solar powered aircrafts

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-Solar cell -MPPT -Batteries -Structure of solar powered aircraft -Impulse solar aircraft

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دانشکده برق و کامپیوتر - دانشگاه صنعتی اصفهان

SOLAR AIRCRAFTS

sBy Abolfazl Mazloom

November 2012

دانشکده برق و کامپیوتر - دانشگاه صنعتی اصفهان

دانشکده برق و کامپیوتر - دانشگاه صنعتی اصفهان

Why solar energy?

Infinity Availability Inexpensive No pollution No preservation cost High power-to-weight ratio Easy to Product …

دانشکده برق و کامپیوتر - دانشگاه صنعتی اصفهان

World Solar Energy Map

دانشکده برق و کامپیوتر - دانشگاه صنعتی اصفهان

Proportion of Utilization

Europe80%

North Amer-ica

16%

Asia4%•Six Countries hosting the

majority of large photovoltaic power plants:

USA Italy Germany Spain Japan South Korea

دانشکده برق و کامپیوتر - دانشگاه صنعتی اصفهان

Total Global PV Power

دانشکده برق و کامپیوتر - دانشگاه صنعتی اصفهان

Dissection Solar

دانشکده برق و کامپیوتر - دانشگاه صنعتی اصفهان

THE BAND GAP

In solid state physics and related applied fields, the band gap is the energy difference between the top of the valence band and the bottom of the conduction band in insulators and semiconductors. It is often spelt "band gap".

دانشکده برق و کامپیوتر - دانشگاه صنعتی اصفهان

PV Technology Classification

Silicon Crystalline Technology

Mono Crystalline

PV Cells

Multi Crystalline

PV Cells

Thin Film Technology

Amorphous Silicon PV

Cells

Poly Crystalline

PV Cells

دانشکده برق و کامپیوتر - دانشگاه صنعتی اصفهان

Silicon Crystalline Technology

Currently makes up 86% of PV market Very stable with module efficiencies 10-

16%Mono crystalline PV Cells

•Made using saw-cut from single cylindrical crystal of Si

•Operating efficiency up to 15% Multi Crystalline PV

Cells

•Caste from ingot of melted and recrystallised silicon

•Cell efficiency ~12%

•Accounts for 90% of crystalline Si market

دانشکده برق و کامپیوتر - دانشگاه صنعتی اصفهان

Thin Film Technology

Silicon deposited in a continuous on a base material such as glass, metal or polymers

Thin-film crystalline solar cell consists of layers about 10μm thick compared with 200-300μm layers for crystalline silicon cells

PROS• Low cost substrate and fabrication process

CONS• Not very stable

دانشکده برق و کامپیوتر - دانشگاه صنعتی اصفهان

Amorphous Silicon PV Cells

Operating efficiency ~6%

Makes up about 13% of PV market

PROS• Mature manufacturing technologies available

CONS• Initial 20-40% loss in efficiency

Poly Crystalline PV Cells

Copper Indium

High absorption coefficient High efficiency levels

PROS

• 18% laboratory efficiency• >11% module efficiency

CONS

• Immature manufacturing process

Non – Silicon Based Technology

دانشکده برق و کامپیوتر - دانشگاه صنعتی اصفهان

Semiconductor Material Efficiencies

دانشکده برق و کامپیوتر - دانشگاه صنعتی اصفهان

Future Technologies

Ultra Thin Wafer Solar Cells

Thickness ~ 45μm Cell Efficiency as high as

20.3%

Anti- Reflection Coating

Low cost deposition techniques use a metal organic titanium or tantanum mixed with suitable organic additives

دانشکده برق و کامپیوتر - دانشگاه صنعتی اصفهان

Structure Solar Cells

دانشکده برق و کامپیوتر - دانشگاه صنعتی اصفهان

دانشکده برق و کامپیوتر - دانشگاه صنعتی اصفهان

Si is first choice for solar cells because for good knowledge of Si processing in micro electronics industry

Efficiency- 26% theoretical.24.7% obtained in

laboratory.12-16% commercial.

دانشکده برق و کامپیوتر - دانشگاه صنعتی اصفهان

Silicon Solar Cells

Losses

Reflection losses.Recombination

losses.Resistive losses.Thermal losses.

Reflection loss

Recombination loss

Resistive loss

دانشکده برق و کامپیوتر - دانشگاه صنعتی اصفهان

Losses in Si solar cells, causes efficiency to reduce.

Primary Energy Collection Parameters

latitudeTime of the yearTime of the day

Altitude (Cloudy , Humidity)

Cell TemperatureCell Orientation - اصفهان صنعتی دانشگاه کامپیوتر و برق دانشکده

High Efficiency Solar CellsSolutions

lightly phosphorus diffused emitters, to minimise recombination losses and avoid the existence of a "dead layer" at the cell surface;

closely spaced metal lines, to minimise emitter lateral resistive power losses;

very fine metal lines, typically less than 20 µm wide, to minimise shading losses;

small area devices and good metal conductivities, to minimise resistive losses in the metal grid;

use of elaborate metallization schemes, such as titanium/palladium/silver, that give very low contact resistances;

use of anti-reflection coatings, which can reduce surface reflection from 30% to well below 10%;

اصفهان - صنعتی دانشگاه کامپیوتر و برق دانشکده

V/I Curve

اصفهان - صنعتی دانشگاه کامپیوتر و برق دانشکده

Effect temperature on Solar Cells

اصفهان - صنعتی دانشگاه کامپیوتر و برق دانشکده

A Question?

