spoken language phonetics: consonant articulation and transcription ling 200 spring 2003
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Spoken language phonetics:Consonant articulation and transcription
LING 200
Spring 2003
Phonetic transcription
1. ‘driftwood’
2. ‘cane’
3. ‘footwear’
4. ‘grease’
5. ‘straight up’
6. ‘your collarbone’
a mystery language
Articulatory phonetics
• Description of speech sounds– place of articulation– manner of articulation (degree of
occlusion)– laryngeal setting– other parameters
• Transcription of speech sounds• Sound inventories
Vocal tract structures relevant for speech
nasal cavity
oral cavity
pharynx
Vocal tract structures relevant for speech
•Upper articulator
•Lower articulator
Major structures
structure (noun) adjectival descriptor
lips labial
teeth dental
alveolar ridge alveolar
hard palate palatal
soft palate = velum velar
nasal cavity nasal
larynx laryngeal
glottis glottal
Place of articulation
upper articulator
lower articulator
some places of articulation
Some places of articulation in English
lower articulator
upper articulator
example
(bi-) labial bill
(apico-) alveolar dill
(dorso-) velar gill
Manner of articulation (degree of occlusion)
• How close are lower and upper articulator?– Relatively close, narrowed or
constricted (‘occluded’) airflow: consonants
– Relatively far apart, unconstricted airflow: vowels
Manner of articulation
• Consonant subclasses
– Stops: complete occlusion of airflow
–bill, dill, gill
– Fricatives: air pressure build-up behind occlusion; turbulent airflow
– Liquids and glides: no pressure build-up
English fricatives
Fricative: produced with turbulent airflow, pressure build-up behind occlusion
place of articulation example
labiodental fin
interdental thin
alveolar sin
palatal shin
laryngeal hinder
Affricates
• = stop released into fricative of ‘same’ place of articulation
• in English
place example
palatal (palato-alveolar) chin
= Approximants: No pressure build-up, non-turbulent airflow
place example
alveolar lip
(alveolar) rip
palatal yip
labial whip
Liquids and glides
Place x manner of articulation (English)
labial labio-dental
inter-dental
alveolar palatal velar glottal
stop bin din again
fricative Vinnie then zing vision him
approx-imant
win Lynn yen
State of the glottis (laryngeal setting)
The larynx
The vocal cords
rear of body
States of the glottis in English• voiced: vocal cords close, vibrate when air
passes through glottis
• voiceless: vocal cords apart, do not vibrate
• Some voiced and voiceless fricatives
voiceless voiced
labio-dental fix vixen
inter-dental thin then
alveolar sip zip
palatal Aleutian illusion
Other consonant parameters:
oral vs. nasal
Oral vs. nasal
• Velum raised– Air flows into oral cavity only
oral sound• Velum lowered (resting position)
– Air flows into oral and nasal cavitiesnasal sound
English oral vs. nasal stops
Stop: produced with complete occlusion in oral cavity
(oral) stop nasal (stop)
bilabial pin bin Kim
alveolar tin din kin
velar kin again king
Other consonant parameters: lateral
•What part of the tongue (lower articulator) approaches the upper articulator?
•Only tip: air flows around side(s) of tongue (‘lateral’)
•Air flows over all tongue surface (‘central’)
•English: lip (lateral) vs. rip
Phonetic description
• Consonants
– State of glottis voiceless
– Place of articulationbilabial
– Manner of articulation stop
Phonetic transcription
• Alphabetic and other symbols which abbreviate phonetic descriptions– E.g. voiceless bilabial stop = [p]
• Different systems of phonetic transcription– International Phonetic Association– ‘Americanist’/U.S.
Phonetic transcription
• A more consistent way of representing sound than most writing systems
– e.g. English <c>: [k] [kræbi] <crabby>
[s] [pnsl] <pencil>
• A universal framework for the description of languages
• Many languages lack writing systems
Consonant charts
Place of articulation
Manner of articulation
(state of the glottis)
Consonant charts
labial labio-dental
inter-dental
alveol palatal velar glottal
stops p b t d k g
affricates t d
fricatives f v s z h
nasals m n
apx w () r j
apx-lateral
l
English
Witsuwit’en• Athabaskan family
• apx. 180 speakers
Some Witsuwit’en
speakers
Mabel Forsythe
Lillian Morris, Peter John
Some Witsuwit’en soundsEjective stops and affricates
Ejective stops and affricates
[nt’q] ‘your collarbone’
[ntq] ‘up’
[ptsq] ‘his outer ear’
[pts’q] ‘his little finger’
Uvular place of articulation[qh] ‘footwear’
[ntq] ‘straight up’
[qis] ‘Chinook salmon’
[q’] ‘backwards’
[] ‘grease’
Voiceless lateral fricative, lateral affricates
[t] ‘smoke’
[] ‘dam’
[stet] ‘it’s licking me’
[st’et] ‘he farted’
Witsuwit’en consonant chart
lab alv pal lab-vel uvu glot
stops p p’ t th t’ c ch c’ kw kwh kw’ q qh q’
aff ts tsh ts’
aff-lat t th t’
fric s z ç xw h
fric-lat
nasals m n
apx j w
apx-lat l
Summary
• Describing consonants– place of articulation– manner of articulation (degree of occlusion)– state of glottis– other parameters: nasal/oral, lateral/central
• Phonetic transcription • Consonant charts
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