spe distinguished lectured
Post on 06-Jul-2018
220 Views
Preview:
TRANSCRIPT
-
8/17/2019 SPE Distinguished Lectured
1/30
-
8/17/2019 SPE Distinguished Lectured
2/30
Birol Dindoruk
Reservoir Fluid Properties (PVT):
Issues, Pitfalls and Modeling Aspects
Shell International Exp. & Prod. Inc.
Society of Petroleum Engineers
Distinguished Lecturer Programwww.spe.org/dl
-
8/17/2019 SPE Distinguished Lectured
3/30
3
Outline
Purpose/Motivation• Impact (Examples)
– Well Testing
– Surface Oil Volume, Reservoir Depletion Performance• Sources of PVT data
– Main Focus Areas
• QC Considerations/Modeling Issues – Measurement errors/Sample consistency
– Rules-of-thumb/Difficult Fluids
– OBM
– Compositional Grading/Multiple PVT’s
– Viscosity
– EOR
• Summary
-
8/17/2019 SPE Distinguished Lectured
4/30
4
Why Do We Need PVT Data?
• Many petroleum engineering calculations
require PVT data: – Reserves, reservoir connectivity – Reservoir simulation/Material balance
– Pressure transient testing – EOR/Injection processes
– Flow-line, wellbore hydraulics calculations
– Flow assurance – Production allocation and calibration
– Tax implications/qualifications/quotas
– Production Sharing Agreements (PSA’s) – Drilling and completion fluids
-
8/17/2019 SPE Distinguished Lectured
5/30
5
Example(s): Well testing equation(s), MBE
Bottom Line: Most of the equations that we use
have coefficients/parameters that are functions of
fluid properties.
oo Bmh
qk 6.162
-
8/17/2019 SPE Distinguished Lectured
6/30
6
From reservoir to surface –Pressure, Volume and Temperature changes
Surface
Oil Reservoir
GOR behavior, Boi
G
OO
PVT
Description
-
8/17/2019 SPE Distinguished Lectured
7/30
7
0
5000
10000
15000
20000
0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200 1400 1600
CUMULATIVE OIL PRODUCTION (MSTB)
G O R ( S C F / S T B )
0
1000
2000
3000
4000
GOR (SCF/STB) Pressure (psia)
From Craft & Hawkins
Reservoir Performance/Time Dependent Behavior
Pbp
0.0
0.4
0.8
1.2
1.6
2.0
0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000 3500 400
Pressure (psia)
O i l V i s c o s i t y ( c p )
-
8/17/2019 SPE Distinguished Lectured
8/30
8
Sources of PVT data
• PVT Experiments/Measurements(need fluid samples)
– Surface/Subsurface Samples
• Correlations/Analog Data
• Equation of State (EOS)
representation (i.e., cubic)
Estimation/Calculation of
PVT Properties
Sutton (2005)
22
2 bbV V
a
bV
RT P
-
8/17/2019 SPE Distinguished Lectured
9/30
9
What Happens From Reservoir to
Separators?
Plants, etc.
Surface
FacilityModeling
Reservoir/ Process
Modeling
WellboreSimulation
-
8/17/2019 SPE Distinguished Lectured
10/30
10
RE: Main Focus Areas
• Primary and Secondary Production
– Typically fluid properties/depletioncharacteristics from reservoir to separators
• Interaction with non-native (i.e., EOR)
fluids – Experiments/Modeling to capture EOR
processes (i.e., IFT 0)
• Modeling the desired processes (“EOSwork”)
-
8/17/2019 SPE Distinguished Lectured
11/30
11
Some Aspects of QC Considerations
• Fluid Type• Data Quality
– Sample
– Lab Data
• Minimum Data Requirements
• Transport Properties (Viscosity)
• EOS vs Data
-
8/17/2019 SPE Distinguished Lectured
12/30
12
P-T Diagrams/Phase Envelope
70%
50%
20%
90%
10%
“GAS”
Pdp
2
1
Tsep&Psep
CP
PiPi
“OIL”
100% L
T
1=wet gas
2=dry gas
P
0.0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44
TIME (hr)
I n s t a n t a n e o u s G O
R ( M S C F / S e p B B L )
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
0 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000 6000 7000 8000 9000 10000
P (psia)
L i q % @ T r e s
Liq % (Data)
Liq % (Calc)
-
8/17/2019 SPE Distinguished Lectured
13/30
13
Classification of Reservoir Fluids
– “Cut off”/”rule of thumb” (i.e., Mc Cain)
– P-T diagramsProperty Black
Oil
Volatile
Oil
Retrograd
e Gas
Wet Gas Dry Gas
Initial GOR
(SCF/STB)
3200 >15000
(100,000
(40 20% 20-
12.5%
-
8/17/2019 SPE Distinguished Lectured
14/30
14
80
100
120
140
160
180
80 100 120 140 160 180 200 220
Separator Temperature (F)
C G R ( S T B
/ M M S C F )
#1#2Extended Flow1st Stage CGR: Psep = 389.7 psia (139.3 STB/MMSCF)1st Stage CGR: Psep =389.7 psia (119.5 STB/MMSCF)
1st Stage CGR: Psep =550 psia (119.5 STB/MMSCF)
Impact of Test Separator Conditions on CGR
10000
-
8/17/2019 SPE Distinguished Lectured
15/30
15
PCP
Pbp
T
P1 & T1
TresT1
P1 & T1
Low-T Extrapolation
Pres & Tres
Pres & Tres
0
1000
2000
3000
4000
5000
6000
7000
8000
9000
10000
-200 0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200 1400
T (F)
P ( p s i a )
DATA
CRIT
-
8/17/2019 SPE Distinguished Lectured
16/30
16
Oil Base Mud (OBM) Contamination
• Specially designed HC/Oil-Base Fluids
• Pose challenges to get clean samples
0.01
10.01
20.01
30.01
40.01
50.01
7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30
Carbon Number
W e i g h t %
A c c e p t a b l e
C o
n t ami n a t i on
Black OilDry Gas
10%
A c c e p t a b l e
C o
n t ami n a t i on
Black OilDry Gas
10%
?
