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SocialDataScience
DavidDreyerLassenUCPHECON
August17,2016
InGodwe trust,allothers mustbringdata
W.EdwardsDewing
BigDatainEconomics
Today:Privacy andEthics inBigData
Production andUse
Whyprivacy?
• Privacyforitsowngood– aprincipleofprivacy• Privacytopreserveinformationalrents– Consumers,firms
• Privacyandpolitics
BigDatainEconomics
Whyprivacy?
• Privacyforitsowngood– aprincipleofprivacy– Maysimplyvalueprivacyinitself– But:publicgoodsproblems
• Example:medicalresearch.Shareexistinginfoonmedicalhistory,nocosttoindividuals.Somewillnotcontribute,citingprivacyconcerns– butbenefitsofresearchaccruetoeverybody
• DK:noconsentnecessaryforregisterstudiesorre-useofdata• Similar:Privacyforsocialscienceresearch,ormonitoringinpublicplaces
BigDatainEconomics
Whyprivacy?
• Privacytopreserveinformationalrents– Consumers:willingnesstopay(WTP),characteristics,andbehavioroftenprivateinformation• Willingnesstopay:1st classvs.2nd class• Characteristics:Taste,Genetics,Personality• Behavior:e.g.drivingandinsurance,physicalactivity• Valueoftime/searchcosts• Example:Internetsteering
– Firms:IntellectualPropertyRights,strategy• Industrialespionagemajorproblem• LinkedIn-story;Firmswheredataisonlyasset
BigDatainEconomics
Whyprivacy?
• Privacyandpolitics– Authoritiesmaynotregisterpartyidentification
• Originallyforfreedomofpoliticalexpressionbutalso:majorityincitycouncilcouldpayoutcashassistance/kontanthjælpbasedon,say,unionmembership
– Thesedays:Privacyasapoliticalplatform
BigDatainEconomics
Danishlawofpersonaldata“Persondataloven”
• Laysdowntheruleson– Allelectronicuseofpersonaldata
– Datainregisters
• Ingeneral:strictrulesgoverningauthorities’andfirmsuseofdata/information
• Sensitivedatasingledout:
• Sensitive:– Politicalviews– Philosophicalviews– Sexualpreference– Ethnicity/Race– Unionmembership– Health– Serioussocialproblems
BigDatainEconomics
Processexample
• Combinesurveydataoneconomicexpectationswithadministrativedataontaxableincome
• Combinestwosetsofindividualdata
• RequirespermissionfromDanishDataAuthority
• Whataboutcomments/likesfromFacebook?
• Whataboutusernamedratingonwebsite?
• Whataboutdataonhouseprices – ordataonownersofhouses?
BigDatainEconomics
Processexample
• Combinesurveydataoneconomicexpectationswithadministrativedataontaxableincome
• Combinestwosetsofindividualdata
• RequirespermissionfromDanishDataAuthority
• Whataboutcomments/likesfromFacebook?
• Whataboutusernamedratingonwebsite?
• Whataboutdataonhouseprices – ordataonownersofhouses?
BigDatainEconomics
Example:What can we knowfromFacebook-likes?
• Quite alot• “Privatetraitsand
attributesarepredictablefromdigitalrecordsofhumanbehavior” Kosinskietal.PNAS2013.
• 58,000volunteersgaveaccesstoFacebook-likes,demographicinfo+tookpsychometrictest
• Results:Facebook-likes ->statlearning modelthatcorrectly predicts– Sexual orientation 88%– Afri-AmvsCauscasian95%– Demvs.Rep 85%
• Asgood aspersonalitytestfortraits
• Implications forprivacyandonlinebehavior?
BigDatainEconomics
Noneed forinformed consent onprocessed data
• § 5.Oplysningerskalbehandlesioverensstemmelsemedgoddatabehandlingsskik.Stk.2.Indsamlingafoplysningerskalsketiludtrykkeligtangivneogsagligeformål,ogsenerebehandlingmåikkeværeuforeneligmeddisseformål.Senerebehandlingafoplysninger,deraleneskerihistorisk,statistiskellervidenskabeligtøjemed,ansesikkeforuforeneligmeddeformål,hvortiloplysningerneerindsamlet.
BigDatainEconomics
• § 5.
Stk.2.Collectionofinformationcan happen only forlearlyspecified andfactual reasons.Subsequent processingmustnotbe indisagreementwiththereasons.Subsequentprocessingthathappensonlyforhistorical,statisticalorscientificreasonsarenotconsideredindisagreementwiththepurposeforwhichdataiscollected.
