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Splash Screen
Chapter Menu
Chapter Introduction
Section 1: Northern Europe
Section 2: Europe’s Heartland
Section 3: Southern Europe
Section 4: Eastern Europe
Visual Summary
Chapter Intro 1
Human-Environment Interaction Europe is one of the economic powerhouses of the world, home to many large companies that sell goods in the United States. Europe is also an important market for goods and services produced in North America, such as movies and computer programs. What factors help make a region an important world economic center?
Chapter Intro 2
Section 1: Northern Europe
Geographers organize the Earth into regions that share common characteristics. The countries of northern Europe have developed diverse economies and high standards of living.
Chapter Intro 2
Section 2: Europe’s Heartland
People’s actions can change the physical environment. Today the countries of Europe’s heartland are agricultural and manufacturing centers.
Chapter Intro 2
Section 3: Southern Europe
Places reflect the relationship between humans and the physical environment. Seas and mountains have influenced where people live and how they work in southern Europe.
Chapter Intro 2
Section 4: Eastern Europe
Geography is used to interpret the past, understand the present, and plan for the future. After changes in government, eastern Europe’s economies are struggling to recover.
Section 1-Main Idea
Geographers organize the Earth into regions that share common characteristics.
Section 1-Key Terms
Content Vocabulary
• constitutional monarchy
• parliamentary democracy
• peat
• bog
• productivity
• geyser
• fjord
• geothermal energy
Section 1-Picture This
Iceland’s huge chunks of moving ice are centuries old. Iceland, however, is not a bitter cold wasteland. It has a relatively mild climate even though it is near the Arctic Circle. The people of Iceland have adjusted to living in this climate and have made efficient use of the country’s resources. Learn more about Iceland and other countries of northern Europe by reading Section 1.
A. A
B. B
Section 1-Polling Question
Do you think the British should grant Northern Ireland its independence?
A. Yes
B. No
A B
0%0%
Section 1
In 1940 the German Nazi government occupied Denmark but kept peace with the country. In 1943, however, the Nazis decided to deport Danish Jews to concentration camps. Many of the non-Jewish Danes banded together and helped 7,000 of their Jewish neighbors escape to Sweden and safety.
Section 1
The United Kingdom
Once the center of a worldwide empire, the United Kingdom has had a great impact on the rest of the world.
Section 1
The United Kingdom (cont.)
• Four regions make up the United Kingdom: England, Scotland, and Wales on the island of Great Britain, and Northern Ireland on the nearby island of Ireland.
• Everyone in the United Kingdom is considered British, but people sometimes differentiate by referring to the English, the Scots, the Welsh, or the Irish.
The United Kingdom and Ireland
Section 1
The United Kingdom (cont.)
• The island of Great Britain is separated from the rest of Europe by the English Channel.
The United Kingdom and Ireland
Section 1
The United Kingdom (cont.)
• England’s productive farms are in the rolling fertile plains in the eastern and southern parts of the country.
• Sheep herding is found in the rough highlands and mountains in Scotland and Wales.
Section 1
The United Kingdom (cont.)
• The United Kingdom exports manufactured goods and machinery and is increasing its computer, electronic, and service industries.
• London is a world center of finance and business.
Section 1
The United Kingdom (cont.)
• Oil and natural gas, extracted from fields beneath the North Sea, are the leading energy sources, as well as valuable exports, for the United Kingdom.
• The government of the United Kingdom is a constitutional monarchy.
• A king or queen serves as head of state and takes part in ceremonies, but elected officials run the government.
Section 1
The United Kingdom (cont.)
• The British trace this form of government to the early 1200s when King John of England signed the Magna Carta, a document that took away some of the king’s powers.
Section 1
The United Kingdom (cont.)
• The United Kingdom is a parliamentary democracy as well as a constitutional monarchy.
• Voters elect members of Parliament, and the leader of the party with the most elected officials becomes prime minister, or head of the government.
Section 1
The United Kingdom (cont.)
• Parliament is a lawmaking body that arose in 1628.
• One of its first acts was to force King Charles I to sign the Petition of Right, reducing the power of the monarchy.
• Parliament gained more power in 1689 through the English Bill of Rights.
Section 1
The United Kingdom (cont.)
• Scotland, Wales, and Northern Ireland have regional legislatures that control matters such as health care and education.
