sky not the limit
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Serious Supercomputing
The Sky is not the Limit!Presentation to the
Institute for Information Management - Perth
9 December 2009
Brian Haines
BJH Consulting
brianhaines@amnet.net.au
0412-274-262
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Supercomputers
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What IS a “Supercomputer”?
A term applied to a ‘computer’ that is at the frontline of current processing capacity -particularly with regard to speed of calculation - at a given point in time.
Calculation speed is measured in Floating Point Operations Per Second (Flops)
(ie Flops = very sophisticated calculations/sec)
1990 Top Supercomputer: The Cray Y-MP. 1 billion operations (flops) per second
(1 billion flops = 1 Gigaflop)
2008 Top Supercomputer: IBM Blue Gene. 1,000 trillion operations (flops) per second
(1,000 trillion flops = 1,000,000 Gigaflops = 1,000 teraflops = 1 Petaflop)
Supercomputers: provide the capacity to undertake research to solve problems that
are impossible to do without such resources
They constitute a service you access, rather than a machine you sit at.
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Serious Supercomputing
From Gigaflops to Exaflops
Processing Speed Example
1000 Megaflops = 1 Gigaflop 1990 Cray Supercomputer
1000 Gigaflops = 1 Teraflop 150 Teraflops = iVEC HPC power by Jun 2010
1000 Teraflops = 1 Petaflop 1.2 Petaflops
= power of IBM ‘Roadrunner’ Supercomputer
= initial power of Pawsey Supercomputer
1000 Petaflops = 1 Exaflop 1 Exaflop = potential power of Supercomputer required to process the SKA data in 2021
FLOPS - are about speed of operation to produce data
- but you then have to store the data produced as a result of allthese trillions of flops..
- which brings us to BYTES
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Serious Supercomputing
Storing the Processed Data: A Whole Lotta Bytes!
Data Volume Paper Electronic storage
8 Bits - 1 Byte 100 bytes = av sentence
1000 Bytes = 1 Kilobyte (KB) 100KB = A4 page
1000 Kilobytes = 1 Megabyte (MB) 1MB = small book on a 3.5” floppy disk
Hucklebery Finn = 0.5MB
1.4MB disk for PC insert
1000 Megabytes = 1 Gigabyte(GB) 1GB = 10metre bookshelf or 1000 books
PC internal hard drive: 160 - 500GB
1000 Gigabytes = 1 Terabyte (TB) 1TB = 1000 copies of Encyclopedia Britannica.
15TB = all printed vols of USALibrary of Congress
1 or 2 TB external hard drive for PC
1TB = likely PC internal hard drive by late2010
1000 Terabytes = 1 Petabyte (PB)
1 million Gb = 1 Petabyte
1 billion Mb = 1 Petabyte
1PB = 20 million 4-drawer filingcabinets full of A4 text.
1PB = 500 billion pages of text200PB = all printed material inthe world
iVEC1PB = current size of data storage facility at
iVEC.Some files are 1Terabyte in size.50 million files in all
1000 Petabytes = 1 Exabyte 5 Exabytes = 37,000 Libraries of Congress
Multi Exabytes = data storage archive for SKA in 2021
1000 Exabytes = 1 Zettabyte
1000 Zettabytes = 1 Yottabyte Current content of the world wide web?
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Serious Supercomputing
1975: State of the Art
PDP11 Computer
Not as powerful as your personal laptop 2009
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2007 IBM Blue Gene
478 Teraflops
(IVEC HPC = 150 Teraflops)
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2009 IBM Roadrunner:
US$133 million
1.03 Petaflops
12,240 cell chips, 6.560 dual-coreprocessors
Occupies 278 refrigerator-size server
racks
Twice as fast as IBM Blue Gene
1 hour processing task on 1998machine = 3.6 secs on Roadrunner
Uses 2.5 Mwatt = 2,350 av homes
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Serious Supercomputing
2009 Cray XT5 - Jaguar
362 Terabytes memory10 Petabyte file system
1.64 petaflops speed
(overtakes Roadrunner as theNo 1 Supercomputer in theworld)
Occupies 284 refrigerator-size server cabinets
……….a space the size of a basketball court
Consumes 7 Megawatts - half for operating,half for cooling
( = power for a small town)
Jaguar would take a single
week to run a calculation thatthe fastest supercomputer 10
years ago would have needed20 years to complete
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Significance of Petaflop-level Supercomputers
Magnitude of the processing power and storage capacity of the current range of supercomputersmakes them a game-changing technology that is spinning off previously unimagined opportunitiesfor businesses through the capacity to:
Analyse data volumes on a scale never before available, thereby enabling the solution of complexprocess and product issues
Develop new products more quickly through simulation and modeling, thereby achievingsignificant cost savings through the reduction in research and development timeframes
Utilise simulations to augment or replace experimentation in cases where experiments arehazardous, expensive or even impossible to perform or to instrument.
