story of andalusia

781 Years of Muslim History-92H – 897H-711 – 1492 AD

60% of Muslim Era

Relevance of History

Allah ordered us to Study

1/3 of Quran is History

Many Surahs are just History

Relevance of HistoryAllah says in Surah Al-Araf, 7 : 176

Sahih International :: And if We had willed, we could have elevated him thereby, but he adhered [instead] to the earth and followed his own desire. So his example is like that of the dog: if you chase him, he pants, or if you leave him, he [still] pants. That is the example of the people who denied Our signs. So relate the stories that perhaps they will give thought.

Allah says in Surah Yusuf, 12 : 111Sahih International :: There was certainly in their stories a lesson for those of understanding. Never was the Qur’an a narration invented, but a confirmation of what was before it and a detailed explanation of all things and guidance and mercy for a people who believe.

Pre-Islamic PeriodOriental Empire

Pre-Islamic PeriodPhoenician Empire

Pre-Islamic PeriodRoman Empire

Pre-Islamic PeriodVisigothic Migration

Pre-Islamic PeriodVisigothic Kingdom

Pre-Islamic PeriodIberian Peninsula

Pre-Andalus Muslim Expansion

Why Iberia ?

Situation in Iberia• Ruled by Visigothic King Roderic /

Roderigo• Great Oppression• Lack of Middle Class• Spread of rape, drinking, etc• People looking for solution• Lack of Safety• Lack of Hygiene• Great Ignorance• At that Scandinavian countries lacked

Oral Language

Muslims :: A Brief Context• Hazrat Uthman (R) envisioned• Uqba ibn Nafi was the first to open Africa

– Comparatively forceful conversion to Islam– Reached Morocco fast– Issue :: Fast Expansion vs Administration– Rebellion started to happen in the middle– New reverts were not strong in Emaan– Reinforcement was not possible– Got killed– North Africa lost

• Musa ibn Nusair successfully opened North Africa– He was Tābi‘ūn– Grew up with knowledge and leadership skill– Learned from Uqba’s mistakes :: HISTORY– Followed Islamic Principle

• No force changing of religion and culture• Brought in Scholars

Re-Cap :: Situation in Iberia• Ruled by Visigothic King Roderic / Roderigo• Great Oppression• Lack of Middle Class• Spread of rape, drinking, etc• People looking for solution• Lack of Safety• Lack of Hygiene• Great Ignorance• At that Scandinavian countries lacked Oral

Language

Opening of Iberia

• Successfully done by Tariq ibn Ziyad– He was Berber– He was reverted to Islam by Musa ibn Nusair– Trained and appointed as army Chief of North

Africa– Why Choose him ?

Planning :: Obstacles• Obstacles

– Logistics :: 6000 sqKm– Language– Terrain– Navy– Mountain– Island of Ceuta– Baleric Island

Planning :: Obstacles

Planning :: Solution– Build Ships– Number of Army

• Recruit• Dawah• Recruit from the Caliphate

– Train in the Moroccan Mountains– Take over Baleric Islands– Island of Ceuta :: No Solution ????

Planning :: Ceuta Situation– Do what is Humanly possible and pray to

Allah

– Allah says in Surah Al-Anfal, 8 : 60Sahih International : And prepare against them whatever you are able of power and of steeds of war by which you may terrify the enemy of Allah and your enemy and others besides them whom you do not know [but] whom Allah knows. And whatever you spend in the cause of Allah will be fully repaid to you, and you will not be wronged.

Planning :: Devine Assistance

– Proposal from Ceuta– Julian hated Roderigo– Son of Gayetasha sought refuge at Ceuta– Julian will provide ship– Gayetasha will provide inside information

from Iberia– TOO Good to be true ?

• In return want 3000 lands @ Iberia

What should Tariq do ?

