survey of anatomy & physiology chap 14
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The Lymphatic and Immune Systems: Your Defense Systems
14
INTRODUCTIONINTRODUCTION
Immune and lymphatic systems work to protect body from pathogens that can produce disease
Without these systems, you would not survive for long
THE DEFENSE ZONETHE DEFENSE ZONE
If a group of pathogens try to enter body, they must first get past barriers, such as intact skin and secretions of mucous membranes
PHYSICAL BARRIERS PHYSICAL BARRIERS
Anything that prevents invaders from getting inside your body prevents infection
Physical barriers act as first line of defense; located in areas most likely to be invaded
Skin and mucous membranes of eyes, digestive,
respiratory, reproductive systems
PHYSICAL BARRIERS PHYSICAL BARRIERS
Anything that prevents invaders from getting inside your body prevents infection
Physical barriers act as first line of defense; located in areas most likely to be invaded
Skin and mucous membranes of eyes, digestive,
respiratory, reproductive systems
THE DEFENSE ZONETHE DEFENSE ZONE
If pathogen does get into body, it is recognized as not belonging
Weapons in the form of specialized cells are engaged by immune and lymphatic systems to fend off the pathogens
THE DEFENSE ZONETHE DEFENSE ZONE
Weapons include specialized cells and powerful chemicals of immune and lymphatic systems
Chemicals stimulate inflammatory and clean up responses
Again, this is accomplished by combined and integrated efforts of immune and lymphatic systems
THE LYMPHATIC SYSTEMTHE LYMPHATIC SYSTEM
Both the transport system and barracks of immune system
Works closely with cardiovascular system
THE LYMPHATIC SYSTEMTHE LYMPHATIC SYSTEM
FOUR FUNCTIONS
STRUCTURES OF THE STRUCTURES OF THE LYMPHATIC SYSTEMLYMPHATIC SYSTEM
Smallest pipes of lymphatic system called lymph capillaries; run parallel to blood capillaries
STRUCTURES OF THE STRUCTURES OF THE LYMPHATIC SYSTEMLYMPHATIC SYSTEM
Lymph capillaries form network between cells of connective tissues, but
unlike blood capillaries, are open ended
THE LYMPHATIC SYSTEMTHE LYMPHATIC SYSTEM Proteins and fluids are lost from cardiovascular
capillaries and enter interstitial space.
THE LYMPHATIC SYSTEMTHE LYMPHATIC SYSTEM
Once this fluid enters lymph capillaries, it is known as lymphatic fluid (lymph)
Lymph: straw-colored, clear fluid; primary component is water
THE LYMPHATIC SYSTEMTHE LYMPHATIC SYSTEM
Lymph capillaries empty into lymphatic vessels, similar to veins including valves; body movement and contraction of smooth muscles propels lymph through system
FIGURE 14-1FIGURE 14-1THE LYMPHATIC SYSTEM AND THE RELATIONSHIP THE LYMPHATIC SYSTEM AND THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN BLOOD AND LYMPH CAPILLARIESBETWEEN BLOOD AND LYMPH CAPILLARIES
LYMPH NODESLYMPH NODES Large vessels empty into lymph nodes, ranging in size
from pinhead to an olive Lymph nodes: filters placed all along pathways or
vessels of lymphatic system
FIGURE 14-2FIGURE 14-2THE LYMPH NODE STRUCTURETHE LYMPH NODE STRUCTURE
Small, encapsulated bodies divided into sectionsConsist of sections of lymphatic tissue containing WBCs known as lymphocytes
LYMPH NODESLYMPH NODES
Lymphatic tissue surrounded by lymphatic sinuses filled with lymph fluid
Filter and destroy pathogens using WBCs
LYMPH NODES IN THE BODYLYMPH NODES IN THE BODY
Concentrated in cervical, axillary, inguinal, pelvic, abdominal, thoracic, and supra trochlear areas
Adenoids and tonsils also part of lymph system
LYMPHATIC TRUNKSLYMPHATIC TRUNKS
Lymphatic vessels exiting lymph nodes empty into one of several lymphatic trunks
COLLECTING DUCTSCOLLECTING DUCTS
Lumbar, intestinal, and intercostal trunks empty into thoracic duct the largest lymph vessel; more than two-thirds of lymphatic system drains into this duct
Lymphatic trunks empty into one of two collecting ducts
COLLECTING DUCTSCOLLECTING DUCTS