Section 1
The United Kingdom (cont.)
• Almost all of the United Kingdom’s 60 million people live in cities and speak English, although Welsh, Scottish and Gaelic are spoken in some areas.
• Most are Protestant Christians.
• During the 1700s and 1800s, the United Kingdom had a powerful empire, and British culture spread to many lands.
A. A
B. B
C. C
D. D
Section 1
A B C D
0% 0%0%0%
What is the true name for the island nation off the northwest coast of mainland Europe?
A. Great Britain
B. British Isles
C. England
D. United Kingdom of Great Britain
Section 1
The Republic of Ireland
Ireland is growing economically, but a territorial dispute remains unsettled.
Section 1
The Republic of Ireland (cont.)
• The Republic of Ireland is a Catholic country that occupies the southern five-sixths of the island of Ireland.
– It won its independence from the United Kingdom in 1922, but the British still control Northern Ireland.
– The interior of Ireland is a lowland plain with gently rolling hills.
– The coastal areas are rocky highlands and towering cliffs.
Section 1
The Republic of Ireland (cont.)
• Low-lying areas are rich in peat, or plants that have partly decayed in water.
– Peat is dug from bogs, or low swampy lands.
– It is then dried and can be burned for fuel.
Section 1
The Republic of Ireland (cont.)
• Irish farmers raise sheep and cattle and grow vegetables such as sugar beets and potatoes.
• Other Irish citizens work in industries that produce clothing, pharmaceuticals, and computer equipment.
Section 1
The Republic of Ireland (cont.)
• In recent years, the productivity of the Irish workers has helped Ireland’s economy.
– Productivity is a measure of how much work a person does in a specific amount of time.
– More goods produced mean more profits and higher wages.
Section 1
The Republic of Ireland (cont.)
• The Irish trace their ancestry to the Celts who settled the island hundreds of years ago.
• Irish Gaelic, a Celtic language, and English are Ireland’s two languages.
Section 1
The Republic of Ireland (cont.)
• About 60 percent of the Irish live in cities or towns.
– Nearly one-third live in Dublin, the capital.
Section 1
The Republic of Ireland (cont.)
• Catholics in the Republic of Ireland and Protestants in Northern Ireland have disputed for many years over whether to unify the two countries.
– In 1998 the two sides agreed to end the violence, but the issue still is not resolved.
A. A
B. B
C. C
D. D
Section 1
A B C D
0% 0%0%0%
How many languages does Ireland have?
A. Two
B. Three
C. Four
D. Five
Section 1
Scandinavia
The Scandinavian countries have similar cultures and high standards of living.
Section 1
Scandinavia (cont.)
• Scandinavia, the northernmost part of Europe, is made up of Norway, Sweden, Finland, Denmark, and Iceland.
– Warm winds from the North Atlantic give Scandinavia’s southern and western areas a mild climate.
– Central Scandinavia has long, cold winters and short, warm summers.
Section 1
Scandinavia (cont.)
– The region near the Arctic Circle is always cold.
– It has summer days when the sun never sets and winter days when the sun never rises.
Section 1
Scandinavia (cont.)
• Scandinavia’s landscape is varied because of its large size.
– The region has islands along the coasts, lowland plains, mountains, forests, and lakes as well as barren tundra that remains frozen most of the year.
Section 1
Scandinavia (cont.)
– This creates hot springs and geysers, which are springs that shoot hot water and steam into the air.
– Two tectonic plates are pulling apart near the island of Iceland, allowing hot magma to rise to the surface.
Section 1
Scandinavia (cont.)
• Norway is known for its many beautiful fjords, or narrow inlets of the sea.
– Fjords provide inland waterways that supply fish for food and export.
Section 1
Scandinavia (cont.)
• The countries of Scandinavia are wealthy and prosperous, with an economic mix of agriculture, fishing, manufacturing, and service industries.
Section 1
Scandinavia (cont.)
• Oil, natural gas, and hydroelectric power are the energy sources for Norway, Finland, and Sweden.
• Iceland taps molten rock beneath the surface to make geothermal energy, or electricity produced by natural underground sources of steam.
• Sweden has reserves of iron ore that it uses to produce steel for a variety of products, including Saab and Volvo cars.
Section 1
Scandinavia (cont.)
