soviet medium tank t-62
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A
t
UNITED
STATES
ARMY
TRAINING
AND
DOCTRINE
Et)MI
TRADOC
iiJOliiJ
WEAPONS
TACTICS
TRAINING
#
THE
SOVIET
MAIN
BATTLETANK
CAPABILITIES
AND
LIMITATIONS
FEBRUARY
1979
2 8 3
4 2
..
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R E P O R TD O C U M E N T A T I O N
P A G E
Form Approved
OMBNo.
07040188
Publicreportingburden
or
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s
est imated
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ou r
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est imate
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to
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Services ,
Directora tefor
Information
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and Repor t s ,
215
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Davis
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Suit e
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and
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Paperwork
Reduction
Pro j ec t
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Washington ,
D C
2D503.
1 .
A G E N C Y U S E
O N L Y
Leaveblank
2.
R E P O R T
D A T E
FEBRUARY
97 9
3.
R E P O R T
T Y P E A N D
D A T E SC O V E R E D
FINAL
4.
T I T L E
A N D
S U B T I T L E
TRADOC
BULLETIN
0.
THE
SOVIET
MAIN
BATTLETANK:CAPABILITIES
AND
LIMITATIONS
5.
F U N D I N G
N U M BE R S
6.A U T H O R S
7.
P E R F O R M I N G
O R G A N I Z A T I O N
NAME S)A N D ADDRESS ES)
HQU.S.
ARMY
TRAINING
AND
DOCTRINE
COMMAND
ATTN:
ATCG-T
FORT
MONROE
VIRGINIA
23651
8.
E R F O R M I N G
O R G A N I Z A T I O N
R E P O R T N U M B E R
9.
SPONSORING M O N I T O R I N G
A G E N C YNAME S)
A N D ADDRESS ES)
10.
PONSORING
M O N I T O R I N G
A G E N C Y
R E P O R T N U M B E R
11,
S U P P L E M E N T A R YN O TE S
Se e
TRADOC
Bulletin
dated
September97 7
12a.
D I S T R I B U T I O N
A V A I L A B I L I T Y
S TA TE M E N T
APPROVED
FOR
PUBLIC
RELEASE;DISTRIBUTION
IS
UNLIMITED.
12b.
D I S T R I B U T I O N C O D E
13 .ABSTRACTMaximum200
words
Th e
Soviet
Unionan d
its
Warsaw
Pact
allies
have
builttheir
armies
around
mechanizedcombinedarms
teams
Th etanks
in
theseforcesconsist
of
T-54,
T-55,
T-62,
ndT-72
models.
Anew
tank,
alled
theT-80,s
reportedlyunder
development,
however,
ittleis
known
about
its
characteristics.
Th e
T-62isthe
principal
battletank
found
inSoviettankand
motorized
rifledivisions.It
is
an
accurate,
highly-lethal,
weaponsystemgenerally
comparable
to
the
US
M60
series
tank.
Th epurpose
of
this
bulletin
istodescribetheSovietmainbattletank,
ndtoexplain:
What
it
ca ndo ;
Whit
it
cannotdo ;
How
it
isused;
How
it
isdefeated.
Th e
material
in
this
bulletin
is
basedprimarily
on
the
T-62model
since
it
is
the
current
workhorse
of
Soviettank
units.
Becauseother
Soviet
medium
tanks
(T-54,T-55)
ar esimilar
to
the
T-62,they
are
no t
discussed
in
this
bulletin.Some
information
of
theT-64andT-72tanksca nbefoundinAppendixA.
Th ecountermeasures
discussed
in
section
VIare
based
on
the
combatresults
of recent
MiddleEast
warsand
of tactical
studiesemployedagainstforceswhichgenerallyfollow
Soviet
doctrine.Datainthis
bulletin
are
from
the
US
ArmyForeign
Science
Technology
Center's
(FSTC)
officialreportsontheYomKippurWar;
theUS
Army
Materiel
Systems
Analysis
agency
(AMSAA);nd
the
1th
Combat
Intelligence
Company.
14.
SUBJECT
TERMS
15.
N U M B E R
O F
P A G E S
42
16 .
P R I C E
C O D E
17. S E C U R I T Y C L A S S I F I C A T I O N
O F
R E P O R T
UNCLASSIFIED
18.
S E C U R I T Y C L A S S I F I C A T I O NFT H I S
P A G E
UNCLASSIFIED
19 . S E C U R I T Y C L A S S I F I C A T I O N
O F
A BS TR A C T
UNCLASSIFIED
20.L I M I T A T I O NO FA BS TR A C T
UNLIMITED
N S N
7540-01-280-5500
Standa rdF o r m
29 8
( R e v .2-891
P r e s c r i b e d
b y
ANSI
Std .
Z39-18
298-102
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x > *
0 >
A
^
*ARMYTRAININGAND
EVALUATION
PROGRAM
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UNITED
STATES
ARMY
TRAINING
AND
DOCTRINE
COMMAND
BULLETINN O
10
9
FEBRUARY
1979
THE
SOVIET
MAIN
BATTLE
TANK:
CAPABILITIES
AND
LIMITATIONS
C ON TEN TS
Page
Introduction
What
It
Is
What
It
C anDo
What
It
Cannot
Do
6
How
It
Is
Used
9
How
T o
Defeat
It
4
AppendixA
T-64andT-72Tanks
1
Appendix
B
References
4
AppendixC
Ordering
TRADOCBulletins
6
SECTION
I
II
III
IV
V
VI
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This
TRADOCBULLETINs
ntended
oprovideimely,technical
information
on
weapons,
tactics,
and
training
to
commanders
and
others
oncerned ith
ilitaryraining.t
s
otntendedo
supplant
doctrinalpublications,
but
tosupplement
"how-to-fight"
material
ith
ata
erivedrom
ests,ecentntelligence,
nd
other
sources.
TRAINERS'
O T E :his
ulletin
s esignedo
elp
rainers
identifyandextractneededinformation.Charts,llustrations,and
otherke ydatamaybeextractedforndividual
use.
Comments
nd
ecommendations re
welcome nd
hould e
directed
tothe:
COMMANDER
USARMYTRAININGAND
DOCTRINE
COMMAND
ATTN: ATCG-T
FORTMONROE,
VIRGINIA 23651
(TEL: AUTOVON680-2972/2445)
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TRADOC
BULLETINNO
0
SECTION
INTRODUCTION
The
SovietUnion
and
ts
WarsawPactallies
have
builttheir
armies
around
mechanized
combined
armsteams.The
tanks
inthese
forces
consist
ofT-54,T-55,T-62,T-64,and
T-72
models.
A
newtank,called
the
T-80,
is
reportedlynder
evelopment,
owever,ittles
nown
bout
ts
characteristics.
The
T-62
is
the
principalbattle
tank
foundin
Soviettank
and
motorized
rifledivisions.tsanaccurate,highly-lethal,weaponsystemgenerally
comparable
to
the
US
M60
series
tank.
Thepurposeof
thisbulletinis todescribetheSoviet
main
battletank,and
toexplain:
W H A T IT
CAN
DO
WH T
T C NNOT
DO
O
HOW
T
S USED
HOW
T S
DEFE TED
The
material
inthis
bulletinisbased
primarily
ontheT-62modelsinceit
ishecurrentworkhorse fSovietankunits.ecauseotherSoviet
mediumtanks
(T-54,
T-55)
aresimilar
to
the
T-62,they
are
notdiscussed
in
this
bulletin.
Some
information
on
the
T-64and
T-72
tanks
can
be
found
in
appendix
A.