Bronchomediastinal, subclavian, and jugular trunks empty into right lymphatic duct; smaller duct within right thorax that empties into right subclavian vein
CIRCULATION OF CIRCULATION OF LYMPHATIC FLUIDLYMPHATIC FLUID
Lymphatic fluid flows in only one direction: from body tissues and organs to heart Blood to tissue Tissue to lymphatic
capillaries Lymphatic capillaries to
lymphatic vessels
CIRCULATION OF CIRCULATION OF LYMPHATIC FLUIDLYMPHATIC FLUID
1. Lymphatic capillaries to lymph nodes
2. Lymph nodes to lymphatic vessels
3. Lymphatic vessels to lymphatic trunks
4. Lymphatic trunks to collecting ducts
5. Collecting ducts to subclavian veins and then back to the blood
LYMPH ORGANSLYMPH ORGANS
Spleen Spongy saclike mass of
lymphatic tissue in upper left quadrant of abdomen
Structurally similar to lymph nodes but instead of lymphatic sinuses has blood sinuses
Surrounding blood sinuses are islands of white pulp containing lymphocytes and islands of red pulp containing both RBCs and WBCs
LYMPH ORGANSLYMPH ORGANS Spleen
Functions to remove and destroy old, damaged, or fragile RBCs
Also filters pathogens from bloodstream and destroys them like lymph node
Not vital organ; can be surgically removed; removal in children can severely compromise immunity, but has lesser effect on adults
LYMPH ORGANSLYMPH ORGANS
Thymus Soft organ located
between aortic arch and sternum
Very large in children because it must fend off new infections
Gets smaller; continues to have some activity in adults as immune system fully matures in its ability to fight infection
LYMPH ORGANSLYMPH ORGANS
Thymus Site of mature
type of WBC called a T lymphocyte (made in the bone marrow)
FIGURE 14-3FIGURE 14-3SPLEEN, THYMUS, TONSILS, AND SPLEEN, THYMUS, TONSILS, AND
LYMPHATIC VESSELSLYMPHATIC VESSELS
LYMPHATIC AND IMMUNELYMPHATIC AND IMMUNE
Nodes
Vessels
Organs
CellsChemicals
Barriers
Stores and Transports
THE IMMUNE SYSTEMTHE IMMUNE SYSTEM
Comprised of cells, chemicals, and barriers that protect body from invasion by pathogens
Some processes active, some passive, some inborn, and others change with experience
ANTIGENS-SELF OR FOREIGN?ANTIGENS-SELF OR FOREIGN?
Molecules on outer surface of cell membrane that identify them as friend or foe
Each living thing has unique cell surface antigens, allowing immune system to distinguish between cells that are naturally yours and cells that are not
ANTIGENSANTIGENS
Ability called self-recognition and non-self-recognition; is heart of how immune system functions
Well-functioning immune system ignores self antigens and attacks non-self antigens
ANTIBODIESANTIBODIES
Proteins the body makes that bind to antigens, eventually destroying them
One of most potent weapons of immune system
Called into action when foreign antigen invades the body
INNATE VERSUS ADAPTIVE INNATE VERSUS ADAPTIVE IMMUNITYIMMUNITY
Innate (natural) immunity First line of defense
against invasion Body's inborn ability to
fight infection Not affected by
environment Permanent
INNATE VERSUS ADAPTIVE INNATE VERSUS ADAPTIVE IMMUNITYIMMUNITY
Innate (natural) immunity Prevents invasion,
or if pathogens do get inside, takes steps to stop spread of infection
INNATE IMMUNITY-RECOGNIZES A INNATE IMMUNITY-RECOGNIZES A FOREIGN INVADERFOREIGN INVADER
The body’s first line of defense recognizes that invader is present but can’t identify it specifically
Like setting off a metal detector but not knowing exactly what the item is that did it
INNATE VERSUS ADAPTIVE INNATE VERSUS ADAPTIVE IMMUNITYIMMUNITY Innate (natural)
immunity Cannot improve with
experience Because it does not
recognize specific pathogens, it cannot "remember" an infection that body has encountered before
“ I CAN’T REMEMBER”
INNATE VERSUS ADAPTIVE INNATE VERSUS ADAPTIVE IMMUNITYIMMUNITY
Crude mechanism for defending body
Indiscriminately killing pathogens and healthy tissue alike
Take that, invaderI’m
one of you!!