• Shipbuilding is important in Finland and Denmark, as are wood and wood product industries in Finland and Sweden.
• Most Scandinavians belong to the Protestant Lutheran Church.
Section 1
Scandinavia (cont.)
• During the Middle Ages, Scandinavian sailors and traders known as Vikings laid the foundation of the modern nations.
• Today Denmark, Norway, and Sweden are constitutional monarchies.
• Finland and Iceland are republics with elected presidents.
Section 1
Scandinavia (cont.)
• The Scandinavian countries are welfare states, providing health care, child care, elder care, retirement benefits, and help for the needy.
• In return for these services, the people pay some of the highest taxes in the world.
A. A
B. B
C. C
D. D
Section 1
A B C D
0% 0%0%0%
Scandinavia is made up of how many nations?
A. Four
B. Five
C. Six
D. Seven
Section 2-Key Terms
Content Vocabulary
• specialization
• high-technology industry
• bilingual
• polder
• multinational company
• reunification
• neutrality
Section 2-Picture This
Mont Blanc, near the French-Italian border, is the highest point in Europe. Glacial hazards and frequent avalanches make hiking and skiing in this area dangerous. Torchlight parades are held to honor those who have lost their lives on the mountain. Mountains in Europe influence how and where people live. Read this section to learn how major landforms affect people living in the heartland of Europe.
A. A
B. B
Section 2-Polling Question
Have you ever listened to music by Johann Sebastian Bach or Ludwig van Beethoven?
A. Yes
B. No
A B
0%0%
Section 2
Owners of the old-style windmills of the Netherlands often changed the position of the sails on the mill blades to convey messages to their neighbors. During World War II, the Dutch devised a secret code using the sails to warn of enemy raids.
Section 2
France and the Benelux Countries
France and the Benelux countries are important cultural, agricultural, and manufacturing centers of Europe.
Section 2
France and the Benelux Countries (cont.)
• France, the second-largest country in Europe, includes the vast Northern European Plain, southern mountain ranges, and important rivers, such as the Seine and the Loire.
Section 2
France and the Benelux Countries (cont.)
• France’s agriculture is characterized by specialization, or the focus on certain activities to make the best use of resources.
• Two areas of specialization are growing grapes for making wine and raising dairy cattle and sheep for milk to make cheese.
Section 2
France and the Benelux Countries (cont.)
• Workers in industrial areas make cars and trucks, chemicals, textiles, and processed foods.
• High-technology industries and tourism are also important to the economy.
Section 2
France and the Benelux Countries (cont.)
• The majority of the population speaks French and is Roman Catholic.
• Islam is France’s second religion, as a result of recent immigration from Muslim lands in Africa.
• Most of France’s 60.7 million people live in urban areas, including almost 10 million in Paris.
Section 2
France and the Benelux Countries (cont.)
• France is a democratic republic with both a president, elected by the people, and a prime minister, appointed by the president.
• The president has a great deal of power and can even dismiss the legislature, forcing new elections to be held.
Section 2
France and the Benelux Countries (cont.)
• Belgium, the Netherlands, and Luxembourg—the Benelux countries—are low, flat, and densely populated.
– Most people live in cities, work in businesses or factories, and enjoy a high standard of living.
– All three nations are parliamentary democracies with monarchs as heads of state.
Section 2
France and the Benelux Countries (cont.)
• Belgium, with few natural resources of its own, imports raw materials to make and export vehicles, chemicals, and textiles.
Section 2
France and the Benelux Countries (cont.)
• Brussels, the capital of Belgium, is headquarters of the European Union (EU).
• Antwerp is the center of the world diamond industry.
• Some of Belgium’s people speak Dutch, some speak French, and some are bilingual, speaking both Dutch and French.
Section 2
France and the Benelux Countries (cont.)
• The people of the Netherlands are known as the Dutch, and about 90 percent live in cities and towns.
Areas of the Netherlands Reclaimed From the Sea
– They work in service industries, manufacturing, and trade and also export cheese, vegetables, and flowers including about 2 million tulip bulbs each year.
Section 2
France and the Benelux Countries (cont.)
• About 25 percent of the Netherlands lies below sea level.
• The Dutch have built dikes, or banks of soil, to control and confine the sea.
• Then they pump the wetlands dry, leaving drained land called polders, which has rich farming soil.
