Slides/ Photographs

9. Perform Semen analysis (Motility, Sperm count, Morphology of sperm)

10. Isolation of Haemoglobin

Practicals corresponds to 401 Fishery Science II

Course objectives:

● To learn about depth knowledge and field exposure on sustainable fishery practices

● To learn about fishery practice management of commercially important cultivable

fishes.

● To impart basic practical skills in different aspects of fishery practices as by-products

and preservation methods.

● To know about Fishing Net and Gears.

● To impart knowledge on the role and relevance of fisheries

Course outcomes:

● To understand identification of commercially important fishes.

● To acquaint knowledge on fishes useful to mankind

● Learn skill of fish farm Design, Hatchery and Management

● Impart theoretical and practical knowledge for sustainable development of Fishery.

● Acquired the skills regarding advanced technologies of fisheries.

Practicals corresponds to 401 Fishery Science II

1. Identification of any fish by using Keys.

2. Study of commercially important Marine, Estuarine and Inland fishes of India:

Mackerel, Sardine, Bombay duck, Sole, Hilsa, Prawn and Mollusc fishery.

3. Observation of otoliths from point of view of estimation of age and growth of fishes

4. Identification of common weed and their control

5. Fishing Net and Gears: Identification and Use

6. Study of fish from following categories: hill stream, indigenous, exotic and

larvivorous fishes (Any one example from each category)

7. Adaptations in fishes

8. Study of fish products and by-products.

9. Method of fish preservation and canning.

10. Visit to Fish farm to study the layout, planning and management of Fish Farm.

Reference

• Tortora, G. J., & Derrickson, B. (2006). Principle of Anatomy and Physiology, 11th, John

Wiley & Sons. Inc., USA.

Publications.

Limited.

• Withers, P. C. (1992). Comparative animal physiology. Philadelphia: Saunders College

• Harper, H. A., Rodwell, V. W., & Mayes, P. A. (1975). Review of physiological

chemistry 16th ed. Libraries du liban. PO Box, 945.

• Sambasiviah, I., Rao, A. P. K., & Chellappa, S. A. (1980). Textbook of Animal Physiology

and Ecology: S. Chand.

• A. K. Pandey and G. S. Sandhu (): Encyclopedia of Fishes and Fisheries of India –Vol I to

IV, Amol Publications, New Delhi.

• Biswas, K.P., 1996. A Text Book of Fish, Fisheries and Technology, II ED. Narendra

Publishing House, Delhi, India, 396 pp.

• Dholakia, A.D., 2004. Fisheries and Aquatic resources of India. Daya Publishing House,

Delhi.413 pp.

• James, W. Meade, 1998. Aquaculture Management, CBS pub., New Delhi.

• Khanna S. S. and Singh H. R. (2003 Ed.): Text book of Fish Biology and Fisheries - By

Narendra Publishing House, Delhi – 110006

• King, M., 1995. Fisheries Biology, Assessement and Management. Fishing News Books,

Black well science Ltd., 341 pp.

• Modern Textbook of Zoology, R. L. Kotpal, Rastogi Publications, Meerut.

• Nelson, J.S, 2006. Fishes of the World, 4th edition, John Wiley & Sons, Inc., Hobaken,

New Jersy, USA, 601 pp.

• Robert R. Stickney (ed.), 2000. Encyclopedia of Aquaculture. John Wiley and Sons, Inc.,

New York. • Santhanam, R. (1990): Fisheries Science., Daya Publishing House.

• Shanmugam, K., 1990. Fishery Biology and Aquaculture. Leo Pathippagam, Madras,

India. 698pp.

• Srivastava C B L (1999): A text book of fishery science and Indian fisheries., Kitab

Mahal.

• Stickney, (1995): Introduction to Aquaculture. John Wiley & Sons, New York.

ZOO-404: Practical Based on ZOO-402 and Dissertation

Course objectives:

● To understand how nucleic acids transport genetic information ● To understand experiments that showed the role of nucleic acids for genetic

information

● To learn which enzymes are involved in genetic information flow ● To distinguish mechanisms of genetic exchange

● To understand mutations ● To familiarize with molecular biology tools

Course outcomes:

● Upon successful completion of the laboratory portion of this course, the students will

be able to describe, identify, explain, perform, and/or measure: Basic principles of

analog and digital data acquisition. ● The important sections of a scientific paper (e.g., Abstract, Introduction, Methods,

Results, Discussion, References), and how a laboratory report should be written in this

format.

ZOO-404: Practical Based on DSC-ZOO-402

1. Calculation of gene frequency of PTC testing in the given human population

2. Drosophila morphology, sexual dimorphism- Normal and Abnormal

3. Study of Monohybrid and Dihybrid Cross ratio

4. Study of Sex linked character in Drosophila-White, Bar and Sepia Eye

5. Study of genetic diversity in some morphological characters of Drosophila

6. Calculation of gene frequency of ABO blood group in human population

7. To detect synaptic pairing of chromosomal Aberration in meiotic stages (Prophase-I)

of Grasshopper/insect

8. Gene expression in prokaryotic organism (bacteria)

Dissertation Students should perform work in single or in group of three, and submit research

dissertation submit includes following points;

● Make research proposal ● Construct tool of data collection ● Learn fieldwork modalities ● Understand the process of data analysis ● Writing research report

● The students will be able to describe, identify, explain, perform, and/or measure: Basic

principles of analog and digital data acquisition. ● The important sections of a scientific paper (e.g., Abstract, Introduction, Methods,

Results, Discussion, References), and how a laboratory report should be written in this

format.

