sports physiology introduction

SPORTS

PHYSIOLO

GY

INTRODUCTIO

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M R . KO T T E N S T E T T E

BODY PLANES, DIRECTIONS, AND CAVITIES

BASIC TERMS TO KNOW…

Anatomy- study of the structure and shape of the body and its parts

Physiology-study of how the body and its parts work or function

Gross anatomy- large structures, easily observable

Microanatomy- very small structures, can only be viewed with a microscope

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PLANE OF MOTIONImaginary two-dimensional surface

through which a limb or body segment is moved

Motion through a plane revolves around an axis

There is a ninety-degree relationship between a plane of motion & its axis

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CARDINAL PLANES OF MOTION

3 basic or traditionalin relation to the body, not in relation to the earth

Sagittal PlaneFrontal PlaneTransverse

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CARDINAL PLANES OF MOTION

Sagittal Planedivides body into equal, bilateral segments

It bisects body into 2 equal symmetrical halves or a right & left half

Ex. Sit-up

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CARDINAL PLANES OF MOTION

Frontal Planedivides the body into (front) anterior & (back) posterior halves

Ex. Jumping Jacks

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CARDINAL PLANES OF MOTION

Horizontal Planedivides body into (top) superior & (bottom) inferior halves when the individual is in anatomic position

Ex. Spinal rotation to left or right

BODY PLANESThere are three body planes:a) Transverse or Horizontal- divides the

body into a top and bottom. b) Mid-Sagittal or Median- divides the

body into an equal right and left side.c) Frontal or Coronal- divides the body

into a front and a back side.

WHAT THEY LOOK LIKE

SOOOOOOO…….WHAT IF….You are a surgeon and

planning to do open heart surgery…. you would need to make a ________________ cut into the chest cavity.

You have a patient that has gangrene in the lower portion of their leg and you need to amputate….. You would make a ________________ cut through the leg.

The abdominal muscles and muscles of the back are separated by the _______________ plane.

BODY CAVITIESThere are two main body cavities:Ventral: (Belly) Which is subdivided into…….a) Abdominopelvic- which consists of the abdominal and pelvic regions, and contains the digestive and reproductive

organs.b) Thoracic- which is the upper torso or

chest region, and contains the heart and lungs.Dorsal: (Back) Which is subdivided into…….. a) Cranial- which contains the head and

includes the brain.b) Vertebral- which includes the spinal

column.

BODY CAVITIES

OK, SOOOOO…….1. Which cavity is the heart

found in?2. Which cavity contains the

spinal cord?3. Which cavity contains the

ovaries?4. Which cavity contains the

stomach?5. Which cavity contains the

lungs?6. Which cavity consists of the

abdominopelvic and thoracic cavities?

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REFERENCE POSITIONS

Reference positions are the basis from which to describe joint movements

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REFERENCE POSITIONS

Anatomical positionmost widely used & accurate for all aspects of the body

standing in an upright posture, facing straight ahead, feet parallel and close, & palms facing forward

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ANATOMICAL DIRECTIONAL TERMINOLOGY

Anterior in front or in the front partPosterior behind, in back, or in the rear

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ANATOMICAL DIRECTIONAL TERMINOLOGY

Inferior (infra)below in relation to another structure; caudal

Superior (supra)above in relation to another structure; higher, cephalic

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ANATOMICAL DIRECTIONAL TERMINOLOGY

Deepbeneath or below the surface; used to describe relative depth or location of muscles or tissue

Superficialnear the surface; used to describe relative depth or location of muscles or tissue

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ANATOMICAL DIRECTIONAL TERMINOLOGY

Distalsituated away from the center or midline of the body, or away from the point of origin

Proximalnearest the trunk or the point of origin

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ANATOMICAL DIRECTIONAL TERMINOLOGY

Contralateralpertaining to the opposite sideLateralon or to the side; outside, farther from the median or midsagittal plane

Medialrelating to the middle or center; nearer to the medial or midsagittal plane

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ANATOMICAL DIRECTIONAL TERMINOLOGY

Pronethe body lying face downward; stomach lyingSupine lying on the back; face upward position of the body

Table 1.1 (1 of 3)

Table 1.1 (2 of 3)

Table 1.1 (3 of 3)

ABDUCTIONLateral movement away from the midline

of the trunk in the frontal plane

ADDUCTIONMovement medially toward the midline of

the trunk in the frontal plane

FLEXIONBending movement that results in a decrease of the angle in a joint by

bringing bones together, usually in the sagittal plane

EXTENSIONStraightening movement that results in

an increase of the angle in a joint by moving bones apart, usually in the

sagittal plane.

CIRCUMDUCTIONCircular movement of a limb that is a combination of flexion, extensions,

abduction and adduction.

EVERSIONTurning the sole of the foot outward or

laterally in the frontal plane.

INVERSIONTurning the sole of the foot inward or

medially in the frontal plane.

PLANTAR FLEXIONExtension movement of the ankle that results in the foot and/or toes moving

away from the body in the sagittal plane.

DORSI FLEXIONFlexion movement of the ankle that results in the top of the foot moving toward the anterior tibia bone in sagittal plane

SUPINATIONPalm up position, or outward rolling of

the foot/ankle

PRONATIONPalm down position, or inward rolling of

the foot/ankle

DEPRESSIONInferior movement of the shoulder girdle

in the frontal plane (ex: returning to normal position from a shoulder shrug)

http://youtu.be/icPZniIefwA

ELEVATIONSuperior movement of the shoulder

girdle in the frontal plane (ex: shrugging shoulders)

LATERAL FLEXIONMovement of the head and/or trunk in the frontal plane laterally away from

midline.

ROTATIONTurning side to sideex. turning your head to look to your side,

vertebral rotation.

OPPOSITIONDiagonal movement of the thumb across the palmer surface of the hand to make

contact with the fingers

REGIONS OF THE BODY• Head and Neck

• Cranial- The head region• Orbital- The eye region• Facial- The region of the face• Mandibular- The chin• Cervical- The neck• Supraclavicular- Above the clavicle

REGIONS OF THE BODY• Upper Limb

• Deltoid- Shoulder• Axillary- Armpit• Brachial- Upper Arm• Cubital- Back of Elbow• Antecubital- Front of Elbow• Antebrachial- Forearm• Carpal- Hand

REGIONS OF THE BODY• Thorax

• Pectoral- Chest• Scapular- Shoulder Blades

REGIONS OF THE BODY• Abdominopelvic

• Abdominal- Stomach• Pelvic- Hip Area• Inguinal- Groin, (ex. Inguinal Hernia)• Pudendal- Pubic Area

REGIONS OF THE BODY• Back

• Thoracic- Mid Back• Lumbar- Lower Back• Sacroiliac- Tail Bone

REGIONS OF THE BODY• Lower Limb

• Gluteal- Booty• Femoral- Upper leg, Thigh• Patellar- Knee Cap• Popliteal- Back of Knee• Crural- Lower Leg, Shin• Malleolar- Ankle• Tarsal- Foot