Section 2
France and the Benelux Countries (cont.)
• Luxembourg, whose people have a mixed French and German background, is one of Europe’s smallest countries.
• Many multinational companies, or firms that do business in several countries, have their headquarters here.
A. A
B. B
C. C
D. D
Section 2
A B C D
0% 0%0%0%
How much of the Netherlands lies below sea level?
A. 15%
B. 25%
C. 35%
D. 45%
Section 2
Germany and the Alpine Countries
Germany, Switzerland, and Austria are known for their mountain scenery and prosperous economies.
Section 2
Germany and the Alpine Countries (cont.)
• Germany’s physical features include the flat Northern European Plain; rocky highlands containing rich coal deposits; the forested Alps; and the Danube, Elbe, and Rhine Rivers, which are major transportation routes.
Section 2
Germany and the Alpine Countries (cont.)
• Germany was created from a collection of states in 1871, but after World War II, it was split again into Communist-ruled East Germany and democratic West Germany.
– After the collapse of communism, the two parts of Germany were reunited in 1990.
Section 2
Germany and the Alpine Countries (cont.)
• Germany today is a federal republic, or a system in which the national and state governments share powers.
• An elected president serves as Germany’s ceremonial head of state, but the country’s chancellor, chosen by Parliament, is the real head of government.
Section 2
Germany and the Alpine Countries (cont.)
• Germany has the largest population in Europe, with nearly 90 percent of the people living in urban areas.
• Almost all of the country’s people are native Germans, Protestant or Catholic, and speak German.
• Immigrants from eastern Europe and Turkey include many Muslims and Jews.
Section 2
Germany and the Alpine Countries (cont.)
• Germany is a global economic power and a leader in the European Union (EU).
• Its economy is driven by agriculture and by industry, especially the manufacture of steel, chemicals, cars, and electrical equipment.
• German firms, investing money for research and development of desirable and competitive products, avoided a decline in manufacturing in the late 1900s.
Section 2
Germany and the Alpine Countries (cont.)
• In 1990 East and West Germany agreed to reunification, or joining together under one government.
• The Alpine countries are Switzerland, Austria, and Liechtenstein.
• Liechtenstein is a tiny country of only 62 square miles (161 sq. km)—smaller than Washington, D.C.
Section 2
Germany and the Alpine Countries (cont.)
• Switzerland, an important country internationally, practices neutrality, or refusal to take sides in wars.
• Many different ethnic groups and religions and four national languages are found in Switzerland.
Section 2
Germany and the Alpine Countries (cont.)
• Switzerland is known for producing electronic equipment, chemicals, fine clocks and watches, chocolate, and cheeses.
• A large part of the economy is dependent upon banking services.
Section 2
Germany and the Alpine Countries (cont.)
• Austria’s primary resources are timber and iron ore that come from the mountains, and its rivers generate hydroelectric power.
• The country produces machinery, chemicals, metals, and vehicles but also has strong banking and insurance industries.
Section 2
Germany and the Alpine Countries (cont.)
• The people of Austria mainly speak German and are Roman Catholic, and most live in cities and towns.
• Vienna, the capital, has long been a cultural and learning center.
– It is a popular destination for visitors.
A. A
B. B
C. C
D. D
Section 2
A B C D
0% 0%0%0%
What is Europe’s most important waterway?
A. Danube River
B. Elbe River
C. Rhine River
D. Meuse River
Section 3-Main Idea
Places reflect the relationship between humans and the physical environment.
Section 3-Key Terms
Content Vocabulary
• dry farming
• autonomy
• subsidy
Academic Vocabulary
• similar • militant
Section 3-Picture This
Lunchtime lineup! Visit Antiparos, Greece, and you are likely to see octopuses draped over fishing lines to dry in preparation for a later meal. The boneless octopus has a parrot-like beak, a doughnut-shaped brain, eight arms, three hearts, and—it can change colors. Octopuses thrive in the clear, blue waters of the Mediterranean Sea. The sea and the lands surrounding it have supported numerous cultures. Read this section to learn about today’s cultures of southern, or Mediterranean, Europe.
A. A
B. B
Section 3-Polling Question
Can you name more than two Italian foods?