Individualdataandprivacy
• StatDenmark:Datauserscannotpresentdataattheindividuallevel
• Examples– Maxoftheincomedistribution
– Medianofincomedistribution
– Maxincomeinparish
• Well-knownexamplesofre-identification– Oftenincombinationwithauxiliarydata
– Seexxx,Science
BigDatainEconomics
Trade-offs
• Sometimes:Sacrificeaccuracyforprivacy
• Insomecases:notrade-offinanalysis,onlyinpresentation
BigDatainEconomics
Trade-offs
• Sometimes:Sacrificeaccuracyforprivacy
• Insomecases:notrade-offinanalysis,onlyinpresentation
BigDatainEconomics
HaririandLassen,2016PublicOpinion Quarterly
Trade-offs• Sometimes:Sacrifice
accuracyforprivacy• Insomecases:notrade-
offinanalysis,onlyinpresentation
• Sometime:onlyhave,say,intervaldata
• Danishfirmdata:StatDenmarkdoesnotreportfiguresforindustrieswithveryfewfirms
BigDatainEconomics
• Newapproaches:analystsdon’tseedata,butcanmakecalculationsonit– Maylimitfeel fordata
• Moregeneralproblem:howmuchinfodowegetfromdataunderconstraintof‘noidentifiability’?Activeresearchareaincomputerscience
Economicanalysisofprivacy
• Heffetz andLigett (Read):Principlesforprivacypreservingdatahandling– abitcomplicatedinplaces
• Activeresearcharea– Combinewithmechanism
design– Economictheory– Combinecomputerscience
andeconomics
BigDatainEconomics
• SeeAcquisti etal.formoreonthis(ifinterested)
• Also:behavioraleconomicsaspects+genuineuncertainty:“Evenexpost,onlyfewoftheconsequencesofprivacydecisionsareactuallyquantifiable;exante,feweryetare.”– fromAcquisti&Grossklags,2007
“WhatCanBehavioralEconomicsTeachUsAboutPrivacy?”
Fromlasttime:
BigDatainEconomics
Phone locations0500hMondaymorning ->canpredictwherepeopleatgiventimewith85%accuracy
Ethics ofBigdata
• ”Webscraping:ajournalist’s guide”+”ontheethics ofwebscraping anddatajournalism”
• Forjournalists,butinteresting forus aswell
• NeuhausandWebmoor2012:”Agileethics formassified researchandvisualization”
• Doread (notecon)!• Also (google):Zimmer(2010)”Butthedataisalready public”:ontheethics ofresearchinFacebook.
BigDatainEconomics
What isEthics?
• Asystematic approachtomoraljudgmentsbased onreason,analysis,synthesis andreflection
• Moralstandards:Impartial,takeprecedenceoverself-interest,universal
• Butnotone setofstandards
• Arestudentorresearcherethicsdifferent frompersonalethics?
BigDatainEconomics
Ethics ofBigdata
• Ethics inuniversitiesoften governed by– Institutional ReviewsBoards(IRBs)
– Personalethics orfeelings ofrightandwrong
• Thelaw:theinstitutionalembodiment ofethics
• Denmark:Only formalethics board forbio-medical research
• no IRBs ineconomics• DK-wide inpolisci• Some inpsychology• Sociology??
BigDatainEconomics
Key goal ofethical considerations
• Reduce potentialrisk ofparticipantsinresearch– Inmedicine:benefits vs.harms– Insocialscience:typically identifiability/privacy,butcouldalso be stigmaorlongtermconsequences infieldexperiments
• Isinformed consent enough?– Isconsent informed ifshrouded in80pagesoflegalclick-thru?
– Ifphotographingpeople inpublicplaces isok,isnotingwhat they say onFacebookalso ok?
BigDatainEconomics
Challenges
• But:Notunethical tofindcorrelation btw smokingandlung cancer,even ifinsurance companies use thistoincrease premiums forsmokers– What about correlation between geneticmarkersand,say,chronic diseases,increased mortality risk?
• ethicsisnotaboutpreventingstufffrombeingdone– butreasonablebalancebetweencostsandbenefits(ex:hiddencamera/mike:notokformundanethings,butmaybeokifbenefitsarehuge;randomdrugscreeningofemplyees may violate privacy,butokifjobinvolves publicsafety)
BigDatainEconomics
ethical considerations forbig data
• What about businessethics?– Example:GoogleLocation.Showwhere friends/family areinrealtime– butrequires consent
– Arepredictive locationalgorithms ethical?• Isitethical toscrape competitors’likes onFacebook?Isitillegal?– Note:ethics sometimes used asargumentstostifflecompetition
• Canyou scrape dataandresell?Orrepackage?• Does datacollection cause significant costs (timeormoney)tofirms and/orindividuals?
BigDatainEconomics
Questions forproposed projects
• Doyou respect privacy?• Cansingleindividuals be identified?
• Arethere ethical considerations– Withrespect toindividuals?– Withrespect tofirms?– Should you report your researchtotheDanishDataProtection Agency?Seehere (inDanish)forexemptionswrt personal dataandstudents’projects.
BigDatainEconomics
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