spring semester exam

Spring Semester ExamReview Answers

Eli Whitney• Invented the Cotton Gin and Interchangeable

Parts• Cotton Gin- Allowed MUCH more cotton to be

cleaned and processed a day and increased clothing production. Made cotton farming MUCH more profitable. Expanded the use of slaves in the south for cheap farm labor.

• Interchangeable Parts- Contributed to the growth of mass production in the United States by making production MUCH easier and faster and much more reliable.

Samuel Morse• Invented the Telegraph

What did the Cotton Gin and Steel Plow have in common?

Improvements in Transportation• Railroads: Linked distant places• Canals/Steamboats: Moved people and goods

faster and cheaper and opened up larger markets

Causes of the Civil War• Northerners wanted to preserve the nation.• Southerners wanted to preserve their way of live.

Missouri Compromise• The Missouri Compromise of 1820 maintained a

balance between slave and free states. • Maine was a free state and Missouri a slave state

Nationalism vs. Sectionalism• Nationalism— Putting your country first

• Sectionalism– Loyalty to your own region, or part, of the nation rather than the whole nation itself.

Abolitionist Movement• Frederick Douglass- An escaped slave who later

purchased his own freedom. Edited the North Star - an abolitionist newspaper

• Harriet Beecher Stowe- wrote Uncle Tom’s Cabin (1852) to portray slavery as brutal and immoral. President Lincoln is quoted as having declared, "So this is the little lady who made this big war”

• William Llyod Garrison- Abolitionist from the North. Wrote The Liberator (abolitionist newspaper)

• Sojourner Truth- African American WOMAN who was born a slave. Worked as an abolitionist to educate people against slavery

Dorothea Dix• Worked to help reform the prison system and help

those with mental disabilities get fair treatment and care.

Harriet Tubman• Conductor of the Underground Railroad

Dred Scott v. Sandford• Dred Scott sued for his freedom.• Supreme Court ruled African-Americans were not

citizens and had NO RIGHTS• Slaves were property, thus • protected by the 5th Amendment in the

Constitution.

Uncle Tom’s Cabin• Harriet Beecher Stowe wrote Uncle Tom’s Cabin

(1852) to portray slavery as brutal and immoral.• Uncle Tom’s Cabin heightened the conflict

between North and South• President Lincoln is quoted as having declared,

"So this is the little lady who made this big war”

Fugitive Slave Act• Passed by congress, it made it illegal to assist or

help runaway slaves.• It denied a fugitive's right to a jury trial. As a

result, many free blacks were captured and taken back to the South.

Iron Clads• Improvement in military technology• Wooden ships covered with iron.• Utilized by both the North and South

Advantages of the South• Knew the land • Were trying to preserve their way of life • Much better military commanders• Was able to fight a defensive war

Fort Henry and Fort Donnelson• Located in Tennessee

Battle of Shiloh• U.S. gained northern part of the Mississippi River,

A.S. Johnston was killed by Grant’s forces.

Fort Sumter• First shots of the Civil War.

Fort Antietam• Single bloodiest day during the Civil War

Gettysburg• Turning point of the Civil. Robert E. Lee’s invasion

of the north was turned back by the Army of the Potomac in July 1863.

Appomattox Courthouse• Surrender of Robert E. Lee to Ulysses S. Grant,

ending the Civil War.

Women during the Civil War• While husbands were away, women took jobs in

factories, managed farms, and some even jobs as spies.

Vicksburg• General Grant captured the city of Vicksburg

completing the capture and control of the Mississippi River and cutting the Confederate States in half.

Judicial Review• Allowed the Supreme Court to decide if a law

passed by Congress is Unconstitutional• This power is called the principle of Judicial

Review (the judges can review!)• “If two laws conflict with each other, the courts

must decide on the operation of each.” • Marbury v. Madison, 1803

13th Amendment• Abolished slavery

14th Amendment• Gave all people born in the United States

citizenship regardless of race

**Excluded Native Americans

15th Amendment• Said suffrage (the right to vote) could not be

denied based on race.• Did not include women• It did not protect African Americans from being

denied the right to vote for other reasons

How did the North and South feel about African American voting right?