A. Yes
B. No
A B
0%0%
Section 3
Olive products are rich in antioxidants, or cancer-fighting agents. To make olive oil, the olives are first mashed and then washed, enriching the wash water with antioxidants. Previously, this wash water was discarded, but scientists now think it could be a beneficial ingredient in the production of other foods.
Section 3
Spain and Portugal
Spain and Portugal are young democracies with growing economies.
Section 3
Spain and Portugal (cont.)
• Spain and Portugal are located on the Iberian Peninsula.
– They share it with tiny Andorra, nestled in the Pyrenees Mountains.
Section 3
Spain and Portugal (cont.)
• Most of Spain is covered by the Meseta, a dry plateau surrounded by mountains.
• Dry farming, or leaving the land unplanted every few years so that it can store moisture, allows wheat and vegetables to be grown in this area, which has little rain.
Section 3
Spain and Portugal (cont.)
• Spain’s mild climate along the Atlantic Ocean and Mediterranean Sea provides ideal conditions for the growing of citrus fruits, olives, and grapes.
• Castilian Spanish is Spain’s official language, but some regions have their own languages.
• In the Pyrenees, the Basque people speak Euskera, a language that is unrelated to any other in the world.
Section 3
Spain and Portugal (cont.)
• Most of Spain’s 43.5 million people live in urban areas, such as Madrid, the capital, and Barcelona, the leading seaport and industrial center.
• Most are Roman Catholic, although a large number of North African Muslims have migrated to Spain in recent years.
Section 3
Spain and Portugal (cont.)
• After years of rule by a dictator, Spain became a democracy in the late 1970s.
• In recent times, Spain’s democratic government has given the different regions of Spain greater autonomy, or self-rule.
Section 3
Spain and Portugal (cont.)
• In the Basque region of the country, many people want to be separate from Spain and have used terrorism to try to achieve this goal.
• Similarly, Spain was shaken in 2004 when terrorist attacks by suspected Muslim militants killed 191 people on Madrid trains.
Section 3
Spain and Portugal (cont.)
• Most Portuguese live in small villages on the Atlantic coast, where some earn a living by fishing.
• Important crops are grapes for wine making and oak trees that provide cork.
• Closeness to the ocean helped Portugal become a sea power during the 1500s.
Section 3
Spain and Portugal (cont.)
• Portugal has a democratic government, and its economy is growing stronger through subsidies from the European Union (EU).
– Subsidies are special payments a government makes to support a particular group or industry.
A. A
B. B
C. C
D. D
Section 3
A B C D
0% 0%0%0%
What is Spain’s official language?
A. Castilian
B. Catalan
C. English
D. Euskera
Section 3
Italy (cont.)
• Italy and its island of Sicily are on the Mediterranean Sea.
• The Alps tower over northern Italy, and the Apennine Mountains form a backbone through the country and into Sicily.
Section 3
Italy (cont.)
• Northern Italy has a leading industrial economy, producing cars, technical instruments, appliances, clothing, and high-quality goods.
• The north’s fertile Po River valley is a rich farming region, producing grapes, olives, and livestock.
Section 3
Italy (cont.)
• Southern Italy is poorer and less industrialized than northern Italy.
• Many people have left the south to find work and a better life elsewhere.
• About 90 percent of Italy’s 58.7 million people live in urban areas, speak Italian, and are Roman Catholic.
Section 3
Italy (cont.)
• Rome, the capital, was once the center of the Roman Empire.
– Today it is home to the country’s democratic republic form of government.
A. A
B. B
Section 3
Although Vatican City is within Rome’s boundaries, it is an independent country.
A. True
B. False
0%0%
Section 3
Greece
Mountains, seas, and islands have shaped Greece’s people and economy.
Section 3
Greece (cont.)
• Greece extends from the Balkan Peninsula into the Mediterranean Sea and includes not only the mainland, but also about 2,000 islands.
• Agricultural production is declining in Greece, but some farmers still raise sheep, goats, wheat, and olives.
• In recent decades, Greece has developed new industries. Greece also has one of the world’s largest shipping fleets.
Section 3
Greece (cont.)
• About 60 percent of Greeks are urban dwellers with nearly a third living in or around Athens, the capital.
• The Greeks speak a form of Greek similar to that spoken in ancient times.
• Most are Greek Orthodox Christian.
• Greece is a democratic republic and a member of the European Union.