– Obedience to the leader– Takes the proposal to Musa ibn Nusair

– What do you think should happen ?• Yes, accept

• Conquest is for the cause of Allah not for land or wealth

• Check validity of the ships• Check validity of the inside

information• 100 Cavalry, 400 soldiers sent

Battle of Guadalete– 7000 military personal– Mean time Roderic hears about the invasion on the South– Roderic was fighting the Basques in the North– He was called back– Moved in with

• 100,000 soldiers :: Arab Source• 187,000 soldiers :: Ad Sebastianum version of the

Chronicle of Alfonso III• 33,000 :: One Modern source disregards all of the

above !!!– Roderic’s approach news received by the muslims– Tariq requests for reinforcement– Muslim Soldiers praying and scholars reinforcing faith– Musa ibn Nusair sends Turaif ibn Malik with 5000 soldiers

• Could not gather more than this• Result of Dawah and recruitment from rest of the

Caliphate

• No matching armour for muslims or cavalry

• Muslims were faster than the Visigoths

• 8 day fight

• Hit & Run tactic

• Enemies of Roderigo left the battle field and this was a big cavalry that opened a gap

• Tariq sought out Roderigo and killed him

• IBERIA now has power vacuum

Battle of Guadalete :: Begins• Mental state of a believing Muslim Army• Armour of the Visigoth Army

Expansion of Andalus

French Expansion & Period of Conspiracies

And The Hero Comes Along• Abd ar-Rahman Al-Dakhil : aka Abd ar-Rahman I• Escaped Abbasid persecution @ 16• Saw his own brother killed in front of his eyes• Settled in North Africa• Calls all Umayyads and starts recruiting• Andalus called him :: He is 19 years old now• He was unwilling to fight muslim brothers

– He was reminded of Surah Al-Hujurat, 49 : 9Sahih International : And if two factions among the

believers should fight, then make settlement between the two. But if one of them oppresses the other, then fight against the one that oppresses until it returns to the ordinance of Allah. And if it returns, then make settlement between them in justice and act justly. Indeed, Allah loves those who act justly.

Umayyad Empire of Cordoba• 138H wins over Andalus• Unites all of Al Andalusia• Nation Building Starts

– Renovates Cordoba Mosque– Builds the Cordoba Library :: 500,000 books– Introduces Court System– Introduction to sewage and water system to

suburban house with hot and cold water– Established Weapon factory @ Toledo– Created Haram Police– Introduced Shura System– Caliph was found among the people mixing

without guards– Died @ 171H (788 AD)

The Second Decline

Chaos :: The King of Pop

Hero Comes Along• Abd al-Rahman III ::

– Grandson of Abd ar-Rahman I

• He was orphaned @ 3 weeks old

Abd al-Rahman III :: First Step• Replaced corrupted leaders• Established Shura of the Scholars

– Protection for Scholars– Freedom of Speech

• Established Shariah• Recaptures Umar ibn Hafsoon• Dealt with 3 Major attacks

– Leons / North Christian– Fatimaids– Umar ibn Hafsoon

Abd al-Rahman III :: Social Improvement• Establish FedEx

– Same day or next day delivery

• Establish specialized shopping center• Establish specialized Ministries• Mastered Paper production

– XEROX revolution– Translation movement

• Female Translation movement• Female Scribe movement• Andalusia Female Scribing was popular in the World

• Establish Search Engine• Revolutionary Math & Architectural leap• Ultra Modern Hospital of the time

– Introduced Medicine with Psychology– Practice of Herbal Medicine– ONLY State of the Art Surgery