The
countermeasuresdiscussed
in
sectionVI
are
based
on
the
combat
results
ofrecentMiddleEast
warsand
oftacticalstudies
employed against
forces whichgenerallyfollow
Soviet
doctrine.
Data
in
thisbulletinare
from
the
US
Army
ForeignScience
Technology
Center's
(FSTC)
official
reports
on
the
YomKippur War;
theUS
ArmyMateriel
Systems
Analysis
Agency
(AMSAA);andthe
11th
CombatIntelligence
Company.
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TRADOC
BULLETINNO0
II
WHAT
IT
IS
TheT-62
seriestank
was
first
shown
publiclyin
1965and
has
since
then
become
the firstline battle
tankofthe
Soviet
Union.
Its
mountedweapons
candeliver
massedsuppressive
or
accurate
point
fires.
The
vehicle
can
be
made
watertight
for
fording
water
obstacles.
It
has
a
filteringsystem
which
eliminatesdustfromtheturretallowingthecrewtooperate
ina
nuclear
environmentfo r
limitedperiods.
A
-62A
ersion,
anufactured
fter
970,
eatures2.7-mm
antiaircraft
machinegun,
animproved
transmission,animproved
engine
compartment,andastabilized
main
gun.
Thestabilized
main
gunenables
thegunnerorackandireonhe
move
withsignificantlymproved
accuracy.he
ovietT-62
anksasily
ecognized
y
he
ollowing
features:
DRounded,sloping
turret.
High
dust
rooster
tails rising
from
the
rear
deck.
S
Bore
evacuator
locatedabout
one-third
of
the
waybackon the
gun
tube.
Q
Large
gaps
separating
the
third,
fourth,
andfifth
roadwheels.
RECOGNIT IONOF
T-62
TANK
0
2 oj
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Characteristics
of
the
T-62Tank
^
Crew
4
Weight
37.1
metrictons
Height
2.4m
Length
gun
orward) 9.33
m
Width
3.29m
Ground
clearance
.43m
Engine 580-hpDieselV-12
Cruising
ange
paved
oad
crosscountry
450km
320
km
Cruising
ange
with
auxiliary
fuel
tanks
paved
oad
cross
country
650km
450km
Suspension
system
ChristieSystem,iveoadwheels
Maximumspeed
50kmph
Main
armament 115-mm
smoothbore
gun
Maingunbasicoad 40ounds
HVAPFSDS
HEAT
HE
12
ounds
6ounds
22
ounds
Muzzle
velocity
Greater
than
1615
meters
persecond
Practicalateof
fire 3to4oundsper
minute
Primary
fire
control
sight
Articulated
telescope
Secondaryfire
control
sight
None
Range
finding
device
Stadiametric
angefindersnele-
scope
and
periscope
Effective
ange50%P
n
1500
m
Traverse
360powerand
manual
Elevationmain
gun
-4to+17
Gun
stabilization Vertical
and
horizontal
Coaxial
machinegun
7.62
mm
Antiaircraftmachinegun
12.7
mm
Maximumgradient 30
Ditch
crossingwidth
2.85
m
Wallscalingheight 0.8m
Water
fording
depth
1.4m
Water
obstacle
depth
using
snorkel)
5.5m
Waterobstacle
width
usingsnorkel)
1000
m
^
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TRADOCBULLETIN
NO
0
SECTION
I
ARMAMENT
The
firepower
of the
T-62
tank
is
designed
around
a
turret
that
contains
theequipment
necessary
to
operate
andirethe
three
organicweapons.
Theseweapons
are
the
115-mm
smoothbore
cannon,
PKT7.62-mmcoaxial
machinegun,DShK
2.7-mm
ntiaircraft
machinegun
only
n-62A
models) .
ARMAMENTON
THE
T-62TANK
Q115-mm
Smoothbore
Cannon
The
main
gunof
theT-62
s
an
extremely
accurate
weapon
and
ires
projectileswith
thehighestmuzzle
velocity
of
any
tankgun
in
the
world.
Thegun
is
controlled
andranged
by
thetank
commander,
and
aimed
and
firedbythegunner.Itiscapableofdefeating
any
type ofarmorcurrentlyin
the
field.
The
gunfires
three
typesofroundsasdescribed
on
page
4.
n
PKT7.62-mm
Coaxial
Machinegun
The 7.62-mmcoaxial
machinegun
is
mounted
to
the
rightof
themain
gun,
and
it
is
fired
either
electrically
by
the
gunner
or
manuallybythe
loader.
Themachinegunhas
an
effective
rangeof1500 meters
and
is
primarily
used
against areatargets
suchas
troops
inthe
open.
It
has
a
basicload
of2500 to
3500
ounds.hiseaponsxtremelyeliable
nd
arely
ams
r
malfunctions.
PI DShK
12.7-mm
Antiaircraft
Machinegun
The
2.7-mm
ntiaircraft
machinegun
s
mounted
utside
he
ank
above
the
loader'shatch.
To
fire
the
weapon,
theloader
mustbe
partially
exposed,making
him
vulnerable
tosuppressive
fires.Thisalsoleavesthe
main
gun
loading
duties
unattended.
The
machinegunisusedagainst
area
targets
out
to0 00metersandagainstaircraft
at
a
slant
rangeof1000
meters.Ithasabasicloadof200to600 rounds,fe d
from
50-roundmetallic,
link
belts.
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SECTION
I
TRADOC
BULLETINNO
0
MAIN
GUN
AMMUNITION
TheT-62carriesamix of
40
hypervelocity,
armor-piercing,
fin-stabilized,
discarding
sabot;
highexplosiveantitank;andhighexplosive
rounds.The
specificnumberofeachype
ound
varies
with
theanticipatedactical
situation.
Hypervelocity,
Armor-Piercing,
Fin-Stabilized,
Discarding
Sabot
HVAPFSDS)
This
is
a
kinetic
energyround
thatdestroys
tanks
bypenetrating
their
armor.
When
the
roundhits,shrapnelkillsthe
crew
and
ignitesfueland
ammunition.
Theroundis
firedatanextremelyhigh
muzzle
velocity.The
muzzlevelocityis
achieved
bya
collar
(sabot)
that
breaks
awayfrom
the
penetratoraftertheroundleavestheguntube.Thepenetrator
flies
inavery
flat
trajectory
andis ,
therefore,
extremely
accurate
outtoarangeof1500
meters.TheHVAPFSDSis
the
T-62's
principal
armordefeating
round.
OPERATION
OF
THE
HVAPFSDSROUND
TH EHVAPFSDS
ROUND
F
TH E
T-62
TANK
TRAVELS
A
MILE
E R
SECOND
T
STH EFASTESTTANKCANNONROUND
N
H EWOR LD
-1 EC0ND-
IL E
(1600
E T E R S )
P E N E T R A T O R
HVAPFSDS
H
T9%"
High
Explosive
Antitank
HEAT)
This
is
achemical energyroundthatkills
armoredvehicles
by
producing
a
high
velocity
jet
ofgasthat
penetrates
the
target's
armor
and
directs
the
force
ofthe
explosioninsidethevehicle.The
penetration
capabilityofthe
HEAT
round
is
notaffected
byrange.
High
ExplosiveH E )
This
s
aconventionalragmentation
round.
It
hasaninstantaneous,
point-detonatingfuzethat
cannot
be
adjusted.Theroundisusedprimarily
againstunarmored
argets
uch
s
roops,ight-skinned
vehicles,
and
buildings.