A. A
B. B
C. C
D. D
Section 3
A B C D
0% 0%0%0%
What percentage of Greeks are urban dwellers?
A. 40%
B. 50%
C. 60%
D. 70%
Section 4-Main Idea
Geography is used to interpret the past, understand the present, and plan for the future.
Section 4-Key Terms
Content Vocabulary
• command economy
• market economy
• potash
• ethnic cleansing
Academic Vocabulary
• income • medical
Section 4-Picture This
Show your colors! A young person in Kyiv (Kiev), Ukraine, shows his support for the new government of the Orange Revolution. The Orange Revolution took place during the 2004 presidential elections. Orange was the color of the victorious political party. The party chose orange to represent the change in Ukraine’s government. Orange represents the changing color of the leaves in autumn—a process that is peaceful and unstoppable. Read this section to learn more about life in eastern Europe today.
A. A
B. B
Section 4-Polling Question
Do you think demonstrators can effect change in government?
A. Yes
B. No
A B
0%0%
Section 4
Viewed by world corporations as the entry point to all of eastern Europe and Russia, the Czech Republic is attracting major companies, such as Hewlett-Packard and Toshiba. International investment in 2005 amounted to more than 100 new projects totaling $11 billion.
Section 4
Poland, Belarus, and the Baltic Republics
Poland and the Baltic Republics have become democratic, while Belarus is still influenced by its Communist past.
Section 4
Poland, Belarus, and the Baltic Republics (cont.)
• Poland borders the Baltic Sea. The Carpathian Mountains rise on the southern and western edges of the country, but most of Poland is a fertile lowland plain.
• After World War II, a Communist government came to power in Poland and set up a command economy, in which the government decides what, how, and for whom goods will be produced.
Section 4
• Poland’s postwar government produced few products for consumers, which led to food shortages.
• The Poles wanted a better life, and, in the 1980s, workers and farmers formed Solidarity, a labor group that supported peaceful democratic change.
Poland, Belarus, and the Baltic Republics (cont.)
Section 4
• Communist leaders allowed free elections in 1989, and a new democratic government was formed.
– This event helped bring about the fall of Communist governments that had long ruled in eastern Europe.
Poland, Belarus, and the Baltic Republics (cont.)
Section 4
• Poland quickly moved toward a market economy, a system in which individuals and businesses make the decisions about how they will use resources and what goods and services to make.
Poland, Belarus, and the Baltic Republics (cont.)
Section 4
• Poland is one of the world’s top producers of rye and potatoes, but industries are growing, too, making use of coal and other minerals.
• Many people are moving from rural areas to the cities of Warsaw and Kraków.
Poland, Belarus, and the Baltic Republics (cont.)
Section 4
• Belarus, independent now but once part of the Soviet Union, still has strong ties to Russia.
• Its leaders favor strong government and a command economy.
Poland, Belarus, and the Baltic Republics (cont.)
Section 4
• Belarus has few resources other than potash, a mineral used in making fertilizer.
• Industries include processing fertilizer and manufacturing trucks, radios, televisions, and bicycles.
• Government-controlled farms produce vegetables, grain, and other crops.
Poland, Belarus, and the Baltic Republics (cont.)
Section 4
• Most people in Belarus are Eastern Orthodox Slavs, two-thirds of whom live in cities, such as Minsk, the capital.
Poland, Belarus, and the Baltic Republics (cont.)
Section 4
• The Baltic Republics—Lithuania, Latvia, and Estonia—lie on the shores of the Baltic Sea.
• These Baltic countries became independent when the Soviet Union broke apart in 1991 and have large Russian minority populations.
• Most people in Estonia and Latvia are Protestant, while Roman Catholics make up the majority in Lithuania.
Poland, Belarus, and the Baltic Republics (cont.)
Section 4
• All three Baltic Republics have seen strong economic growth since the mid-1990s.
• Their well-developed economies are based on dairy farming, beef production, fishing, shipbuilding, and the manufacture of telecommunications equipment.
Poland, Belarus, and the Baltic Republics (cont.)
A. A
B. B
C. C
D. D
Section 4
A B C D
0% 0%0%0%
Where was the labor group, Solidarity, formed?
A. Poland
B. Belarus
C. Estonia
D. Russia
Section 4
The Czech Republic, Slovakia, and Hungary
The Czech Republic, Slovakia, and Hungary share common histories but have distinct cultures.