INNATE VERSUS ADAPTIVE INNATE VERSUS ADAPTIVE IMMUNITYIMMUNITY Adaptive (acquired) immunity
Backs up innate immunity, specifically targeting invaders and sparing healthy tissue as much as possible
Remembers invaders from previous encounters and prepares for future invasion, improving response with experience by learning and changing
INNATE VERSUS ADAPTIVE INNATE VERSUS ADAPTIVE IMMUNITYIMMUNITY Innate and adaptive immunity work together Innate immunity prepares way for adaptive immunity,
weakening pathogens and stimulating components of adaptive immunity
INNATE VERSUS ADAPTIVE INNATE VERSUS ADAPTIVE IMMUNITYIMMUNITY Adaptive immunity, in turn, stimulates innate immunity
attacking pathogen on two fronts
INNATE VERSUS ADAPTIVE IMMUNITY-INNATE VERSUS ADAPTIVE IMMUNITY-HUMORAL* & CELLULARHUMORAL* & CELLULAR
*Humoral means found in body fluids
CELLS OF THE BODYCELLS OF THE BODY White blood cells
(WBC or leukocytes) are cells responsible for defending body against invaders
Red blood cells responsible for carrying oxygen throughout body
Platelets responsible for blood's ability to clot
CELLS OF THE BODYCELLS OF THE BODY
Leukocytes Form in bone marrow;
move to other parts of body to grow and mature
Not released into bloodstream unless infection present
Various types of white blood cells required to protect body in varying circumstances
LYMPHOCYTESLYMPHOCYTES T (for Thymus) and B
(for bone marrow) cells Form in bone marrow;
some move to other parts of body to grow and mature
T cells go to the thymus to mature
B cells stay, develop and mature in the bone marrow
LYMPHOCYTES-T AND B CELLSLYMPHOCYTES-T AND B CELLS
Specific T cells called T helper cells stimulate “killer T cells” which directly bind to antigen or pathogen and destroy it
T helper cells also stimulate B cells to make B plasma cells which produce antibodies and make B memory cells
LYMPHOCYTES-T AND B CELLSLYMPHOCYTES-T AND B CELLS
Both formed in the marrow both cells stimulated by the presence of a foreign antigen
B cells develop into plasma cells which forms antibodies to specific antigen and memory cells which “remember” it later
TABLE 14-1TABLE 14-1 WHITE BLOOD CELLS WHITE BLOOD CELLS INVOLVED IN IMMUNE RESPONSEINVOLVED IN IMMUNE RESPONSE
CHEMICALS TO PROTECT BODY CHEMICALS TO PROTECT BODY FROM INVADERSFROM INVADERS
Found in body; assist in destroying and neutralizing invaders
Cytokines: Involved in both innate
and adaptive immunity
CYTOKINESCYTOKINES
Cytokines are proteins produced by damaged tissues and WBCs that stimulate immune response in variety of ways:
Increasing inflammation
Stimulating lymphocytes
Enhancing phagocytosis
INTERFERONSINTERFERONS Cytokine produced
by cells that have been infected by virus
Binds to neighboring, uninfected cells and stimulates them to produce chemicals that may protect these cells from viruses
INFLAMMATIONINFLAMMATION
Also called inflammatory response
Typical symptoms: pain, swelling, heat, and redness
INFLAMMATIONINFLAMMATION
Deliberate action of body in response to tissue damage, whether mechanical or pathological injury
Response helps to wall off infected area to prevent further spread and allow battle to focus at site
INFLAMMATIONINFLAMMATION
When tissue is damaged, cells send out chemicals such as histamine, an inflammation modulator
INFLAMMATIONINFLAMMATION
These chemicals attract WBCs to site, increase permeability of capillaries, and cause local vasodilitation; extra fluid causes swelling
More blood comes to site, causing heat
INFLAMMATIONINFLAMMATION
WBCs destroy pathogens and clean away dead cells
Increase in fluid and cells coming to area increases pressure and creates pain
Innate immune mechanism, but plays important part in adaptive immunity
FIGURE 14-5FIGURE 14-5CAUSES AND CONSEQUENCES OF THE CAUSES AND CONSEQUENCES OF THE INFLAMMATORY RESPONSE.INFLAMMATORY RESPONSE.