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TRADOC
BULLETIN
NO
0
SECTION
I
FIRECONTROLINSTRUMENTS
The
T-62has
three
fire
controlinstrumentswhichenable
thecrew
to
sight,
range,
and
fire
the115-mm
smoothbore
cannon.
TSh2B-41u
Telescope
The
Sh2B-4lu
elescope
s
he
unner'srimary
means
farget
engagementandtheonlysight
for
daylight
use.
Thegunnercan
select
3.5x-
and
x-
power
magnification.
A
angeknobon
he
bottom
of
the
sight
introduces
the
superelevation
required
for
theammunition
specifiedbythe
tankcommander.
The
gunner'sstadiametricrangefinderisat
the
bottom
right
of
the
reticle.
Shownbelow
is
thereticle
as
itappears
to
thegunner
throughhis
telescope.
RETICLE
OFTHE
TSh2B-4luTELESCOPE
-37
B
6
3 6
Range
Line
40-
_32z
24-
3H
30
36
34
328-
30
28
26 24-
-30
-26
-22
24-
-=-222
20-
8
0-
8
16-=-
16
-=
14
16
4 12
4
40
oc
12-=-
-=-10
12
2_=r-36
94=28
0
12
8
~
El l
o_===-4
0
0
B P
B K
0018
0011
A PD S
H E A T
H E1 8
HEt
19-
A'i'A'i'A'i'A'
r r
T
C O A X
'i'A'i'A' A
1
1
A
2, 7
1.4
ff.T , T
Rangefinder
TKN-3
Day-Night
Periscope
The
TKN-3day-night
periscope,
mounted
atthe
tank
commander's
(TC)
station,istheprimaryinstrumentfordetermining
target
range.
When
fixed*
on
theaxis
of
the
main
gun,
it
is usedby
the
TCto laythegun
on
target
in
an
emergency.
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SECTIONI
TRADOC
BULLETINNO
0
The
5x-power
day
mode
or
the
4.2x-power,nfraredIR )
modecan
be
selectedwitha
switch
on
the
sight.
When
usedwiththe
tank
commander's
searchlight,
theperiscopehas a
rangeof
40 0
meters.
However,
it
hasa
range
of
80 0
meters
when
used
on
the
same
axis
as
the
main
searchlight.
Shown
below
s
he
eticle
ast
appearso
he
ank
commander
hrough
his
periscope.
RETICLE
OF
THE
TKN-3DAY-N IGHTPERISCOPE
T
4
mils
2. 7
RANGEFINDER
TPN
1-41-11
Infrared
Periscope
TheTPN
1-41-11
infrared
periscopeis used
for
nighttargetengagements.
This5.5x-powersighthas
a
rangeof800meterswhen
used
withthemain
searchlight.
It
has
an
illuminated
reticle
toassistthe
gunner,
butit
does
not
have
a
stadia
rangefinder.
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TRADOC
BULLETIN
NO
0 ECTION
I
VISION
DEVICES
The T-62isequipped withvisiondevicesthatenableittofight
effectively
with
all
hatches
closed
and
inconditions
of
reduced
visibility.
VisionBlocks
There
are
sevenvisionblockson
the
T-62
tank.The
tank
commander
has
fournmagnified
isionlocks,
mounted
n
he
upola
nd
atch.
Dependingnheositionfhe
upola,
he
locks
ivehe
ank
commander
80
ield
of
view
atany
givenime.The
gunner
has
an
unmagnified
vision
block
mounted
n
he
urretceiling
thats
usedor
generalviewing
and
main
gunorientation.Thedriverhastwovision
blocks
which
heuses
fo r driving
when
the
hatchis
closed.
For
night
driving,the
left
vision
block
is
replaced
with
a
TVN-2
infrared
periscope.
The
periscope
has
a
rangeof
about
60
meters
but
itspositioncreates
a
deadspace
5
meters
forward
of
the
tank
which
makes
turning
and
high
speed
driving
difficult.
MK-4S
Periscope
Thisdevicehas
a
dualvisioncapabilityfrontandrear.Thesight
is
normallyorientedto
the
frontprovidinga25fieldofvision.By
pulling
the
headsetdown,
theloadercan
turn
theperiscope
to
the
rear
providing
a16
field
ofvision.
Searchlights
Searchlights
on
the
T-62
are
used
exclusivelyfo r
infrared
illumination.
While
itis
possibleto usevisiblelight,theinfrared
filters
are
hard
to remove.
Unless
some
other
sourceof
visible
lightisused,
the
T-62
cannot
effectively
engage
targetsat
rangesgreater
than80 0meters
during
darkness.
There
aretwo
searchlights
on
theT-62;
the
L-2G
and
the
OU-3GK.
TheL 2G
searchlight
isused
primarily
bythe
gunner
in
conjunction
withheTPN
1-41-11
nfraredperiscope.nhenfraredmode,he
searchlight
can
illuminate
atargetatarangeof
80 0
meters.
It
can
also
beusedin
the
visiblelight
modeby
removing
the
infrared
filter.
TheOU 3GK
searchlight
s
used
by
heankcommander
inon-
nection
with
the
TKN-3
periscope.Itcanonly
illuminate
a
target
ata
range
of40 0meters.
But,
like
the
L-2G,
it
can
be
operated
inthe
visible
light
mode
byremoving
theinfrared
filter.
Driving
Lights
White
drivinglights
and
infrareddrivinglightsare
mounted
oneither
sideof thedriver's
hatch.
Thewhite
driving
lightscanbe
switched
to ahigh,
low,
or
blackout
beam.
The
infrared
lights
areused in
conjunctionwith
the
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SECTIONI I
III
W H A T
IT
CAN
D O
TheT-62medium
ank
s
mobile,
ffective,
and
dangerous
weapon
system.
Itwill
be
present
in
large
numbersin
Soviettankunits
for
atleast
thenextdecade.Itis
a
ruggedbut
sophisticated
system
around
which
Soviet
ground
orceshave
built
heir
tacticaldoctrine.
n
addition,
he
T-62
s
comparable
to
the
M60A1
in
firepower,
armor
thickness,and
mobility.
EFFECTIVENESS
OFMAIN
GUN
AMMUNITION
Theammunitionfiredby
themain
gunof
the
T-62is
effectiveagainst
a
variety
f
argets
o
nclude
rmored
ehicles,
ight-skinned
vehicles,
buildings,
and
personnel.
The
powderused
to propel
the
roundis
technically
excellent.
Also,
each
typeofround
hasitsownpowder
mixture.
Hypervelocity,Armor-Piercing,Fin-Stabilized,Discarding
Sabot
Theprobabilityof
a
firstround
hit
for
a
tankis
a
functionofprojectile
speed,
targetrange,
andfire
controlequipment.These
factorscombineto
give
the
HVAPFSDS
a
lethal
first
round
hitprobability
as
shown
in
the
following
twotables.
n
T-62
TANK
F IRSTROUNDHI TPROBABILITY
M
STAT IONARY
TARGET
Ifa tank
halts
in
theopen, the
T-62,
using VAPFSDS,
as
50-50
chance
of
scoring
afirst round
hit
at
1500
meters.
IUU
90
80
70
69
60
t
S
5 0
CC
LU
40
30
.20
10
0
50 0
1000 1500
2000
2500
30
R A N G E
M E T E R S )
0 0
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0
Ifa
tank
is
makinga30approach
at
2ph,
he
-62,
sing
HVAPFSDS,
ha s a
better
than
70
percentchance
of
scoring
first
round
hit
at
1000
meters.