References ● Dobzhansky, T., (1972), Genetics of the Evolutionary process, Columbia University Press

● Pawar C.B., (2018), Genetics Vol I and II, Himalaya Publishing House, Mumbai

● Stricberger M.W., (1984), Genetics, 4th Edition, MacMillan public Com. Inc, New York

● Lewin B., (2009), Genes Xthedition, Wiley Eastern Limited, New Delhi

● Winchester A. M., (1977), Genetics, 5th Revised edition, Houghton Mifflin Harcourt (HMH);

● Sinnot Dunn and Dobzhansky, (1958), Principles of Genetics, McGraw-Hill Book Company

● Kotpal R. L., (2020), Concept of Genetics, 6th Edition, Rastogi Publication, Meerut.

● Graziano, A. M., & Raulin, M. L. (1993). Research methods: A process of inquiry.

HarperCollins College Publishers.

● Walliman, N. (2011). Research theory, Research methods: the basics.

● Wadehra, B. L. (2006). Law Relating to Patents, Trade Marks, Copyright Designs and

Geographical Indications: Including Semiconductor Integrated Circuits and Layout-design;

Protection of Plant Varieties & TRIPS. Universal Law Publishing Company.

● Kothari, C. R. (2009). Research methodology: new age international 2nd edition.

● Coley, S. M., & Scheinberg, C. A. (2008). Proposal writing: effective grantsmanship. Sage.

ZOO-405: Research Methodology

Course objectives:

● Make special use of language for their expression ● To make accurate use of English language in their respective field and communicate

effectively ● Make proficient in English language to improve their employability.

● Do close textual analysis of literary works ● Do critical analysis and interpretation ● Acquire significant knowledge on various aspects related to scientific paper writing and

paper presentation skills. ● Acquire significant knowledge on various aspects related to IPR and its regulations.

Course outcomes:

● Understood how do to the literature survey about a particular scientific problem. ● Understood the digital sources available for the literature collection.

● Understood the methods of doing scientific research and how to write scientific papers. ● Learned about the data analysis.

● Learned about data presentation skills.

Unit I: Introduction 10 h

● Meaning and objectives of research, Motivation in research, Types of research,

Significance of research, Research methods Versus methodology, Research and

scientific methods, Research process, Criteria of good research.

Unit II: Research Design 10 h

● Meaning of research design, Need of research design, Features of good design,

Concepts of research design, Basic principles of experimental design.

Unit III: The components of Research Report 13 h

● Types of Reports, Planning of Report Writing,

● Concept of scientific writing

● Write a letter to editor of scientific journal

● Meaning of a scientific paper

● Prepare an Abstract and Title

Project writing: Acknowledgement, Introduction, Review of Literature, Materials and

Methods, Data and Data Analysis, Results and Discussion, Conclusion, References,

Preparation of cue card.

Unit IV: Communication 12 h

● Communication: Meaning, types and characteristics of communication. Effective

communication: Verbal and Non-verbal, Inter-Cultural and group communications,

Classroom communication and Group Discussion. Barriers to effective

communication. Mass-Media and Society.

Unit V: Presentation skill: 10 h

● planning, audience, purpose, time subject pattern

● preparing drafting talk

● practicing

● presentation to different group

● Use of visual aid for effective presentation: (synopsis, summary, abstract, tables,

graphs, power point presentation Poster presentation: title, author, affiliation,

introduction material and methods, results, summary, selection of appropriate Font

size, table, figure etc.

Unit VI: Ethical Issues 05 h

● Intellectual property Rights, Commercialization, Copy Right, Royalty, Patent law,

Plagiarism, Citation, Acknowledgement

References

1. Graziano, A. M., & Raulin, M. L. (1993). Research methods: A process of inquiry.

HarperCollins College Publishers.

2. Walliman, N. (2011). Research theory, Research methods: the basics.

3. Wadehra, B. L. (2006). Law Relating to Patents, Trade Marks, Copyright Designs and

Geographical Indications: Including Semiconductor Integrated Circuits and Layout-

design; Protection of Plant Varieties & TRIPS. Universal Law Publishing Company.

4. Kothari, C. R. (2009). Research methodology: new age international 2nd edition.

5. Coley, S. M., & Scheinberg, C. A. (2008). Proposal writing: effective grantsmanship.

ZOO-406: Insect Pest Management

Course objectives:

● To sensitize the students on the theory and practice regulations principal of harmful

Insect pest. ● To train the students with theory and practice of biological control of Insect pest.