FEVERFEVER During infection, immune
system releases cytokines that promote inflammation and immune responses
One of cytokine targets in brain is HYPOTHALAMUS responsible for setting and maintaining body temperature
FEVERFEVER Effect of cytokine is
elevated temperature set point, or fever
Rise in body temperature is deliberate attempt by immune system to destroy pathogens
INNATE IMMUNITY-BARRIERSINNATE IMMUNITY-BARRIERS
First, pathogens must get past physical and chemical barriers; most pathogens kept out by these barriers
Tears, saliva, urine, mucous secretions and sweat contain
chemical barriers
INNATE IMMUNITYINNATE IMMUNITY
INNATE IMMUNITYINNATE IMMUNITY
Release of cytokines and stimulation of inflammation attract macrophages to infection site
INNATE IMMUNITYINNATE IMMUNITY
Macrophages phagocytize infected cells
Release chemicals to further stimulate inflammation, activate more immune cells
INNATE IMMUNITYINNATE IMMUNITYPathogens are under attack from: PhagocytosisNoxious chemicalsMembrane ruptureClumpingAlteration to molecular structure
INNATE IMMUNITYINNATE IMMUNITY
Chemicals have specifically signaled hypothalamus to raise body temperature and you run a fever
INNATE IMMUNITYINNATE IMMUNITY
Remember: This is crude warfare, with innate immunity destroying anything non-self
Desperate attempt to defeat invaders, sometimes killing uninfected cells…
All leading to activation of adaptive immunity
INNATE IMMUNITYINNATE IMMUNITY
When phagocytic cells ingest pathogens, they display foreign antigen on cell membrane, essential for activation of B and T cells
ADAPTIVE IMMUNITYADAPTIVE IMMUNITY
Fights specific pathogens; has memory, "learns" from experience, recognizes specific pathogens
WHEN B CELLS ATTACKWHEN B CELLS ATTACK
ADAPTIVE IMMUNITYADAPTIVE IMMUNITY
Because of adaptive immunity, immunizations are able to prevent
illness
ADAPTIVE IMMUNITYADAPTIVE IMMUNITY
Innate and adaptive immunity work hand in hand; one cannot do its job without the other
ADAPTIVE IMMUNITY IS THEN ADAPTIVE IMMUNITY IS THEN ACQUIREDACQUIRED
Acquired immunity
occurs as the body
“adapts” to the
environment to which it is
exposed
Acquired immunity
occurs as the body
“adapts” to the
environment to which it is
exposed
Exposure is either
“passive” (nonspecific
antigen exposure) or
“active” (specific targeted
exposure)
Exposure is either
“passive” (nonspecific
antigen exposure) or
“active” (specific targeted
exposure) Exposure is “natural” or “artificial”
(created by humans)
Exposure is “natural” or “artificial”
(created by humans)
ACQUIRED ACTIVE IMMUNITYACQUIRED ACTIVE IMMUNITY
Daily Life
Acquired during
vaccinations
ACQUIRED PASSIVE IMMUNITYACQUIRED PASSIVE IMMUNITY
ACQUIRED ACTIVE IMMUNITYACQUIRED ACTIVE IMMUNITY
FIGURE 14-10TYPES OF IMMUNITIES
OUR IMMUNE SYSTEMOUR IMMUNE SYSTEM
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=MI-BLaj5nFk
THE BIG PICTURETHE BIG PICTURE Army of pathogens wants to
invade body; first must get past body's barriers
If invader gets inside body, series of weapons stimulated by non-self-antigen
Cells (neutrophils, macrophages, and basophils) stimulated
Chemicals (cytokines) released that stimulate inflammation and phagocytosis
THE BIG PICTURETHE BIG PICTURE
Macrophages and other cells which have ingested some of invaders move to lymphatic system and search lymph nodes, looking for T and B cells that will recognize intruder
THE BIG PICTURETHE BIG PICTURE
Helper T cells activate and cause proliferation of B cells and cytotoxic T cells, as well as releasing chemicals to further stimulate phagocytosis and inflammation
T cells (green) infected with HIV (red)
THE BIG PICTURETHE BIG PICTURE
Cytotoxic T cells activated and proliferate
B cells produce antibodies that destroy invaders and further stimulate immune response
Cytotoxic T cells destroy invaders directly and release chemicals that further stimulate immune response
THE BIG PICTURETHE BIG PICTURE
Immune response, both innate and adaptive, will continue to be stimulated until feedback loop stopped, at least in part by regulatory T cells
Memory B cells and T cells stored in lymph nodes for later use if another army of same types of pathogens invade
THE BIG PICTURETHE BIG PICTURE
Macrophages and other phagocytic cells will clean up debris left by “warfare” waged by immune system and body will return to normal
FIGURE 14-11FIGURE 14-11THE BATTLE PLAN OF THE BODYTHE BATTLE PLAN OF THE BODY''S S DEFENSESDEFENSES
AUTO IMMUNE DISEASEAUTO IMMUNE DISEASE
It is believed that viruses can incorporate genetic material into human cells that changes it’s “ID CARD”, so that it is then identified as foreign, triggering an antigen-antibody reactionRead article “Auto Immune Diseases”Read article “Auto Immune Diseases”
AUTO IMMUNE DISEASESAUTO IMMUNE DISEASES
CHAP 14 TAKE HOME EXAMCHAP 14 TAKE HOME EXAM
Complete Worksheet No. 1 and the Labeling Activity
1 and 3 for credit (46 points) .
Questions #24 and #25
are EXTRA CREDIT (worth 7 points)
One ESSAY Question on the Lymphatic System will
appear on your FINAL EXAM
Complete Worksheet No. 1 and the Labeling Activity
1 and 3 for credit (46 points) .
Questions #24 and #25
are EXTRA CREDIT (worth 7 points)
One ESSAY Question on the Lymphatic System will
appear on your FINAL EXAM
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