T-62TANKF IRSTROUND
HI T
PROBABILITY-MOVING
TARGET
"100
90
80
7 0
60
S
5 0
oc
UJ
o-
0
30
20
1 0
50 0
1000
1500
2000
R A N G E
M E T E R S )
2500
3000
HighExplosive
Antitank
Because
f
lower
muzzle
elocity,he-62
EAT
ound
as
significantly
lower
hit
probability
than
the
HVAPFSDS
as
shown
in
the
following
two
tables.
If
a tankhalts in the
open,
theT-62,
using
H E A T ,ha s onlya 20
percent
chance
of
scoring
a
first
round
hit
at
1500
meters.
T-62
TANKF IRSTROUNDHI T
PROBABILITY-STATIONARYTARGET
50 0
1000
1500
R A N G EMETERS)
2000
2500
3000
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SECTIONI I
E
If
a
tank
is makinga
30
approach
Mat12
mph,theT-62,
usingHEAT, T-62
TANK
IRST
ROUNDHIT
ha s
es s
than
a
30
percent
char.ce PROBABILITY-MOVING
ARGET
of
scoringafirst
round
hit
at1000
meters. *
^ .
500
000
A R M O R E D - P I E R C I N G ,
I S C A R D I N G S A B O T
1500
RANGE
(METERS)
2000
2500
,3000
1 1
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0
For
ongange
ankbattles,
heM60A2provides
a
decided
accuracy
advantage.It
canfire
the
Shillelagh
missile,
which
canhit
a
tank9times
out
of
10at3000
meters.
Tank
rounds
are
lethal,
given
a
hit.
To
appreciate
this,
it
is
necessary
to
examinethearmor
protection
of
both
the
T-62
and
M60A1tanks.
ARMOR
THICKNESS
(EQUIVALENT
TOCENTIMETERS
OF
ROLLED
HOMOGENEOUS
ARMOR
AT
0OBLIQUITY)
T-62
HULL
TURRET
FRONT
SIDE
F RO N T
S I DE
TOP
REAR
MAXIMUM
20.3
8 .1
20.3
11.9
3.0
6 .1
MINIMUM
20.3
2.0
= c = *
M60A1
HULL
TURRET
F RO NT
S I DE
F RONT
S I DE
TOP
REAR
MAXIMUM
22.9
5 .3
25.4
14.0
2.3
5 .8
MINIMUM
22.9
4.8
Itshenecessaryoxaminemainunmmunitionenetration
capabilities.Thechart
below
shows
the
comparativepenetratingpower
and
the
lethalityofthe
T-62
andM60Al
tanks
at
theexpected
engagement
range
in
Europe.
r
COMPARATIVEKILLPROBABIL ITYT-62VERSUSM60A1
TANK
ROUND
ARMOR
PENETRATION
CM)
PROBABILITY
OF
ILL
F
HIT
T-62
H V A P F SO S
3 3 c m
71 %
H EA T
43.2cm
75 %
M601
L ;
APDS
25.4cm
5 4%
H EA T
43.2cm
75 %
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From
thiscomparison,tisevidentthatboth
tank
gunsare
extremely
lethal
and
essentially
equal
ineffectiveness.
Therefore,
if
a
US
tank
is
hit,
there
is
a
good
chance
it
will
be
destroyed.
RANGE
ESTIMATION
Rangingisthetankcommander'sresponsibility
on
theT-62.
If
thetarget
isabout2.7 metershigh,thetankcommanderuses
the
stadia
rangefinder
in
hisperiscopeasshown
below.
STADIA
RANGEF INDER
AN
M60A1TANK,.8
METERS
HIGH,
BEING
RANGED
AT
20 0
METERS
TheSoviet
commandercanuse
the
stadia
rangefinder
tokill
an
M60A1,
sinceit is
2.8
meters
high
from
the
ground
tothetopof
the
turret.Todo
this,
however,
heM60A1
must
be
completelyexposed.Thiss
anmportant
reasonfo r
UStankcommanderstouse
defilade
positions.
The
gunner
can
alsodetermine
ranges
if
the
tank
commander
is
unableto
do
so.
He
has
a
stadia
rangefinder
in
the
lower
right
corner
of
his
telescope.
Byemployingthe
mil
relation(WORM) formula,the
gunner
can
also
usethe
lateral
eadines
n
heelescopeodetermine
range.However,
he
mil
relationformula
is
difficulttouseundercombat
conditions.
ADDITIONALCAPABILITIES
Aside
from
the
capabilities
discussed
above
which
are
similar
to
those
of
the
M60A1tank,the
T-62
has
thefollowing
threeadvantages:
D.fording
withsnorkel
smoke
generating
H
mine
clearing
Fording
WithSnorkel
Soviet
tanks,
equipped
with
snorkels,
can
crosswater
obstacles
upto5. 5
meters
n
epth.
owever,
ntrancend
xit
ointsay
equire
preparation.Thetimeneededto prepareamedium
tank
unitfo r
a
snorkeling
operation
varies
greatly
with
the
tankmodeland
the
amountofpreinstalled
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equipmentonthe
vehicle.
Normally,aunitselected
for
thismissioncan
preparewithinV -h
hours.
Tanksare
steered
intothewateronaprearranged
azimuthusing
a
gyroscope
compass.
Necessary
correctionsarethen
given
by
radio
from
the
shore.
But
due
to
the
hazards
of
snorkeling
operations
and
the
timerequired
for
preparation,Soviet
tankunits
prefertoferry
or
bridge
water
obstacles.
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I I
Smoke
Generating
The
Soviet
medium
tankcancreateits
ownsmokescreenby
injecting
raw
diesel
fuelintotheexhaustmanifoldoftheengine.Theheatofthe
manifold
vaporizesthe
fuel,
producing
thick,white
smoke.
Thirty-five
gallonsoffuel
willgenerate
a
smoke
screen
for
10minutes.
Mine
Clearing
Three
tanks,
equipped
with
mine
clearing
attachments
(either
rollers
or
plows),
are
found
ineach
Soviet
tank
company.
They
clear
a
pathjustwide
enoughfor
each
track.
Whenrollers orplowsare
not
available,engineers
are
used
to
supportminefieldbreaching
operations.
KMT-5
ROLLER-PLOW
S ET
TheKMT-5,
a
roller-plow
set,
has
been
recentlyplaced
in
service.
The
set
provides
theSoviet commander
witha
choice
of
roller
orplow.
This
choice
depends
upon
the
typeofterrain,soil,
orminefield
encountered
at
the
siteof
thebreaching
operation.
he
oller
and
plow
cannot
be
used
simulta-
neously.
Quick
disconnectsallowthedriver
to
drop
bothrapidly.
V
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0
IV
WHATIT
CANNOT
DO
Although
theT-62
main
battle
tank
is
anexcellent
tactical
vehicle,
it
does
haveweaknesses
andvulnerabilities.TheT-62'smostsignificantweakness
is
its
slow
rateoffire.This,
coupled
witha
number
ofotherlimitations,
gives
USanks
he
advantage
on
he
modern
battlefield.But
oexploit
this
advantage,
S
ank
rews
must
e
horoughlyrainednheT-62's
vulnerabilities.nlynhisayanhey
ain
henowledgend
confidenceneededtodefeatsucha
sophisticated
andlethal
weapon
system.
RATEOFFIRE
While the
T-62
hasthe
fastest tank
roundinthe
world,it
has
a
relatively
slow
rate
of
fire.Compared
to
theM60A1 ,
which
fires
to
8
rounds
per
minute,he
T-62
fires
only3toroundsperminute.nother
words,
the
M60A1
is
twice
as
fast.
This
is
due
to
the
following
factors
on
the
T-62.
