sld 08 terrorism
Post on 07-Apr-2018
240 Views
Preview:
TRANSCRIPT
-
8/3/2019 SLD 08 Terrorism
1/48
Terrorism &
Force Protection
-
8/3/2019 SLD 08 Terrorism
2/48
Freedom and fear
are at warEither
you are with us, oryou are with the
terrorists.President George W. Bush20 September, 2001
-
8/3/2019 SLD 08 Terrorism
3/48
History
Definitions
Impact of Terrorism Objective of Terrorism
Tactics of Terrorism
Effects of Terrorism on National
Security
Force Protection
Overview
-
8/3/2019 SLD 08 Terrorism
4/48
Found as early as biblical times Jewish and Palestinian groups opposed Roman
rule in 66-73 A.D.
Word terrorism has roots in French Reignof Terror
1773-1794, Jacobins under leadership ofMaximilien Robespierre
Huge explosion in incidents of terrorism inlatter part of 20th century
History
-
8/3/2019 SLD 08 Terrorism
5/48
1996: Osama bin Laden issues declaration of war: Declaration of
War Against the Americans Occupying the Land of the Two HolyPlaces
1998: Osama bin Laden issues another Fatwaduty to kill
Americans anytime, anywhere
1998: Coordinated bombings of U.S. Embassies in Nairobi,Kenya and Dar el Salaam, Tanzania
2000: USS Cole attacked by suicide bombers while refueling in
Yemen
2001: World Trade Center and Pentagon attacks 2002: Diplomat Laurence Foley murdered in Jordan
2005: Bombings at 3 American owned hotels in Amman, Jordan
al-Qaeda vs. U.S.
-
8/3/2019 SLD 08 Terrorism
6/48
Terrorism
22 United States Code 2656d(f)
the term terrorism means
premeditated, politically motivatedviolence perpetrated against
noncombatant targets by
subnational groups or clandestine
agents
-
8/3/2019 SLD 08 Terrorism
7/48
Terrorism
Walter Laqueur
Terrorism constitutes the illegitimate use of
force to achieve a political objective when innocentpeople are targeted.
-
8/3/2019 SLD 08 Terrorism
8/48
Terrorism
The calculated use of violence or threat of
violence to inculcate fear; intended to coerce
or to intimidate governments or societies inpursuit of goals that are generally political,
religious or idelogical. Joint Publication 3-07.2, Joint Tactics, Techniques, and
Procedures for Antiterrorism
-
8/3/2019 SLD 08 Terrorism
9/48
Domestic Terrorism
Terrorism perpetrated by the citizens
of a country against their fellowcitizens
Includes acts against citizens of a
second country when they are in thehost country, and not the principal or
intended target
Terrorism
-
8/3/2019 SLD 08 Terrorism
10/48
Oklahoma City bombing ofMurrah Federal buildingon19 April 1995 killed 168 peopleand injured hundreds of others.
Domestic Terrorism
Centennial Olympic Park
bombingon 26 July 1996 inAtlanta, Georgia killed 2 andinjured 111.
-
8/3/2019 SLD 08 Terrorism
11/48
Tokyo subway sarin gasattackon 20 March 1995 bythe Aum Shinrikyo (SupremeTruth) cult killed 12 andinjured approximately 6,000.
Domestic Terrorism
Bali Nightclub Bombingson
12 October 2002 by the JemaahIslamiah organization killed 202people and injured 209.
-
8/3/2019 SLD 08 Terrorism
12/48
International terrorism
Terrorism in which planning andexecution of the terrorist act
transcends national boundaries
Terrorism
-
8/3/2019 SLD 08 Terrorism
13/48
Bombing of Le Belle DiscoinWest Berlin on 5 April 1986,sponsored by Libya,killing 3and injuring more than 100.
International Terrorism
Pan Am Flight 103 bombing
over Lockerbie, Scotland on21 December 1988 by Libyanagents killed 270.
-
8/3/2019 SLD 08 Terrorism
14/48
First World Trade CenterAttack on 26 February 1993:Islamic terrorists detonated atruck bomb under the towers
killing six and damaging thebuilding.
International Terrorism
American Airlines Flight 63attempted shoe bombing byIslamic fundamentalist RichardReid on 22 December 2002.