How we must set Voltage and Current in solar cell’s output for production maximum power?

اصفهان - صنعتی دانشگاه کامپیوتر و برق دانشکده

Maximum Power Point Tracking

a device is needed that finds the maximum power point (MPP) and converts that voltage to a voltage equal to the system voltage.

Maximum Power Point Tracking , frequently referred to as MPPT, is an electronic system that operates the Photovoltaic (PV) modules in a manner that allows the modules to produce all the power they are capable of.

اصفهان - صنعتی دانشگاه کامپیوتر و برق دانشکده

Structure A MPPT

اصفهان - صنعتی دانشگاه کامپیوتر و برق دانشکده

Solar panel set

اصفهان - صنعتی دانشگاه کامپیوتر و برق دانشکده

Maximum Continuous Power Output : 225W Nominal Voltage : 240 V Nominal Frequency : 60 Hz

DC Output Voltage: 250V Nominal Output Current : 0.9375

A Total Harmonic Distortion: < 5%

Batteries

Several technologies are available and currently: Lithium polymer lithium-ion nickel-metal-hydride (NiMH) nickel-cadmium (NiCd) lead-acid Lithium-ion (or lithium-ion-polymer where the electrolyte is a gel and not a liquid) technology is the best concerning gravimetric energy density. They have upper efficiency and less weight as compared to another batteries.

اصفهان - صنعتی دانشگاه کامپیوتر و برق دانشکده

Lithium Batteries evolution over the last years

اصفهان - صنعتی دانشگاه کامپیوتر و برق دانشکده

دانشکده برق و کامپیوتر - دانشگاه صنعتی اصفهان

Solar Powered Aircraft

Advantages

They haven’t any fuel tank; High Safety Non require to refuel; Possible long term flightLow speed; Gangling fight on a regionLesser mechanical section; Lesser upkeep Environmentally friendly

Require to Technology

lightweight composite structureslightweight and low power avionics systemshigh efficiency electric motors & batteriesthermal control systems for high altitude

flighthigh specific power solar arraystratospheric flight operations fault tolerant flight control system

اصفهان - صنعتی دانشگاه کامپیوتر و برق دانشکده

Block diagram of typical solar powered AC

Solar CellsMPPT Board

Batteries

DC/DCDC/AC

Motor Driver

Motors

X BOARD

Navigation Systems

Communication Systems

communication system

OtherSystems

To All Sections

Power Line

Data Line

اصفهان - صنعتی دانشگاه کامپیوتر و برق دانشکده

Day & Night

اصفهان - صنعتی دانشگاه کامپیوتر و برق دانشکده

Altitude Flight

1) Fly at minimum night altitude2) Climb3) Cruise at max altitude; if power is available4) Descent at idle power 5) Fly at minimum night altitude

اصفهان - صنعتی دانشگاه کامپیوتر و برق دانشکده

Losses

From solar energy to propeller ~ 89% losses!!اصفهان - صنعتی دانشگاه کامپیوتر و برق دانشکده

History of solar flight

دانشکده برق و کامپیوتر - دانشگاه صنعتی اصفهان

70’s 80’s 90’s 2000’s

Solar Riser

Solar Challenger

Sunseeker

Solair II

Pathfinder

Helius

Solar-Impulse

Solar Impulse

دانشکده برق و کامپیوتر - دانشگاه صنعتی اصفهان

Solar Impulse

Objective: Develop a manned solar powered aircraft which can fly around the world with solar power only

Approach:The goal for the Solar Impulse

community is to have this aircraft fly across the world one day

Consequence: Fly for 26 hours; Nine of these hours were during the night

دانشکده برق و کامپیوتر - دانشگاه صنعتی اصفهان

Specification

Wingspan: 63,4m Length: 21.85m Height: 6.4m Maximum altitude: 8500m Weight: 1600Kg

Motor power: 4x10HP electric engines

Solar cells: 11628 (10748 on the wing, 880 on the horizontal stabilizer)

Average flying speed: 70 km/h Take off speed: 35 km/h

دانشکده برق و کامپیوتر - دانشگاه صنعتی اصفهان

Flight Altitude

دانشکده برق و کامپیوتر - دانشگاه صنعتی اصفهان

References

solar cells- materials, manufacture and operation; by Tom Markvart

Design of Solar Powered Airplanes for Continuous Flight; by André Noth

http://www.wholesalesolar.com/solar-panels.htmlhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_Cellshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_Impulsehttp://www.solarimpulse.com/

دانشکده برق و کامپیوتر - دانشگاه صنعتی اصفهان

Thank you for attention

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