Section 4
The Czech Republic, Slovakia, and Hungary (cont.)
• The Czech Republic has a landscape of rolling hills, lowlands, and plains bordered by mountains.
• Large fertile areas make the country a major agricultural producer.
Section 4
• Although Communists controlled the government for years, the Czechs rapidly moved from a command economy to a free market economy in the 1990s.
• Czech factories produce machinery, vehicles, metals, textiles, beer, and crystal.
• Rapid industrialization, however, has caused environmental problems.
The Czech Republic, Slovakia, and Hungary (cont.)
Section 4
• The Czechs have a relatively high standard of living.
• Most of the country’s people live in cities, such as Prague, the capital.
The Czech Republic, Slovakia, and Hungary (cont.)
Section 4
• Slovakia is a popular vacation spot with its mountains, forests, and lakes.
– Independent since 1993, the Slovaks are moving slowly to a free market economy.
– Most Slovaks are devout Catholics, and nearly 60 percent live in towns and cities, such as Bratislava, the capital.
The Czech Republic, Slovakia, and Hungary (cont.)
Section 4
• Hungary, once part of the Austro-Hungarian Empire, later came under Communist rule.
• Today it is a democracy headed by a president.
• Its capital, Budapest, straddles the Danube River.
The Czech Republic, Slovakia, and Hungary (cont.)
Section 4
• Hungary’s language is unique.
• The people descend from the Magyars, who moved into the area from Central Asia about 1,000 years ago.
Language Families of Europe
The Czech Republic, Slovakia, and Hungary (cont.)
Section 4
• Hungary has few natural resources besides its fertile farming land, but it imports raw materials for manufacturing and then exports chemicals, food products, and other goods.
The Czech Republic, Slovakia, and Hungary (cont.)
A. A
B. B
C. C
D. D
Section 4
A B C D
0% 0%0%0%
The Carpathian Mountains are found in ____.
A. Czech Republic
B. Slovakia
C. Hungary
D. Austria
Section 4
Countries of Southeastern Europe
Because of limited natural resources, political upheaval, and ethnic conflict, many countries in southeastern Europe face challenges.
Section 4
Countries of Southeastern Europe (cont.)
• Ukraine is the largest country in all of Europe.
– It lies on a lowland plain near the Black Sea, with the Carpathian Mountains along its southwestern border.
– Ships carrying goods to distant markets navigate the Dnieper River.
Section 4
Countries of Southeastern Europe (cont.)
• Ukraine’s western region is agricultural and produces grains, fruits, vegetables, cattle, and sheep.
• Most of the people in the west are of Ukrainian descent.
• The eastern region, with its own coal and iron ore, is industrial, producing cars, ships, locomotives, and airplanes.
• The people here are mostly ethnic Russians.
Section 4
Countries of Southeastern Europe (cont.)
• Ukraine became independent when the Soviet Union dissolved in 1991, but now ethnic divisions trouble the country.
• Romania drove out the Communists in a bloody revolt in 1989.
• With a wealth of natural resources, such as coal, petroleum, and natural gas, Romania’s industrial output is rising after a deep economic slump.
Section 4
Countries of Southeastern Europe (cont.)
• Romans once ruled this region, and the Romanian language is based on the Latin spoken in ancient Rome.
• In rural areas, farmers grow grains, grapes, and other crops. Many of Romania’s citizens are Eastern Orthodox Christian.
Percentage of Workforce in Agriculture
Section 4
Countries of Southeastern Europe (cont.)
• Moldova is sandwiched between Ukraine and Romania.
– As Europe’s poorest country, Moldova has productive farms but little else, due to few mineral resources and limited industry.
Section 4
Countries of Southeastern Europe (cont.)
• Farming, manufacturing, and tourism form the base of Bulgaria’s economy.
– Most Bulgarians are Eastern Orthodox Christian, but a sizable minority is Muslim.
Section 4
Countries of Southeastern Europe (cont.)
• Albania, on the Adriatic Sea, is the only country in Europe with a majority Muslim population.
– In Albania, farmers outnumber factory workers.
– It is one of the poorest countries in Europe.
Section 4
Countries of Southeastern Europe (cont.)