-
8/3/2019 SLD 08 Terrorism
15/48
September 11 Attacks
- Perpetrated by al-Qaeda
- Two jets crashed into the World- Trade Centers killing 2,752
- One jet crashed into the
- Pentagon killing 189
-- One jet crashed in PA killing 45
International Terrorism
-
8/3/2019 SLD 08 Terrorism
16/48
Terror Threat The impact on the actual victim of the
terrorist attack is often secondary to the
emotional or psychological impact on anaudience far larger than the victims
The true target of the terrorist is
society as a whole.
Terrorism
-
8/3/2019 SLD 08 Terrorism
17/48
Terrorism Objectives
Attract attention for groups cause
Demonstrate groups power
Show the existing governments lack of
power
Extract revenge
Obtain logistical support Cause a government to overreact
-
8/3/2019 SLD 08 Terrorism
18/48
Assassination: The killing ofprominent persons andsymbolic enemies or traitors
who defect from the group.
- On 6 October 1981, Egyptian PresidentSadat was assassinated during anmilitary parade by army members whowere part of the Egyptian Islamic Jihad
- On 4 November 1995, Israeli PrimeMinister Rabin was assassinated afterattending a rally by a right-wing activist
Common Terrorist Tactics
-
8/3/2019 SLD 08 Terrorism
19/48
Arson
- Less dramatic than most tactics
- Low risk
- Low level of technical knowledge
- Often associated with environmentalterrorists
- 1 August 2003: Biggest act of eco-terrorism in U.S. history was a fire set bythe Earth Liberation Front thatdestroyed a $50 million apartment
complex just outside San Diego
Common Terrorist Tactics
-
8/3/2019 SLD 08 Terrorism
20/48
Vail, Colorado: The arson attack
at a Colorado ski resort October19, 1998, was apparently carried
out by members of the so-called
Earth Liberation Front.
Destroyed a ski patrol headquarters
building, a skier shelter, a
mountaintop restaurant and several
chairlifts Caused some $12 million in damage
Set to protest the Vail ski resort's
880-acre expansion.
-
8/3/2019 SLD 08 Terrorism
21/48
The improvised explosive device (IED) or
Bombis the terrorists weapon of choice. Inexpensive to produce
Various detonation techniques available, may be a low risk
to the perpetrator. Suicidal bombing cannot be overlooked.
Other advantages include their attention-getting
capacity-ability to control casualties through time of
detonation and placement of the device.
Easily deniable should the action produce undesirable results.
From 1983 through 1996, approximately half of all recorded
terrorist incidents involved explosives.
-
8/3/2019 SLD 08 Terrorism
22/48
Bombing: the improvisedexplosive device (IED) is theterrorists weapon of choice.
- 7 July 2005, London bombings were aseries of coordinated three suicidebombings that struck public transportsystem killing 56 and injuring 700
- 25 June 1996, Hezbollah exploded afuel truck packed with 3,000-5,000 lbs ofexplosives at the Khobar Towers inDhahran, Saudi Arabia; 20 killed and 372
wounded
Common Terrorist Tactics
-
8/3/2019 SLD 08 Terrorism
23/48
Bombing: the improvised explosivedevice (IED) is the terrorists weapon
of choice.
- 23 October 1983, terrorists using a truckbomb destroyed the Marine barracks inBeirut, Lebanon. 245 killed and 146wounded
- 12 October 2000, suicide attack on theNavy destroyer USS Cole in the port ofAden in Yemen. 17 sailors, 39 injured
Common Terrorist Tactics
-
8/3/2019 SLD 08 Terrorism
24/48
Bombing: the improvised explosivedevice (IED) is the terrorists weapon
of choice.
- 7 August 1998, bombs exploded almostsimultaneously at the U.S. Embassybuildings in Nairobi, Kenya and Dar EsSalaam, Tanzania
- Killed 153 and left over 4,500 injured
- Severely damaged both installations
Common Terrorist Tactics
-
8/3/2019 SLD 08 Terrorism
25/48
Hostage Taking: an overtseizure of individuals with theintent of gaining publicity orother concessions in return for
release of the hostage.