The
ammunition
is
inconvenientlystored
for
rapidloading.
Under
certainconditions,hegun
must
be
elevated
before
the
loader
can
place
a
new
round
in
the
breech.
The
automatic
ejection
system
requiressixsecondstocomplete acycle.
MAIN
GUNROUND
STOWAGE
Exceptfortwo
roundsinthe
turret
ready
rack,
main
gun
ammunitionon
the
T-62
is
not
easily
accessible
asindicatedinthediagram
below.
MAIN
GUN
ROUND
STOWAGE
16ROUNDS^
OUND
2
ROUNDS
AUTOMATIC
SHELL
EJECTOR
SYSTEM
OUND
20
ROUNDS
Moreover,
heT-62carriesonly40
ounds
on
boardwhile
he
M60A1
carries
63
rounds.
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SECTION
V
GUN
STABILIZATION
SYSTEM
When
the
maingunisfiredinthestabilizedmode,
the
tube
automatically
elevates
after
ejection
to
permit
reloading.
This
action
moves
the
gunner's
sightofftarget
andpreventshim
from
applyingthe
burst-on-target
(BOT)
gunnery
technique.
Moreimportantly,it
consumes
time
while
he
resights
on
the
target.
AUTOMATIC
SHELL
EJECTOR
SYSTEM
TheT-62hasanintegral
spent
shell
ejectormechanismwhich
is
activated
by
he
ecoilof
the
maingun.This
mechanism
ejects
he
spent
casing
through
a
portinthe
rear
of theturret.
Althoughthe
ejector
system
keeps
the
smallturretfreeof
spentcasings,
it
has
a
numberof limitations.
After
a
round
is
fired,all
turret
power
is
automatically
shut
offuntiltheloaderturns
his
safety
switch
on.
Thispreventshe
gunner
from
tracking
targets
in
power
duringheeloading
ycle.
ndditionoakingixecondso
complete
a
cycle,
the
ejector
mechanism
opens
the
tank
to
nuclear,
chemical,
or
biological
contamination.
FIRINGFROMCOVERED
POSITIONS
The
T-62
tank
cannotdepress
its
maingunasaras
he
M60A1.This
meansthatthe
Soviet
tank
cannot
use
terrain
as
effectively.
Thus,
the
T-62
mustexpose
itselfmore
than
theM60Al
when
firing
from
covered
positions.
This
is
another
important
reason
forUS
tankers
to
use
defiladepositions.
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ADDITIONAL
LIMITATIONS
The
T-62has
the
following
additionallimitations.
It
takes20seconds to traversethe
T-62tankturret360.
It
takes
only
15
seconds
forthe
M60A1.
Thestadiareticle
on
the
T-62 is
the
onlyopticalaidused
for
determining
target
range.The
M60A1
has
a
coincidence
rangefinderwhich
is
more
accurate.
TheT-62gunneris
theonlycrew
member
who
canaccurately
firethe
main
gun
andcoaxial
machinegun.
On
the
M60A1,he
gunnerand
tank
ommander
an
im
nd
irehe
main
gunnd
he
coaxial
machinegunelectrically
from
their
positions.
Duetohesmallsizeofthe
turret,
crewmembersareverycramped,
and
their
movement
isseverely
restricted.
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SECTION
V
V
H O W IT
ISUSED
The
T-62
mainbattletankisanoffensive
weapon
used
asthe
nucleus
of
the
Sovietcombined
arms
team.
It
provides speed,mobility,momentum,
and
firepower
in
offensive
operations.
UNIT
ORGANIZATION
AND
TANKCREW
The
medium
ankcompany
s
hebasicbuilding
block
in
Soviet
tank
organization.Usually,atankcompanyoperatesas
part
ofa
battalion.
Tank
formations
re
upported
y
nd
nurn
upport
other
rms
uch
s
infantryand
field
artillery.
Unit
Organization
The
ank
companyconsistsofthree
tank
platoonsandacompany
headquarters.
In
a
tank
battalion
of
a
tank
regiment,each
platoon
consists
of
threetanks.
In
a
tankbattalionofamotorizedrifle
regiment,
each
platoon
consists
of
four
tanks.
SOVIETTANK
COMPANYORGANIZATION
*3TANKS
NEACH
PLATOON
OF
A
TANK
REGIMENT
4
TANKSN
EACH
PLATOONOF
AMOTORIZED
RIFLE
REGIMENT
TAN K
CREW
COMPANY
II '
:',
COMPANY
HEADQUARTERS
PLATOON
|
Tank
Crew
The
crew
of
aSovietmedium tankusually
consists
of
four
soldiers:
a
tank
commander,gunner,driver-mechanic,
and
loader.Thereislittleevidenceof
formalcross
training
within
the
crew.
However,Soviettank
crewmen
are
likely
o
e
amiliarwithomeofhe
operating
proceduresf
ellow
crewmen
and
could
probably
perform somedifferenttasksin
an
emergency.
Thefourcrewmembers
are
describedbelow.
DThe
ank
commander
sn
mmediate
command
of
thetank.
His
responsibilities
nclude
ehicleaintenance,arget
cquisition,
ranging,
irecontrol,
ireselection,
and
resupply.The
commanderis
theonly
rew
member
trainedandauthorizedtousethetankradio.
Platoon
leadersandcompany
commanders
control
their
own
tanks.
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V
TRADOC
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0
Thegunnerissecond
incommand
ofthetank.Heis
responsiblefor
firing,
ervicing,ndepairingheank's
main
gun
and
ormain-
taining
he
ank's
opticaland
gunnery
nstruments.
He
assistshe
driver-mechanic
in
the
technical
inspection
of
the
vehicle.
In
combat,
thegunnerassistsnargetacquisition,electshe
ammunition
or
each
arget,
and
setshesuperelevation
or
each
ound
based
upon
range.He
fires
themaingunandcoaxialmachinegun.
H
The
driver mechanic
maintains
and
repairs
the
tank,obtainsspare
parts,andinspectsthe
vehicle.
In
combat,
the
driver-mechanic
selects
aroutethat
provides
thegunnerwith
good
firingpositions.
The
loader
maintains
ammunition
for
themain
gun
andthe
machine-
guns.
He
assistshegunnernpreparingthemaingunforcombat,
aids
hedriver-mechanic
n
outine
maintenance,
nd
assumes
he
duties
ofthe
gunner
if necessary.
Healso
operates
the
12.7-mmanti-
aircraft
machinegun.
T-62
TANKCREW
LOADER,
DRIVER
GUNNERJ
TANK
COMMANDER
OFFENSIVE
OPERATIONS
Soviet
ffensive
perations
seargeumbersf
mobile,rmored
vehiclestofirstrupturetheenemy'sdefensesandthento
exploit,
pursue,
and
completely
defeat
the
enemy.
Soviet
commanders
employ
their
forces
in
rigidgeometrical
formations.Simple,well-rehearsed
formations
facilitate
command,
ontrol,nd
raining
orcombat.uthesearge,rmored
formations
have
difficulty
using
natural
protection
afforded
by
terrain.
So ,
during
theattack,
mostSovietvehiclesmay
beexposed,
perhaps
easily
acquired,
andthereforevulnerableto
antitank
guided
missile
(ATGM)
and
tank
fires.
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SECTIONV
This
llustration
shows
offensive
operationsemploying
a
Soviet
ank
companyreinforcedwithamechanized
nfantry
platoon
anda22-mm
howitzerbattery.
SOVIET
TANK
COMPANYOFFENS IVE
OPERATIONS
a
.a
F rom
4
to
6
km
f rom
the
l ine
of
on tac t ,a n k s
n
columneadhe
a t t ached
MPs
n d
howitzer
batteries.