Rapidly evaluate design alternatives, thus improving the quality of engineered products essentialfor industrial prowess and economic competitiveness
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A New Paradigm for Conducting eScience
The scientific method has changed for the first time since Galileo invented the telescope.
Supercomputers have pushed simulation
from:
-supporting theory & experimentation
to
- occupying the foreground of scientific research.
Supercomputers have brought us to the point where simulation is actually the third branch of science
Scientists will be able to run new and vastly more accurate models of complex phenomena:
• Climate models will have dramatically higher resolution and accuracy,• New materials for efficient energy transmission will be developed
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Supercomputers in action in the real world
Animal Logic, an Australian animation company, was only able to create the penguins in the award-winning animated movie Happy Feet by using the processing capacity of Australia’s sole ‘Top 500’supercomputer.
Boeing used supercomputer simulations to reduce the number of physical wing tests for the 787Dreamliner to just 11, versus 77 for the 767
Proctor & Gamble used computational models to solve the problem of the ‘Flying Pringles’. Without theright geometric shape, the potato chips would literally fly off the manufacturing line instead of dropping intothe can. Simulation is an integral part of P&G’s design processes for many of its numerous products.
Alcoa - WA - used HPC at iVEC to simulate the most efficient movement of fluids in a tank(“Computational Fluid Dynamics’)
Alcoa - USA was able to cut the $100,000 normally required for designing a beverage can in the laboratoryto $2,000. - using simulations.- Also saved about $200 million annually through the reduction in metal required for the manufacture of
cans, afforded by the analytical powers of the supercomputer.
Through HPC simulation, Goodyear’s expenditure on tyre building and testing dropped from occupying40% of the research, design and engineering budget, to just 15%
.iVEC research partners in private industry have used iVEC computing facilities as a test bed - successfuloutcomes have justified the org buying its own (modest) HPC facility
REFERENCE: http://www.compete.org/publications/
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Serious Supercomputing
Burj Dubai hotel: 818metres high, 162 floors
(Tallest building in the world)
Number of today”s laptops with 3 Gigabytesmemory to equal Jaguars’s 363 Terabytesmemory: 120,660
120,660 laptops = a stack 2.4 kilometres high
= 3 x height of Burj Dubai
A layman’s analogy
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iVEC HPC Cluster
(at ARRC)
(Not equivalent to 2.4km stack of laptops)
HPC room = approx 36 sqm
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iVEC Petabyte Data Store
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iVECPetabyte Data Store
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iVEC Petabyte Data Store
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•2000 – 2001 Disk had started doubling incapacity
• Tape capacity stagnated•people claimed tape was dead
• By 2002 tape had started to increase
capacities•road map to double tape capacity every 18months
• Today – 1Terabyte will fit on a single tape
• Tape is greener – minimal environmental
footprint
Why Tape?
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Serious Supercomputing
About
iVEC• Five members:
– Four publicuniversities
– CSIRO
• Three facilities• Education and
IndustryPrograms
• State and federal
governmentfunding
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iVEC: The hub of advanced computing in WA
Three Facilities:Aust Resources Research Centre (ARRC) Technology Park, Kensington, WA
WA Supercomputer Program (WASP) - University of WA
Informatics (Murdoch University)
Informatics helps develop new uses for information technology in order to design solutions that reflectthe way people create, use and find information. It takes into account the social, cultural andorganizational settings in which those solutions will be used.
Three Programs
Education
IGUP
eResearch
Technology
HPC
Hi-Speed Communications via Access Grid 10Gigabits/sec nationally
Petabyte data storage
Scientific Visualisation
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Serious Supercomputing
QuickTime™ and adecompressor
are needed to see this picture.
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Broadening iVEC’s HPC Userbase
2002 - 2003 2007 - 2008Chemical Sciences Chemical Sciences
Agric, Veterinary & Environ Sci Agric, Veterinary & Environ Sci
Physical Sciences Physical Sciences
Earth Sciences Earth SciencesEngineering & Technology
Medical & Health Sciences
Biological Sciences
Information, Computing &Communication Sciences
iVEC Industry Programs
4 Disciplines - 11 Projects 9 Disciplines - 76 Projects
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Serious Supercomputing
iVEC Provides eResearch Infrastructurea.k.a. eScience infrastructure or Cyber-infrastructure
Hardware, software, networking and human resources
Components of each project may include: Shared large, expensive instruments
High performance computing Scientific visualisation equipment & processes High speed networks Collaboration tools, e.g. Access Grid Shared data repositories Web portals (access resources and share information)
Researchers choose a palette of components
iVEC researchers produce 60 - 70 research papers eachyear
S i S i
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So, what is eResearch infrastructure about?