Course outcomes:

● Understand the basics of animal structure and function and have a good knowledge of

entomology. ● Reflect on the importance of agriculture sector in Indian economy, agricultural

intensification and the development of the need for integrated approaches to crop

protection. ● Characterize the major components of pest management strategies and compare their

relative merits for different pests and crops. ● Critically reflect on use of newer technology, emerging trends, advances and

developments in applied zoology. ● Demonstrate professional attitude and identify the ethical issues related to the different

technical experiments in the laboratory and its application in the agriculture fields,

promote eco-friendly methods and sustainable development.

Unit 1: Introduction, Concept of pest and Pest resurgence. 02 h

Unit 2: Types of Pests 20 h

● General biology of important pests of crops cultivated in Maharashtra in particular and

Indian in general w.r.t. habits, habitat, marks of identification, life cycle, nature of

damage and control measures. ● Pests of Cotton (mention all pests and explain in details i. Red Cotton bug and ii. The ● Pink Ballworm) ● Pests of Sugarcane (mention all pests and explain in details i. The Sugarcane stem ● borer and ii. Leaf hopper) ● Pests of Pulses (mention all pests and explain in details i. Greavy Cut worm and ii. ● The Plume moth) ● Pests of Vegetables (mention all pests and explain in details i. The potato tuber moth ● and ii. The Brinjal shoot and fruit borer) ● Pests of Stored grains (mention all pests and explain in details i. The red flour beetle ● and ii. Rice moth) ● Non-insect Pests (mention all pests and explain in details i. Deer and ii. Squirrel)

Unit 3: Important pests 04 h

● forest trees and steps taken to check their infestation: Termites, forest defoliators,

borers, sap suckers etc.

broad-based approach that integrates practices for economic control of pests

● Physical and Mechanical control. ● Chemical control and safe handling of pesticides. ● Biological control.

● Hormones and pheromones as control agents.

Unit 8: Integrated pests Management (I.P.M.). 03 h

References

Pfadt R.E., (1971), Fundamental of Applied Entomology, Mac Millan, New York, 2nd

Short JRI, (1963), Introduction to Applied Entomology, Longmans Green London)

Roy D. N. and Brawn A WA, (1970), Entomology, The Bang lore Printing and Publ.

Co. Ltd.

Simi KGV, (1973), Insects and other Arthropods of Medical importance, Trustees of

BritmusLondon.

Pradhan S., (1969), Insect pests of crop, NBY, New Delhi.

Richards O. W. and Davies R. G., (1977), Imm’s text book ofentomology, Mathuem

and com, London,

Snodgrass R.E., (1978), Principles of insect morphology vol.I and II, Tata Mc Graw

Hill Bombay.

Foxz R. M. and Fox J. W, (1964), Introduction to comparative Entomology, Reinhold,

NewYork.

Chapman R. E., (1972), The Insect- Structure and Function, ELBS and EUP London.

Nayar K.K., Anantha Krishan T.N. and David B.V., (1976), General Applied

Entomology, TataMcGraw Hill, New Delhi.

Skill imparted:

In addition to studying and conducting experiments, animal physiologists typically have a

wide variety of duties. They may develop research plans, protocols, and testing procedures.

Physiologists also study reproductive cells and chromosomes. They may evaluate hormonal

status and presence of abnormal changes in exfoliated or abraded cells.

Animal physiologists may assess animal metabolism and nutrition. They might evaluate

animal housing to ensure that it meets optimum temperature, humidity, and space

requirements for animal health. Physiologists also study and analyze animal tissue

microscopically.

Animal physiologists study and research cellular and organ structure in animals. They also

study animal functions such as reproduction, movement, and growth in natural and artificial

environments. Physiologists may perform controlled experiments to see if certain factors have

an affect on animal nutrition, breeding, or health.

Animal physiologists may be employed by pharmaceutical companies, research organizations,

or museums for their expertise. They also may work in schools, instructing students who

aspire to work as veterinarians, animal scientists, or physiologists. Builders may employ

physiologists as consultants for advice on housing environments for livestock. Feed suppliers

might consult with physiologists on animal dietary needs.

Since research and experiments are often team-based, it's helpful for animal physiologists to

be able to communicate and work well with others. Patience and endurance are also useful

characteristics for conducting lengthy and thorough research projects.

Job opportunity:

A degree in animal physiology can lead to opportunities in a wide variety of areas, including

fisheries, veterinary schools and pharmaceutical research.

● Zookeeper

● Wildlife Rehabilitation Jobs

● College Professor

● Animal Physiologist

● Veterinarian

● Wildlife biologist

● Biophysicist

● Animal scientists

● Animal physiologist

● Mammalogist, herpetologist (Specialist in reptiles and amphibians)

● Ornithologist (Specialis in birds)

● Wildlife Physiologist

● Laboratory Assistant

● Embryo Transfer Specialist

● Brood Feed Conversion Worker

● Biological Scientist

● Associate Research Scientist

● In scientific journals as Technical Writer & Proofreader

● In Pharmaceutical industry as Medical Coder

● Helps in Research writing in Ph. D. Degree and manuscript preparation

● Fishery / Aquaculture Sector

● Fisheries Survey of India

● State and Central Government agencies

● Technical entry cadres in Fisheries Department

● Environmental protection industry and Agencies

● Research leading to Ph. D. degree

● Self-entrepreneurship

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