'/.VW,
31
.//
.
About
3m
ro m
he
in e
of con tac t ,
a n k s
move n to platoon
column .Th e
122-mm
howitzerbatteries
prov ide
nd i rec t
fire.
Less
ha n
m
ro m
he
in e
of
contact,
a n k s
n d
n f a n t r y
move
n to
in e
s s au l t
o rm a t i o n .
n f an t ry ,
ounted
r
d i s m ou n t e d ,ollowhe
a n k s
o
he
objective.
;
i>
*V '
V
'
''
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DEFENSIVE
OPERATIONS
Sovietunitsconduct
defensive
operationsonly
as
atemporary
measure
and
seek
everyopportunityto
resumethe
offensive.
Tank
unitsdefend only
until
they
are
relievedby
motorized
rifle
units.
Characteristics
of
a
Soviet
defense
are:
Depth
Mutualsupport
betweenpositions
Antitank
orientation
Counterattacksbytank-heavy
forces
Themedium
ank
companynormallydefendsaspartofabattalion,
performing
oneor
more
of
the
following
roles:
Holding
an
area
Counterattacking
an
advancing
enemy
Beinforcinga
motorized
rifle
battalion
B
overing
a
sectorbetween
nuclear,
iological,
andchemical
NBC)
contaminated
areas
Bonducting
a
tank
ambush
Asartf
a
battalion
defense,
he
ank
companyusually
ecures
strongpointpproximately000
meters
idend00eters
eep.
Normally,hereare0 0
meters
betweenplatoons.ndividual
anks
are
spacedabout
50meters
apart
with
overlappingfieldsof
fire,
as
shown
below.
SOVIET
TANK
SPAC ING
N
DEFENS IVE
POS IT IONS
RANGE
2000
METERS
2 2
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SECTION
V
If
the
enemy
launches
an
attack,
the
Soviet
tank
companycommander
concentrates
his
fire
on
themost
threatenedposition.The
order
to
fire
is
given
whenthe
enemyis
about
1500
meters
from
the
company.
Attached
infantry
nd
upporting
rtillery
ngage
he
nemy
with
he
im
f
separating
infantry
from
tanks.
When
a
reservetankcompany
is
positioned
in
depthwithin
a
battalion
area,
it
is
not
only
prepared
to
hold
terrain
but
alsotocounterattackon
order.
The
following
illustration
shows
a
typical
defensivepositionemployinga
tank
companyreinforced
with
a
motorized
rifleplatoon.
SOVIET
TANK
COMPANYDEFENS IVEPOSIT ION
- ' ?
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SECTION
VI
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VI
H O W
T ODEFEATIT
The
T-62
medium
tank
is
vulnerable
to
a
number
ofantitank
weaponsand
defensivetechniques.These
includethe
following:
Tanks
TOW
and
Dragon
antitank
guided
missiles
Lightantitankweapons
Close
airsupport
Field
artillery
weapons
Minesand
obstacles
Smoke
Field
expedient
techniques
Terrain
ThebestwaytocompletelydestroytheT-62istohit thefuel
cells
or
the
main
gun
ammunition.
Internal
fuel
cellsare
located
along
therightside
of
the
tank
withthemajority
around
thedriver'scompartment.External
fuel
cells
arelocatedalongtheright
fenders.
Auxiliary
fuel
drumsareusually
jettisoned
prior
to combat. The
main
gun
ammunition
isstowed
throughout
theturret,both
in
the
floor
and
onthe
bulkheads.
Aflank
shot,
which
hits
the
fuel
ellsandignites
both
fuel
and
ammunition,is
themost
effective
method
of
attack.
T-62's
MOST
VULNERABLE
AREAS
r
X
=nzz:
I L . .
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SECTION
VI
TANKS
To
defeat
Soviet
armored
formations,US
tankers
mustfollow
fourrules of
tank
gunnery.
That
is ,
theymust
engage
at
long ranges,
fire
first,
firefast
and
accurately,
and
fire
flanking
shots.
Engageat
long
ranges.
US
ank
crews
must
engage
T-62s
at
maximum
rangewith
Shillelagh
missilesandAPDSrounds.
Fire
first.
The
ank
rew,whichiswelltrained
and
canfire
first
ina
tank
duel,
normally
has
a
substantial
edge
in
winning.
Firefast
and
accurately.
Thecrewthatfires
fast
increases
its
hit
probability.Battlefieldgunnery
techniques
give
US
crews
a
high
probability
of
firstroundhitsat500
meters,
firing
5
to
8seconds
after
target
identification.
Fire
flanking
shots.
US
tank
crews
thatfireattheleftflankhave
a
goodchanceof
hitting
the
externaluelells
ndhe
stowedammunition.This
s
he
T-62's
most
vulnerablepoint.Baseduponnormal
T-62tactics,the
top
and
rearofthe
tankare
rarely
open
to
attack.
TOW
ANDDRAGONANTITANKGUIDEDMISSILES
Givenahit,the
TOW
andDragon
ATGMs
can
penetrate
andkill
aT-62
tank.
Thechart
below
shows
theprobability
of
a
first
round
hit
on
aT-62
by
both
weapons.
100
TOW AN DDRAGON I R STROUNDHITPROBABILITY
ON
A
STAT IONARY
T-62
c c
5 0
DR A G O N -
- TOW
6 5
1000 00 0
R A N G E
M E T E R S )
3000
2 5
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SECTIONVI
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0
ATGMaccuracyis
relatively
unaffected
bytargetspeedsupto32kmph.
TOW
gunners
usually
engage
T-62
tanksat
maximumranges
(3000
meters).
Whentheenemyformationmoves
to
within
1000
meters,
Dragon
gunners
are
also
committed.
Flanking
shots
are
preferred
from
well-covered
and
concealedpositions.
LIGHTANTITANKWEAPONSLAW)*
The
M72A2
AW
s
oundfammunitionwith shaped
charge,
containedn
hrowaway
auncher.t's
esigned
or
lose
protection
against
armor.Thechartshowstheeffectivenessof
the
LAWagainsta
moving
target.
LAW AGAINSTMOVINGEXPOSEDTARGET
10 0
90
80
T
F IRSTROUND
HIT
PROBABILITY
70
60
z
5 0
UJ
o
4 0
Q-
3 0
2 0
1 0
10 0 20 0
3 C
0
40 0 I
R A N G E
M E T E R S )
J
The
LAWhasa
maximum
range
of
200
meters for
moving
targets
and
250
meters
for
stationary
ones.
It
is
best
to
fire atthe
most
vulnerable
pointson
theT-62suchas
the
turret,engine,fuelcells,tracks,
and
turret
rings.
Tomaximizehitand
kill
probabilities
with
the
LAW,thefollowingfactors
areessential:
Thorough
training.
Volley,
pair,and
sequence
firing
to
reduce
ranging
errors.
Sufficient
LAWs
to
saturate
target
density.
Obstaclestoslowandconfineenemy
tanks.
Detailed discussionof
the
LA
W maybe
found
inTRADOC
Bulletin
No
5,
TrainingWithLAW.
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ECTION
VI
CLOSEAIRSUPPORT
US
AirForce
close
air
supportaircraft
and
US
Army
attack
helicopters
can
engage
anddestroyT-62tanks.Recent
field
tests
indicate
that
the
best
results
areachievedwhentheyoperatetogetheras
ajoint
air
attack
team.
TheA10closeairsupport
aircraft
has
A
GAU-8,
30-mm
Gatling
gun
which
can
penetrate
and
destroy
a
T-62.