- On 1 Sep 2004, Chechen terrorists tookhundreds of school children and adults
hostage in Beslan, Russia; 331 civilianswere killed, 186 of them children
- On 4 Nov 1979, student militantsstormed the U.S. Embassy in Teheran,Iran and held 66 American diplomats andMarines hostage for 444 days.
Common Terrorist Tactics
-
8/3/2019 SLD 08 Terrorism
26/48
Kidnapping: a covert seizureof one or more specific personin order to extract specificdemands.
- On 23 October 2002, the RevolutionaryArmed Forces of Colombia took ngridBetancourt, a Colombian senator whilecampaigning for president; still missing
- On 17 December 1981, U.S. ArmyGeneral James Dozier was kidnapped inMilan by Red Brigade terrorists; Italiancounter terrorist squads subsequently
rescued him on January 28, 1982
Common Terrorist Tactics
-
8/3/2019 SLD 08 Terrorism
27/48
Hijacking or Skyjacking: isnormally carried out to producea spectacular hostage situation
- Although trains, buses, and ships havebeen hijacked, aircraft are the preferredbecause of their greater mobility
- 14 June 1985, TWA Flight 847 was
hijacked by Lebanese terrorists en routefrom Athens to Rome
- Robert Stethem, a United States Navydiver and steelworker, was killed
- Three of the alleged hijackers are onthe FBI Most Wanted Terrorists list
Common Terrorist Tactics
-
8/3/2019 SLD 08 Terrorism
28/48
Seizure: usually involves abuilding or object that has valuein the eyes of the audience
- 20 November 1979, 250 Sunni Muslimmilitants occupied Mecca's Masjid al Harammosque; 250 killed and 600 wounded
- 1786-1787, Shays' Rebellion shut down the
unpopular debtors' courts in Massachusetts- 4 rebels killed
- Key event leading to ConstitutionalConvention
Common Terrorist Tactics
-
8/3/2019 SLD 08 Terrorism
29/48
Armed attacks on facilities are usuallyundertaken for one of three purposes:
To gain access to radio or television
broadcast capabilities in order to make astatement;
To demonstrate the governments
inability to secure critical facilities ornational symbols;
To acquire resources (e.g., robbery of abank or armory).
Raids or Attacks on Facilities
-
8/3/2019 SLD 08 Terrorism
30/48
During the 1970s, the Symbionese
Liberation Army conducted a 22-month reign of terror in Californiaduring which time 2 people were
murdered and 3 others werewounded. Gained most of their notoriety by
kidnapping newspaper heiress Patty
Hearst Majority of their crimes, which they
financed by robbing banks, involvedbombings.
-
8/3/2019 SLD 08 Terrorism
31/48
The objective in most sabotage incidents is to
demonstrate how vulnerable society is to terrorist
actions.
Industrialized societies are more vulnerable to
sabotage than less highly developed societies.
Sabotage
Eco-Terrorists have long used sabotage as aform of attack.Spiking trees (the process of placing a spike in a
tree so that a logger will hit it when downing thetree)
Burning buildings under construction, such as theVail, Colorado attack
-
8/3/2019 SLD 08 Terrorism
32/48
Hoaxes: Group that has established credibilitycan employ a hoax with considerable success.
- Threat that causes diversion of resources
- False alarms dulls efficiency and readiness
- 11 October 2001: 800 at Connecticut's Department ofEnvironmental Protection were kept out for 2 days after ananthrax hoax. $40,000 to decontaminate 12 employees
with $1.5 million lost work.
- 17 October 2001: 17 year-old brought an envelopecontaining white, powdery material to school. 3,000 wereheld in lock-down for 90 minutes while 50 emergencyresponse personnel assessed the situation.
Common Terrorist Tactics
-
8/3/2019 SLD 08 Terrorism
33/48
Infrastructure technologies provideattractive targets for terrorists who can
apply a range of rudimentary and advanced
attack techniques to disrupt or undermineconfidence in a range of systems.
National infrastructure, transportation,
telecommunications, energy, banking, public
health, and water supply are becomingincreasingly dependent on computerized
systems and linkages
Use of Technology
-
8/3/2019 SLD 08 Terrorism
34/48
Environmental Destruction: increasingaccessibility of sophisticated weapons andexplosives to terrorists has the potential tothreaten damage to the environment.