Abd al-Rahman III :: Social ImprovementWater System

Abd al-Rahman III :: Social ImprovementWater System

Abd al-Rahman III :: Social ImprovementWater System

Abd al-Rahman III :: Social ImprovementWater System

Abd al-Rahman III :: Social ImprovementWater System

Abd al-Rahman III :: Social ImprovementWater System

Abd al-Rahman III :: Social ImprovementWater System & Agriculture

Abd al-Rahman III :: Social ImprovementWater System & Agriculture

Abd al-Rahman III :: Social ImprovementWind Mill

Abd al-Rahman III :: Social ImprovementPaper System

Abd al-Rahman III :: Social ImprovementXerox System

Abd al-Rahman III :: Social ImprovementPump or Engine System

Abd al-Rahman III :: Social ImprovementMosque of Cordoba

Abd al-Rahman III :: Social ImprovementMosque of Cordoba

Other Muslim Development of the TimeOptics :: Ibn Haytham

Other Muslim Development of the TimeOphthalmology :: Hunayn Ibn Ishaq

Other Muslim Development of the TimeOphthalmology :: Hunayn Ibn Ishaq

Other Muslim Development of the TimeSurgery :: Abu Al-Qasim Al-Zahrawi

Other Muslim Development of the TimePhysiology :: Mansur Ibn Ilyas

Other Muslim Development of the TimePulmonary Circulation :: Ibn al-Nafis

Other Andalusian DevelopmentGliding :: Ibn Firnas

Other Muslim Development of the TimeSolar Eclipse :: Al Biruni

Other Muslim Development of the TimeWatch System :: Al Biruni

Other Muslim Development of the TimePump System :: Al Jazar

Other Muslim Development of the TimePump System :: Al Jazar

Other Muslim Development of the TimePump System :: Al Jazar

Abd al-Rahman III :: Summary

• Al Andalus united in 16 years

• Super power of the world

• Scholars from all over the world migrated here

• European countries started sending scholars to study in Cordoba

• 200+ ships in the Naval Force

• Other nations willingly paid Jiziya for protection

Al Hakam II :: Progress Continues• Abd al-Rahman III dies @ 72y

• Al Hakam II takes over power

– Established Umayyad Library @ Toledo• 600,000+ books

• Cordoba Library still held 500,000+ books

– Introduced public education system• Free school for low income people

• U of C founded

• Again, scholars pay increased

–Resulted to another scholar migration

Hisham II :: Al Mansur Era

• Started working on behalf of Hisham II• Got rid of Prime Minister• Married daughter of Army Leader

–Accidentally kills the Army Leader !!!!• Mystery of the Caliphate• He and his family ruled while Hisham II

chilled in the castle• Moved capital

Decline Again• Mohammad II wins over from Al-Mansur

family• Division over the next 23 years out of

which emerged approximately two dozen Taifa (Independent Islamic Kingdom) States

• 422H (1031AD) Hisham III, the last Umayyad Caliph disappears

• Al Andalus is now full of Taifa States• Each other allying with Christian states to

overcome the other Taifa States

Decline Again :: Taifa States

Hero Comes Along :: Al Murabitoun

• Yahya ibn Ibrahim

• Originated from Muritania

• Youth of the region saves the day

• Al Murabitoun Period

– 478 – 543 H

– 1086 – 1149 AD

Hero Comes Along :: Al MurabitounMuritania

Hero Comes Along :: Al Murabitoun• Al Murabitoun Period

– 478 – 543 H– 1086 – 1149 AD

• Yusuf ibn Tashfin leads• Battle of Zallaqa

End Starts :: Al Andalus

• Al Muwahidoun Empire– 544 – 608 H– 1150 – 1212 AD

End Starts :: Al AndalusBattle of Las Navas de Tolosa

End Starts :: Al Andalus• Emirate of Granada

– 633 – 887 H– 1236 - 1482 AD

End Starts :: Al Andalus

End Starts :: Al AndalusEmirate of Granada :: 1228 - 1492

End Starts :: Al AndalusGranada War

Al Andalus :: Map Summary

Al Andalus :: Map Summary

Al Andalus :: Map Summary

Al Andalus :: Map Summary

Al Andalus :: Map Summary

Al Andalus :: Map Summary

Al Andalus :: Map Summary

Spanish Inquisition• Isabella with help of Church commands that God wants

Spain to be purified• Either convert to Catholicism or die

– Applies to Muslim– Protestants– Jews

• Muslims did sham conversion– They were called Moriscos

• Jews were the most tortured after the Muslims• 975H (1568 AD) :: King Philip II introduces law

prohibiting Arabic Culture• 1017H (1609 AD) :: King Philip III issues Act of Expulsion

for the Entire remaining Moriscos.• 1017H (1609 AD) :: Last remaining Moriscos in the

Iberian peninsula were expelled

Spanish Inquisition :: Interrogation Technique

Spanish Inquisition :: Interrogation Technique

Spanish Inquisition :: Interrogation Technique

Spanish Inquisition :: Interrogation Technique

Spanish Inquisition :: Interrogation Technique

Spanish Inquisition :: Interrogation Technique

Spanish Inquisition :: Interrogation Technique

Spanish Inquisition :: Interrogation Technique