Precision
guidedbombs,
suchas
the
Maverick,whichcan
destroy
T-62
tankswith
a
highfirst
round
hitprobability.
Conventional
munitions,
suchas
machineguns
or
bombs,
which
can
disrupt
enemy
formationsand
cause
extensivemobilitykills toboth
T-
62
tanks
and
infantry
carriers.
The
AH-1S
attackhelicopter
carries
TOWmissileswhichcan
destroy
enemy
tanksat
long
ranges.
2.75-inchrockets whichcancausemobility kills
and
causeenemycrews
tobutton
up.
7.62-mm
gunsand
0-mm
renade
auncherswhichan
egrade
infantryformations.
FIELDARTILLERY
WEAPONS
Field
rtillery
eapons
ave
ignificant
ffect
n
oviet
attle
formations.They
slow
theenemy's
rateofadvance
and
increase
US
weapon
engagementtime.
They
also
strip
supportinginfantry from
tank
units
and
destroy
tanks
with
precision
munitions.
Fieldrtillery
weaponsanire
avarietyofmunitions.
Each
has
a
different
effect
onthe
enemy.
Cannon
aunched
guidedprojectileCLGP)
munitions,
soon
to
be
fielded,
candestroy
enemy
armored
vehicles
by
usingartillery
projectiles
guided
into
point
targetsby
a
laser
beam.
Improvedconventionalmunitions
fuel-air
munitions
or
bomblets)
can
immobilize
the
T-62
tank
by
creatingan
overpressure
whichruptures
lines
in
the
tank
engine.
Highexplosive andwhitephosphorousmunitions
can
forceenemy
tankrewsoemainuttoned
up,
herebyecreasing
heir
abilityo
maneuverandacquire targets.Also,
these
munitions
cancausedamageto
personnel
carriers
and
dismountedinfantry.
But,
they
are
not
expectedto
kill
tanks.
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RADOCBULLETIN
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MINESAND
OBSTACLES
All
standardUSmplacedrscatterablentitank
mines
an
either
immobilizeor
kill
heT-62mediumank.
Minesshould
be
horoughly
integratedintothe
defense
plan.
Allmined
areas
must
be covered
with
both
antitank
nd
ntipersonnel
ires.
catterable
mines
an
e
ired
nto
movingT-62
formations,thus
placingthemin
the
center
of
a
minefield.
SMOKE
Smokeis
an
effective
counterto
the
T-62
tank.When
placed
infront
of
known
orsuspected
enemytanklocations,
itdegrades
the
enemy
gunner's
ability
o
acquire
argets.Smoke
s
alsoanextremely
effective
cloaking
device
whichcan
be
usedduringattacksandduringmovementtoalternate
positions
ornew
battle
locations.
Smokecan
be
delivered
by
field
artillery
weapons,mortars,mokeots,
moke
generators,mokegrenades,r
vehicle
smoke
grenade
launchers.
FIELDEXPEDIENT
TECHNIQUES
Theintensityof
modern
battle
increasesthelikelihoodthatenemy tanks
maynfiltrateear
reas
whichave
ewntitankefenses.n
uch
situations,
theinitiativeofthe
individualsoldier
can
help
defeat
the
enemy.
Here
area
few
techniques
used
to
immobilize
the
T-62
tank.
Handgrenades
can
be
thrown
inanopenhatchtherebykilling
the
crew.
Molotov
cocktailsglassbottles
filled
withgasoline
and
ignitedby
a
cloth
wick)
can
be
hrown
on
he
backdeck.
Whenheglass
bottle
breaks,
he
gasolineignites
and
seeps
into
the
engine
compartment.
Thisdestroysthe
rubberhoses
in
theengineanddisables
thetank.
Any
firensidehengineompartmentctivatesheutomatic
ire
extinguisher
system.This
releases
amixture
of
highly
toxicgas(carbon
dioxide
and
ethylene
bromide)which
forces
the
crew
to
leave
the
vehicle
or
suffocate.
Satchelcharges(large,
fuzed
packagesofplasticexplosiveordynamite)
can
be
thrown
on
theback
deck
or
underthe
tank
immobilizingthe
T-62.
Antitank
minescan
be
placeddirectly
in
the
pathofan
oncoming
T-62
immobilizing
the
tank.
TERRAIN
Armored
and
mechanized
forces
mustalways
use
carefully
selected
routes
that
providecoverandconcealment.Vehicle
commanders
and
drivers
must
alsouse
errain
killfully,selecting
good
hull-downiring
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SECTIONVI
positions.
ontinuous,
apid
movement
makest
difficultor
T-62
ank
gunners
to
acquiretargets
and
fire
accurately.
The
ground
can
provide
cover
and
concealment.
Tank
commanders
must
shoot
and
moverapidly.Theymustfire,backoff,and
move
to
an
alternate
firing
position.
Then,
they
must
engage
the
enemy again.The
graph
below
shows
how
defilade
positionsncrease
a
tankcrew'schancesof survival.
M60A1
URVIVALRATEAGA INST
T-62
(F IRSTROUND )
o
c c
LLI
Q.
10 0
9 0
8 0
7 0
6 0
5 0
40
3 0
2 0
1 0
M60A1
STATIONARY
y
HULL
DEFILADE,
M60A1EXPOSED
MOVING2
M PH
500
1000
/:
,...:
50 0
v
RANGEMETERS)
2000;
:2500,;
JSOOPi
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I
TRADOCBULLETIN
O
0
m
Th efollowingtableexplainshowUSunitsonth edefensiveca ndefeat
a
formationof Sovietmainbattletanks.
Ho wto
defea t
th eSovie t m a i n
bat t le
a n k
BEYOND 3000METERS
OU T
TO
3000
METERS
WITHIN1500
METERS
LESS
THAN
1000
METERS
LESS
THAN
500
METERS
Close
ai r
supportis
employed.
Artillery
and mortarfiresar e Artillery
and mortarfires
ar e
Artilleryan dmortarfires
ar e
Protect ive mines ar e
em -
using
the30-mmGatling
gun.
continued.
continued.
continued.
ployed.
precision-guided
bombs,
an d
conventional
ordnance.
Smokeis employedtoobscure
the visionof tankcrews.
Standard
minefields ar e
used.
M6 0A 1
tanks continue to
Minefieldsar e
used.
M6 0A 1
tanks
continue
to
Dragons
continueto engage.
{P u
-
greaterthan3ou tof4
rounds)
(P
hk
= greaterthan75%)
Artillery and
mortars
ar e
employed,
firing
conventional
munitions
nd
dual
urpose
Scatterablemines ar e
firedby
f ield
artilleryweapons.
engagewithAPDS rounds.
(P
h
= 2or 3ou tof4rounds)
engage.
(P
h
= greaterthan3ou tof4
improved
conventional
muni-
M6 0A 1
anks
re
mployed
rounds)
tions
(DPICM).
using
APDS rounds.
(P
nk
= greaterthan
50%)
L A W s
ar e
employed.
(P
R
= out
of
3or
4 rounds)
M60A2
tanks continue to
engagewith
Shil lelagh
mis-
{P
n
greaterthan
ut
of2
M60A2 Shil lelagh missiles
engagewith
Shil lelagh
mis-
si les.
rounds)
are
employed.
(P
h
=
greaterthan
3
out
of4
T O W sngagewithlanking
f ires.
(Pugreater
than3
ou t
of
4
rounds)
(P
nk
= greaterthan3 3 %)
Field
expedients
ar e
em -
rounds)
{P
hk
=
greater
than
75%)
{P
n
=
9
reater
tnan
3
ou t
of4
(P
nk
= greaterthan 7 5 %)
ployed.