- Iraqi Armed Forces retreated from Kuwaitand practiced a scorched earth policy bysetting fire to oil wells in 1991
- Protection of oil wells was a key featureof planning for the 2003 invasion of Iraq
Uncommon Terrorist Tactic
-
8/3/2019 SLD 08 Terrorism
35/48
Terrorists to date have used chemical
weapons and there is potential for the use of
both chemical and biological weapons in
the future. Relatively cheap and easy to make, could be used in
place of conventional explosives in many situations.
Sarin gas attack in March 1995 in theTokyo subway
2001 Anthrax attacks
Use of Special Weapons
-
8/3/2019 SLD 08 Terrorism
36/48
Today, we face a new enemyone who
wages a different kind of war
Asymmetric Warfare As the single remaining large superpower, most
of our enemies know that challenging the
United States symmetrically carries too muchrisktherefore, they hit and rungenerally
soft targets
Terrorisms Affect On
National Security:
U.S. Strategy
-
8/3/2019 SLD 08 Terrorism
37/48
Current U.S. policy on countering terrorism
was first stated by the Reagan Administration
and has been reaffirmed by every presidentsince.
Counter Terrorism Policy
National Security Strategy
1. The U.S. will make no concessions to terrorists
2. The U.S. will treat terrorists as criminals and applythe rule of law
3. The U.S. will apply maximum pressure on statesponsors of terrorism
-
8/3/2019 SLD 08 Terrorism
38/48
The Clinton Administration added a
corollary to these rules:
4. The U.S. will Help othergovernments improve their
capabilities to combat terrorism.
-
8/3/2019 SLD 08 Terrorism
39/48
Cabinet DepartmentMichael Chertoff
- Coordinates the response capabilities of
22 governmental agencies
- Second only to the DoD in size, consisting of180,000 employees
Department of
Homeland Security
-
8/3/2019 SLD 08 Terrorism
40/48
Not a new concept
- Coastal forts
- National Airborne Operations Center
- Ballistic Missile Defense
Department of
Homeland Security
-
8/3/2019 SLD 08 Terrorism
41/48
1. U.S. forces will continue to perform ourmissions; and
2. Force protection will be a majorconsideration in future actions.
The DOD program adheres to this policy whileaddressing acts of terrorism from two perspectives:
- Counter-terrorism (offensive measures)
- Antiterrorism (defensive measures)
U.S. Military Policy
-
8/3/2019 SLD 08 Terrorism
42/48
Examples of offensive measures taken toprevent, deter, and respond to terrorism.
- Operation El Dorado Canyon
- Operation Infinite Reach
- War on Terrorism
Article 51 of the UN Charter entitles a
nation to defend itself against attack.
Counter-Terrorism
-
8/3/2019 SLD 08 Terrorism
43/48
Defensive measures used to reduce thevulnerability of individuals and property toterrorist acts
Includes limited response and containment by
local military forces
Setting new buildings back from roads andparking lots
Khobar Towers actions Army limiting access to all of their CONUSpostscompletely open in past
Antiterrorism
Counter and Anti terrorism both rely on intel
-
8/3/2019 SLD 08 Terrorism
44/48
For our counter-terrorism and antiterrorismmeasures to be effective, we must have
some idea of what particular terrorist groupsare attempting to accomplish.
We gain this insight through an activecounterintelligence program.
FBI, CIA, NSA, OSI, CID, NIS, ATF,DEA
Counterintelligence
-
8/3/2019 SLD 08 Terrorism
45/48
Force Protection
The use of forces to protectresources and personnel with
thorough force protection
measures.
-
8/3/2019 SLD 08 Terrorism
46/48
After the Khobar Towers bombing, theUSAF relocated all of our forces in theater
out of heavily populated areas to an
isolated, defensible, base in the desert
Force Protection
After the USS Cole bombing, the U.S.
Navy instituted plans to deploy a floatingbarrier around its warships in high riskareas
-
8/3/2019 SLD 08 Terrorism
47/48
History Definitions
Impact of Terrorism
Objective of Terrorism
Tactics of Terrorism
Effects of Terrorism on NationalSecurity
Force Protection
Summary
-
8/3/2019 SLD 08 Terrorism
48/48
Questions
top related