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ONLINE RESOURCES / ELECTRONIC SUPPLEMENTARY MATERIALS
Online Resource 1
A conceptual diagram for robust-design occupancy modeling. Estimates of occupancy (ψ) and
detection probability (p) are obtained for each primary season (S1, S2, or S3), where the season
corresponds to the successional application of various treatments of fire and/or grazing.
Dispersal estimates of recolonization (γ) and extinction (ε) are transition probabilities between
primary seasons. This image is based on Pollock (1982) and MacKenzie (2006).
Online Resource 2
A list of species captured at Osage Prairie, MO in 2011 and 2012 from multiple patch types,
including those with fire, cattle grazing, and legacy effects.
Taxonomic Group
Common Name Species Count
REPTILESLizard Slender Glass Lizard Ophisaurus attenuatus 2Lizard Little Brown or Ground
SkinkScincella lateralis 82
Snake Eastern Yellow Bellied Racer
Coluber constrictor flaviventris
3
Snake Prairie Ringed Neck Snake Diadophis punctatus arnyi 4Snake Black Rat Snake Elaphe obsoleta obsoleta 3Snake Prairie Kingsnake Lampropeltis calligaster 1Snake Speckled Kingsnake Lampropeltis getula
holbrooki1
Snake Graham's Crayfish Snake Regina grahamii 1Snake Unknown Unknown 11Snake Rough Earth Snake Virginia striatula 1Snake Common Garter Snake Thamnophis sirtalis 10Turtle Common Snapping Turtle Chelydra serpentina
serpentina8
Turtle Western Painted Turtle Chrysemys picta bellii 4Turtle Three-Toed Box Turtle Terrapene carolina
triunguis2
Turtle Ornate or Western Box Turtle
Terrapene ornata ornata 13
Turtle Unknown (burned and unidentifiable)
Unknown 4
TOTAL 150
AMPHIBIANSAnuran Tadpole Blanchard’s Cricket Frog Acris crepitans blanchardi 4Anuran Tadpole American Toad Bufo americanus 331Anuran Tadpole Southern Leopard Frog Rana (Lithobates)
sphenocephala541
Egg masses varies varies 23Anuran Adult Spring Peeper Pseudacris crucifer 1Anuran Adult Chorus Frog Pseudacris triseriata 2Anuran Adult American Bullfrog Rana (Lithobates)
catesbeiana3
Anuran Adult Southern Leopard Frog Rana (Lithobates) 20
sphenocephalaAnuran Adult Unknown unknown 23Anuran Adult Blanchard's Cricket Frog Acris crepitans blanchardi 18Anuran Adult Northern Crawfish Frog Rana (Lithobates) areolata
circulosa6
Anuran Adult Gray Treefrog Hyla chrysoscelis-versicolor 1Anuran Adult Plains Leopard Frog Rana (Lithobates) blairi 3Salamander Adult
Small-mouth Salamander Ambystoma texanum 2
TOTAL 1045
Online Resource 3
All the a priori candidate models using Akaike’s Information Criterion corrected for small
sample size (AICc) regarding reptile occupancy (ψ), detection (p), recolonization (γ), and
extinction (ε) for treated patches at Osage Prairie in 2011 and 2012.
Model No. Parameters (K)
Deviation
∆AICc AICc Weight (wi)
Evidence Ratio
Ψ(g*t) ϵ(g*t) γ(t) ρ1(t) ρ2(t) ρ3(t)
12 519.2 0.00 0.89
Ψ(t) ϵ(g*t) γ(t) ρ1(t) ρ2(t) ρ3(t)
17 515.1 6.67 0.03 30
Ψ(g) ϵ(g) γ(g) ρ1(.) ρ2(.) ρ3(.)
19 512.4 8.46 0.01 89
Ψ(g) ϵ(g) γ(g) ρ1(t) ρ2(t) ρ3(t)
19 512.4 8.46 <0.01 >89
Ψ(t) ϵ(t) γ(.) ρ1(.) ρ2(.) ρ3(.)
20 512.3 9.19 <0.01 >89
Ψ(t) ϵ(t) γ(t) ρ1(t) ρ2(t) ρ3(t)
20 478.0 9.69 <0.01 >89
Ψ(g) ϵ(g) γ(g) ρ1(g) ρ2(g) ρ3(g)
20 511.4 9.82 <0.01 >89
Ψ(g*t) ϵ(g*t) γ(g*t) ρ1(.) ρ2(.) ρ3(.)
20 511.5 9.82 <0.01 >89
Ψ(g*t) ϵ(g*t) γ( g*t ) ρ1( g*t ) ρ2( g*t ) ρ3( g*t )
20 511.5 10.49 <0.01 >89
Ψ(.) ϵ(.) γ(.) ρ1(.) ρ2(.) ρ3(.)
7 476.9 10.52 <0.01 >89
Online Resource 4
Vegetation structures of percent cover (A), litter depth (B), and grass height (C) for 6 patch types
(n=6 patches each) at Osage Prairie, MO, USA in March-May of 2011 and 2012. The boxplots
are shaded differently and contain different letters above if found statistically different (ANOVA
followed by Tukey’s HSD test; alpha <0.05). Boxplots show the 25th, 50th, and 75th quartiles and
the whiskers are 95% confidence intervals.
Online Resource 5
Total suspended solids (A) and ammonium (B) concentrations from stream water at Osage
Prairie, MO, USA in 2011 and 2012. The watersheds either had no fire or grazing (“No PBG
Watersheds”) or underwent PBG management (“PBG Watersheds”). The boxplots are shaded
differently and contain different letters because they were found statistically different (Student’s
t-test; alpha <0.05). Boxplots show the 25th, 50th, and 75th quartiles and the whiskers are 95%
confidence intervals. The outliers are indicated by dots and primarily occurred when cattle were
on pasture in PBG watersheds.
Online Resource 6
Reptile (A) and amphibian (B) species richness in 6 patch types from Osage Prairie, MO, USA.
The boxplots are shaded differently and contain different letters above if found statistically
different (ANOVA followed by Tukey’s HSD test; alpha <0.05). Boxplots show the 25th, 50th,
and 75th quartiles, the whiskers are 95% confidence intervals, and circles are statistical outliers.
Online Resource 7
A permuted multivariate analysis of variance (PERMANOVA) determined the predictors of
riparian and aquatic community structures at Osage Prairie, MO in 2011 and 2012.
Factor Degrees of Freedom (n,d)
Variance F Statistic P-value
Riparian Community
Patch type 5,22 0.185 4.59 <0.001Grass height 1,26 0.025 3.11 0.048Year 1,26 0.018 2.25 0.112Ground cover 1,26 0.007 0.90 0.417Percent cover 1,26 0.011 1.46 0.247Litter depth 1,26 0.006 0.69 0.514
Aquatic CommunityYear 1,55 0.113 27.90 <0.001Watershed 1,55 0.047 11.70 0.002In-stream cover 1,55 0.019 4.91 0.007Substrate 3,53 0.028 1.17 0.029Patch type 5,51 0.031 1.55 0.101Depth (water) 1,55 0.003 0.07 0.503Riparian cover 1,55 0.006 0.69 0.514Total suspended solids 1,55 0.013 2.13 0.103Ammonium (NH4
+) 1,55 0.005 0.90 0.405
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