• Slovenia, Croatia, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Macedonia, Serbia, and Montenegro are part of the Balkan region.
– All of these countries came into existence in the 1990s, pulling apart from a Communist country called Yugoslavia.
Section 4
Countries of Southeastern Europe (cont.)
• When Yugoslavia dissolved, fighting broke out among the regions, with Serbia striving to dominate.
– The heaviest fighting took place in Bosnia and Herzegovina, where the Serbs carried out ethnic cleansing, or removing or killing an entire ethnic group.
Section 4
Countries of Southeastern Europe (cont.)
• Slovenia is one Balkan country that has experienced economic growth since it gained independence.
– Slovenian industries produce machinery, appliances, vehicles, and medical supplies.
A. A
B. B
C. C
D. D
Section 4
A B C D
0% 0%0%0%
In the early 1990s, how many countries within Yugoslavia declared their independence?
A. Two
B. Three
C. Four
D. Five
VS 1
Northern Europe
• The United Kingdom is a major industrial and trading country.
• The Republic of Ireland’s economy is becoming more industrial.
• Fishing is an important industry in the Scandinavian countries.
VS 2
France and the Benelux Countries
• France is a world center of art, learning, and culture.
• The Benelux countries are low, flat, and densely populated.
VS 3
Germany and the Alpine Countries
• Rivers have been vital to Germany’s economic growth.
• The Alps dominate Switzerland, Austria, and Liechtenstein.
VS 4
Southern Europe
• Spain’s historic sites and sunny beaches attract many tourists.
• Most of Italy’s industry lies in the northern part of the country.
• Greece consists of a mountainous mainland and more than 2,000 islands.
VS 5
Eastern Europe
• Poland is a large country with northern plains and southern highlands.
• The Danube River flows through Budapest, Hungary’s historic capital.
• Ukrainians disagree on whether to strengthen ties to western Europe or to Russia.
• Ethnic conflict has torn apart Balkan countries in recent years.
Figure 1
Figure 2
Figure 3
Figure 4
TIME Trans
DFS Trans 1
DFS Trans 2
DFS Trans 3
DFS Trans 4
Vocab1
constitutional monarchy
form of government in which a monarch is the head of state but elected officials run the government
Vocab2
parliamentary democracy
form of government in which voters elect representatives to a lawmaking body called Parliament, and members of Parliament vote for an official called the prime minister to head the government
Vocab3
peat
plants partly decayed in water which can be dried and burned for fuel
Vocab4
bog
low swampy area
Vocab5
productivity
measure of how much work a person produces in a set amount of time
Vocab6
geyser
spring of water heated by molten rock inside the Earth that, from time to time, shoots hot water into the air
Vocab7
fjord
narrow, U-shaped coastal valley with steep sides formed by the action of glaciers
Vocab8
geothermal energy
electricity produced by natural underground sources of steam
Vocab9
differentiate
to make or become different in some way
Vocab10
document
an important paper
Vocab11
vary
to be different
Vocab12
specialization
focusing on certain economic activities to make the best use of resources
Vocab13
high-technology industry
areas of business that include making computers and other products with sophisticated engineering
Vocab14
bilingual
accepting two official languages; able to speak two languages
Vocab15
polder
reclaimed wetlands that use a system of dikes and pumps to keep out the sea’s waters
Vocab16
multinational company
company that has locations in more than one country
Vocab17
reunification
the act of being brought back together
Vocab18
neutrality
refusal to take sides in a war between other countries
Vocab19
rely
to depend on
Vocab20
invest
to lay out money so as to return a profit
Vocab21
dry farming
agriculture that conserves water and uses crops and growing methods suited to semiarid environments
Vocab22
autonomy
having independence from another country
Vocab23
subsidy
special payment made by a government to support a particular group or industry
Vocab24
similar
having qualities in common
Vocab25
militant
person who uses war or violence to accomplish goals
Vocab26
command economy
economic system in which the government decides how resources are used and what goods and services are produced
Vocab27
market economy
economic system in which individuals make the decisions about how resources are used and what goods and services to provide
Vocab28
potash
mineral salt used in making fertilizer
Vocab29
ethnic cleansing
forcing people from one ethnic or religious group to leave an area so that it can be used by another group
Vocab30
income
earned money
Vocab31
medical
relating to the science or practice of medicine
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