• North: The north was in favor of free African Americans being allowed to vote.

• South: The south was against free African Americans being allowed to vote. Southern states began to add poll taxes and literacy test to prevent their participation.

Mormons Settlement• Mormons moved to Utah from New York after the

assassination of their leader and due to pressure from society about their religious way of life.

Mexican American War

What was life like for the factory worker?

Monroe Doctrine• Was addressed to European powers in case they

planned on trying to regain control of former colonies in Latin America.

• Stated that the United States DEMANDED that Europe stay out of the affairs of Latin America (no colonization).

Expansion West• The idea that America had the GOD GIVEN RIGHT to

pursue it’s dreams (more land, more wealth, and more international power).

• We believed that God intended for us to inhabit all land from “sea to shining sea” (Atlantic Ocean to the Pacific Ocean).

• We used this belief to justify all the things we had to do in order to achieve those goals (war, treaties, land purchases, removal of the Indians, discrimination against the other native inhabitants of the area, boundary disputes, annexation of land, etc.)

• Examples: Purchase of Louisiana Territory , Mexican Cession, etc.

Indian Removal Act/ Trail of Tears• Gave Andrew Jackson the power to negotiate resettlement

treaties with the Native Americans and allowed the states to make laws governing their territory.

• Jackson thought this act was a fabulous compromise. He believed it would allow the natives to keep their way of life and also allow Americans to get the land they wanted.

• Instead the act caused death and hardship and made the natives very upset because they were forced off their land.

• Led to the “Trail of Tears”.

Kansas- Nebraska Act• The Kansas-Nebraska Act of 1854 created the

territories of Kansas and Nebraska.• Allowed the settlers to decide whether or not to

have slavery within those territories.

Compromise of 1850To please the north: • California would be admitted as a free state.• The slave trade would be abolished in Washington D.C.

To please the south: • The New Mexico and Utah Territories would be able to

decide the issue of slavery by a majority vote. The citizen's would decide whether or not to allow slavery. (popular sovereignty)

Tariff of Abominations Nullification Crisis• Tariff of Abomination was a high tariff that set off a

huge debate in Congress. South Carolina threatened to secede because they were being forced to pay it.

• John C. Calhoun (former Senator for South Carolina AND the Vice President) declared that South Carolina was nullifying (cancel or void) the Tariff of Abominations.

• Calhoun insisted that if a state felt a federal law was in direct conflict with the state’s best interests, the state could refuse to follow the law. The state had THE RIGHT to nullify a law they found unjust.

Spoils System• Patronage: When presidents give people that

have supported them key positions in their new administration.

Jefferson Davis• President of the Confederate States of America

Abraham Lincoln• President of the United States (Union)

Emancipation Proclamation • Emancipation Proclamation declared that all

slaves in states currently in rebellion after January 1, 1863 were free

• It DID NOT free slaves in the Border States (only ones in Confederate Territory)

• This allowed African Americans to enlist in the Union Army.

• This was a military tactic to weaken the South.

William Tecumseh Sherman• Sherman’s March to the Sea (total war)• The soldiers destroyed EVERYTHING in their path

(enemy soldiers, entire towns, crops, livestock, railroads….everything!)

Freedman’s Bureau• Created by President Lincoln to help former slaves

find jobs and obtain much needed shelter, food, and medical care.

• Many former slaves began attending school after they were free and many more moved around the country hoping to find long-lost family and friends who had been sold.

South’s Economic System after the Civil War• Factories and railroads were destroyed.• Farming equipment was lost.• The South's entire labor system was affected.

“Black Codes”• In order to keep former slaves “in their place”

many states created new laws that mimicked slavery.

2nd Great Awakening• A time of renewed religious interest.• Influenced people to help others.