switching theory and logic design

Switching Theory and Logic Design

Combinational Logic Design

Overview

• Introduction• Design using conventional logic gates– Adder– Subtractor– Multiplier– Magnitude Comparator

• Encoder• Decoder• Multiplexer• De-Multiplexer

Introduction

Combination Logic Example

Design using conventional logic gatesAdders-Half Adder

0 + 0 = 00 + 1 = 11 + 0 = 11 + 1 = 10

Design using conventional logic gatesAdders-Full Adder

Design using conventional logic gatesFull Adder-Using 2 Half Adders

4-bit Binary Adder or Ripple Carry Adder

• Addition of n-bit numbers requires a chain of n full adders or a chain of one-half adder and n-1 full adders

• If we use Classical method, then 29 = 512 entries for 9-inputs in truth table as seen in half and full adders

Adders-Carry Propagation• In ripple carry adder the propagation delay in each stage will add up to the final stage.• Pi (Carry Propagate)and Gi (carry generate) settle to steady-state after propagating

through respective gates.• Form input Ci to output Ci + 1carry propagates through AND and OR.• In n-bit adder, 2n gates for carry between input and output• To reduce carry propagation Carry Lookahead logic is widely used

4-bit Carry stage

4-bit Carry Lookahead Adder

Design using conventional logic gatesSubtractor-Half subtractor

0 + 0 = 00 + 1 = 1 with barrow 11 + 0 = 11 + 1 = 0

Design using conventional logic gatesSubtractor-Full subtractor

4-bit Adder-Subtractor

If M=0 and Co=0, then above circuit acts as 4-bit adder If M=1 and Co=1, then above circuit acts as 4-bit subtractor

Binary Multiplier-(2-bit by 2-bit)

Binary Multiplier-(4-bit by 3-bit)

Magnitude Comparator• It is a combination circuit which compares two numbers A and B.• A = B, A > B, A < B

4-bit Magnitude Comparator

Encoders• An Encoder has 2^n (or fewer) input and n outputs• An example of octal to binary encoder is discussed below• encode discussed below has limitation that only one input must be active• Ambiguity between all input 0’s and Do

Priority Encoder

Four Input Priority Encoder

Decoders

Decoder (2 to 4)- Active Low• Decoder given here has

• Active low Enable (E) input• Active low outputs (D0, D1,D2, D3)• Active high inputs (A and B)

Decoder (3 to 8)

Decoder (4 to 16)

Combination Logic Design

Multiplexer

• 2^n inputs• n selection lines• 1 output

Multiplexer (2 to 1)

Multiplexer (4 to 1)

Multiplexer (Quadruple 2 to 1)

Combinational Logic Design (Eg.1)

Combinational Logic Design (Eg.2)

Design using conventional logic gatesAdders-Half Adder

Design using conventional logic gatesAdders-Full Adder

Design using conventional logic gatesFull Adder-Using 2 Half Adders

Design using conventional logic gatesSubtractor-Half Subtractor

Design using conventional logic gatesSubtractor-Full Subtractor

D=A XOR B XOR CBOR_out = A’ B + (A XOR B)’ B_in

4 to 2 Encoder

2 to 4 Decoder

Decoder