T OW s ar e employed.
(P
hk
= greaterthan75%)
T O W s continue
to
engage
fromtheflanks.
(P
n
=
greater
than
3
ou tof
4
{P
n
= greaterthan3outof 4
rounds )
rounds )
(P
hk
=
grea te r
than
7 5% ) '
(P
hk
= greaterthan75%)
Dragonsar e employed.
{P
h
= greaterthan
ut
of2
rounds)
(P
nk
= greater than75%)
Th em a i n
gu n
of
he
T-62 a n k sn ow n
r a nge
of
de fens i vepos i t i ons .
Comm an d e r s
m u s temploygood
h
n i l -downpos i t i ons .
de fens i vepos i t i ons .
KEY
All
US
armoran dA T G M
systemsca n
penetrate
the T-62
at
an yplace
on
thetank.Th e
probabil it ies
indicated
in
thistable
ar e
at 0
obliquity.
P
n
= Probabil ityof
hitt
ng
a
moving {0-32kmph)T-62tankatgiven
distance.
P
nk
= Probabil ityofki
lingaT-62tank,
fhit,
at given
distance.
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0
PPEND I X A
APPENDIX
A
T-64
AND
T-72
TANKS
The
SovietUnion
hasrecently
deployed
twonew
main
battle
tanks: the
T-64andthe
T-72.
Sinceitsissuein1973,
about
2000T-64s
havebeen
fielded
in the Group
of
Soviet
Forces
in
East
Germany.
TheT-64,
however,
isonly
aninterimimprovementovertheT-62,andmanyof
itsfeaturesnowappear
on
the
T-72.
Duringa
parade
inMoscow's
Red
Square
on
7November
1977,
theT-72
tank
madeitsofficialdebut.
Whileanevolutionaryimprovement
on
the
older-54,
-55,nd
-6 2
models,
he-7 2medium
ankas
ome
significant advances.Comparedwitholder Soviettanks,theT-72 featuresa
lower
silhouetteandashorterlength.Butitweighs
about
onetonmorethan
heT-62.Its
diesel
enginedevelops750horsepower,andtheSovietsclaim
he
ank
caneachapeedof00
kmph.
ts
cruising
angehasbeen
increased
by
about0% .Theracksnowofthelive-type,
using
rubber
bushingsin
the
pads
andthreesupportrollersratherthan the traditional
ChristiesystemofSovietarmor.Thesuspensionsystemisprotected
by
a
series
ofadjustableskirts,
designed
to
reduce
damage
from
shaped-charge
warheads.
The
-7 2
ire
ontrolystemas
een
reatlymproved
iving
he
commandertheability
to
accurately
range,
using
animproved
rangefinder.
The
main
un
s
f
arger
aliber
125-mm)uthemoothbore,
hypervelocity,
armor-piercingcapabilityremains.
The
increased
caliber
of
thegun
isdue,
perhaps,
tothefact
thata
shorter
main
gunround
is
required
to
perate
henewutomatic
main
gun
oading
ystem.his
ystem
eliminates
heneedforafourthcrewmembertheloader.
The
T-72can
trackand
shoot
on
he
move,
havingtsgunsystem
stabilized
on
both
verticalandhorizontalplanes.
Basicoadorhe
main
gunis
40
rounds.Secondaryweaponsystems
includethe
7.62-mm
coaxialmachinegunanda
new
12.7-mm
antiaircraft
machinegun. Botharesimilar
to
themachinegunsontheT-62
model.
Unlike
otherSovietanks,
externalstowagesextensive
on
heT-72,with
he
attachmentf
oxes
oheutsidefheurret.herincipal
characteristics
ofboththe
T-72
andT-64tanks
are
showninthe
table
on
page32 .
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T-64
EXHAUSTVENTS
ATREAR
REMOTECONTROLLED
1 2 . 7 -mm MACHINEGUN
IR LIGHT
TOLEFT
OF
MAINGUN
S IX
SMALL,TAMPED
ROADWHEELS
T-72
PINTLE
MOUNTED
12 .7- inmMACHINEGUN
IR LIGHT
TO
RIGHT
OF
MAIN GUN
VENTS
ON
REAR
DECK
S IX URGE .
DIE-CAST
ROADWHEELS
er
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SECTION
VI
TRADOC
BULLETIN
O0
fr
The
followingtableexplains
how
US
units
on
the
defensive
candefeat
a
formation
of
Soviet
mainbattletanks.
Howto defea t
th e
Sov ie t
m a i n
bat t le
t a n k
BEYOND3000METERS
OUT
TO3000METERS
WITHIN1500METERS
LESSTHAN1000METERS
LESS
THAN500METERS
Close
air
support
is
employed,
Artilleryand
mortar
fires
are
Artillery
and
mortar
fires
are
Artillery
and
mortar
firesare
Protective
mines
are
em-
usingthe
30-mmGatling gun,
continued.
continued.
continued.
ployed.
precision-guided
bombs,
and
Smoke
isemployedtoobscure
Standard
minefields
are
used.
Minefields
are
used.
Dragonscontinue toengage.
conventional
ordnance.
the
vision
of
tank
crews.
M60A1 tanks
continue
to
M60A1
tanks
continue
to
(P. =
greater
han3outof
4
Artillery
and
mortars
are
employed,
firing
conventional
munitions
nd
dual urpose
Scatterablemines
are
firedby
field
artilleryweapons.
engage
with
APDS
rounds.
(P
h
=
2
or
3
out
of
4
rounds)
engage.
(P
h
greater
han
out
of
4
rounds)
(P
hk
= greaterthan
75%)
improved
conventional
muni-
M60A1anks re
mployed
tions
(DPICM).
using
APDS
rounds.
(Pu^-greaterthan50%)
M60A2
tanks
continue
to
LAWs
are
employed.
(P
h
=
out
of
3
or
4 rounds)
M60A2
tanks
continue
to
engage
with hillelagh
mis-
(P
n
greaterthan
utof
M60A2
Shillelagh missiles
engage
with
hillelaghmis-
siles.
rounds)
are
employed.
(Pu
greater
han
out
of4
(P
n
l=greater than
33%)
(P u
greater
than
3outof
4
TOWs
ngage
ith
lanking
rounds)
Field
expedients
are
em-
rounds)
(P
n
9
re3ter
nan
ou
4
{Pui.= greaterthan
75%)
ployed-
(P
hk
= greaterthan75%)
TOWs
continue
to
engage
TOWs
are
employed.
from
the
flanks.
(P
h
greater
than
3outof
4
(P
n
=
greater
han3outof
4
rounds)
rounds)
(P..
greater
than
75%)
'
p
hk
=
9
reaer
tnan
75
%'
Dragons
are
employed.
(P
h
greaterhan utof2
rounds)
(Puv
=
greater
than
75%)
The
maingun
ofh
3
T-62
anks
now
n
The machineguns of the
rangeof
defensive
pc
sitions.
Commanders
T-62
tank
are
now
in
rangeof
must
employ
good
h
ull-down
positions.
defensive
positions.
KEY
AllUS
armor
and
ATGMsystems
can
penetrate
heT-62atany
place
on
thetank.
The
probabilities
ndicated
n
iis
able
are
at0
obliquity.
P
h
Probability
of
hitt
ing
moving
0-32
kmph)
T-62ank
atgivendistance.
P
hk
pobablit
Y
of
ki ling T-62
ank,fhit,
at
given
distance.
M
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