-
8/17/2019 SPE Distinguished Lectured
17/30
-
8/17/2019 SPE Distinguished Lectured
18/30
18
Oil Base Mud Contamination: Condensate
0
10
20
30
0 2000 4000 6000 8000 10000 12000 14000
Pressure (psia)
L i q u i d
V o l u m e ( % )
Liq %_exp (199 F) -- CONTAMINATED
Liq %_cpk (199 F) -- CONTAMINATED
Liq %_cpk (199 F) -- UNCONTAMINATED
0
10
20
30
0 2000 4000 6000 8000 10000 12000 14000
Pressure (psia)
L i q u i d
V o l u m e ( % )
Liq %_exp (199 F) -- CONTAMINATED
Liq %_cpk (199 F) -- CONTAMINATED
Liq %_cpk (199 F) -- UNCONTAMINATED0.01
10.01
20.01
30.01
40.01
50.01
7 8 9 101112131415161718192021222324252627282930
Carbon Number
W e i g h t %
-
8/17/2019 SPE Distinguished Lectured
19/30
-
8/17/2019 SPE Distinguished Lectured
20/30
20
Compositional Grading
• Compositional Grading
– Equilibrium
– Non-equilibrium
• No data = No problem (“no
brain & no headache”)
Depth
Detailed review is in SPE109284
Enabling Technologies:
Advances in Subsurface Sampling
Techniques
Anshultz Ranch SPE14412, As described by Metcalfe et al.
r1
r1
r4
r3
r2
SPE116243 & 124264
-
8/17/2019 SPE Distinguished Lectured
21/30
21
Compositional Grading: GOR versus DepthCompositional Grading: GOR versus Depth
9000
9500
10000
10500
11000
11500
0 10000 20000 30000
GOR (SCF/STB)
D e p t h
( f t )
GOC
0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
3000
3500
4000
4500
-200 0 200 400 600 800 1000T (F)
P ( p s i a )
Critical Point
Black OilGas
Pres
Tres
GAS
OIL
-
8/17/2019 SPE Distinguished Lectured
22/30
22
9000
9500
10000
10500
11000
11500
12000
12500
13000
13500
14000
7500 8500 9500 10500 11500 12500 13500
Pressure/Saturation Pressure (psia)
D e p t h ( f e e t )
OIL/LIQUID
CONDENSATE/VAPOR
-
8/17/2019 SPE Distinguished Lectured
23/30
23
• Inferred quantity (transport property)
• Leading Industrial Measurement Techniques – Electromagnetic Viscosity Measurement
– Rolling Ball Techniques – Capillary Tube
– Fann-Type Devices
Liquid Phase Viscosity
(Measurement Aspects)
-
8/17/2019 SPE Distinguished Lectured
24/30
24
Liquid Phase Viscosity
(Computational Aspects)
• Heavy ends have the largest impact on liquidviscosity
• Better characterization of the plus fractions
can improve the results significantly:granularity matters!
• Viscosity Models
– Lohrenz-Bray-Clark/Jossi et al. Model – Corresponding States models
– Friction models
– Black oil correlations
-
8/17/2019 SPE Distinguished Lectured
25/30
25Stalkup
EOR Aspects
Dependence of residual oil saturation to
capillary number
u N Ca
-
8/17/2019 SPE Distinguished Lectured
26/30
26
Impact of Temperature: Viscosity
Farouq Ali (1982) SPE 9897
-
8/17/2019 SPE Distinguished Lectured
27/30
27
EOS The Final “Assembly” Step:
• Limitations inherent to two-constant cubic
EOS (Mainly Peng and Robinson EOS andSoave modified Redlich and Kwong EOS) – Semi-empirical nature of the EOS
– Volume prediction
– Mixing rules
– Having a fixed critical Z-factor for all the
components, etc.• Inexact fluid description (Single Carbon
Number grouping rather than detailed
compositional breakdown)
PREDICTIVE CAPABILITY ISSUES:
-
8/17/2019 SPE Distinguished Lectured
28/30
28
Summary
• Proper PVT data/work is needed to capture – Depletion performance of the reservoir and
– Interaction of injectants and the in-situ fluids
• Consistent fluid description is needed from thereservoir to the delivery point.
• “Difficult fluids” (near-critical systems, heavyfluids, contaminated fluids, lean condensates,graded systems) pose challenges – Characterization/modeling aspects
– Computational aspects
– Initialization aspects
– Measurement aspects
-
8/17/2019 SPE Distinguished Lectured
29/30
29
Summary
• PVT/Fluid Properties should be used to
complement the G&G information
• EOS/Computational Aspects: – QC of the data is a must
– Better viscosity prediction/modeling is needed
– Sample characterization/representation with minimum
# of components
– Multiple (PVT’s) sample characterizations poses a
challenge
-
8/17/2019 SPE Distinguished Lectured
30/30
30
QUESTIONS ?
top related