Goals
– To enable researchers to accomplish studies of national significance which are
beyond the scope of individuals and to tackle problems otherwise impossible
– To build a foundation eResearch capability that provides an innovative,
sustainable approach to ICT enhanced research
Outcome
– A globalised, information-rich, collaborative research environment that
accelerates and enhances national research priorities
– - all hinges on the availability of high-speed communication networks
S i S ti
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WASP (UWA): Immersive Dome - Mawson’s Hut, Antarctica
S i S ti
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The WASP iDome at University of WA
iDome - is an immersive environment for exploring data and virtualenvironments, and the evaluation of game engines (eg SecondLife) as ameans of presenting and collaborating with 3 dimensional data.
Outcomes from these activities include an iDome installation at SciTech, afreely downloadable interactive game based upon the ASKAP radiotelescope, and a number of seminars and papers on these topics.
S i S ti
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Serious Supercomputing
$80 million Super Science funding for
Pawsey HPC Centre for SKA Science
Federal Budget announcement 12th May 2009
“… to be established in Perth to host new high performance computing facilities and expertise to support SKA research and other high-end science ”
EasternAustralian
telescopesonly Steve Tingay, 2009
S i S ti
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WA’s New Supercomputer
In its May 2009 Budget the Commonwealth Government announced a Super Science Program that willfund a new major supercomputer in Western Australia to be designed and managed by iVEC.
When the supercomputer goes live and is connected to the Australian National eResearch Grid in2012/13, it will have involved the commitment of more than $100 million and will be amongst the world’stop 20 most powerful supercomputers.
A specific purpose building adjacent to the Australian Resources Research Centre at the WesternAustralian Technology Park will be designed and constructed over the next two and a half years, to housethe high performance computing system. The supercomputer itself will be designed and assembled over the next four years.
In technical terms the supercomputer system will be a shared petascale facility to serve the needs of leading Australian computational researchers with a special focus on radio astronomy.
The funding for the new supercomputer constitutes the largest ever single investment in scientificinfrastructure in Western Australian history and will revolutionize scientific research in the state.
Serio s S percomp ting
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Serious Supercomputing
The Pawsey HPC Centre for SKA Science
The Building:
Approx 2,500 sqm, adjacent to ARRC, Technology Park
Construction: Jan - Dec 2011
The Supercomputer
1+ Petaflop for diverse usage requirements
Scoping: Jan - Dec 2010
Procurement: Jan - Dec 2011
Installation: Jan 2012 - June 2013
Funding Agreement with Commonwealth Government signed 4 Dec 2009
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The Pawsey HPC Centre for SKA ScienceIn 2010
Fifteen million dollars will be spent on upgrading iVEC’s existing HPC capacity to 150TFlops.
Design and planning work for the building to house the petascale supercomputer will beundertaken.
Design work on the specifications of the supercomputer will begin.
In 2011 The new Pawsey Centre building will be constructed and further detailed planning for the supercomputer will occur.
In 2012 The petaflop supercomputer will be procured and assembled
In 2013 During the second quarter of 2013 the supercomputer will be commissioned and thePawsey Centre will be open for business.
By June 2013 Australia will have at Technology Park in Perth, one of the world’s top 20supercomputers servicing the needs of SKA science, marine science, resources, andnanotechnology amongst others.
Serious Supercomputing
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SKA
The Square Kilometre Array Project
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The SKA Project
An international, multi-billion dollar program that will require innovation to deliver unprecedented
technology capabilities and address complex engineering challenges.
Will be implemented through an international program comprising 19 participating countries and over 50 research institutions.
Site selection in 2012 - operational over 2 phases,by 2021 - lifetime of 50 yrsEstimated implementation budget of 1.5 billion Euros.
Will enable observations of the Universe further back in time, over a larger volume of space and withimproved spatial resolution.
Will produce enormous data volumes that will require transmission, processing, storage and retrieval,and distribution to scientific communities worldwide.
From an ICT perspective, the challenges are immense. A lot of the technology that will be required in
2021 has not been invented yet!
Serious Supercomputing
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SKA: How it will Work
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The SKA Project
SKA is the next generation radio telescope- 50 times more sensitive than the largest existing radio telescope- capable of surveying the sky 10,000 times faster, than existing facilities.
SKA will go:
WIDER (range of data scanning)
DEEPER (back in time)
LOWER (trap low radio frequencies never before traceable)
The Radio telescope is effectively a time machine - astronomers can look
back into the past to study the Universe as it was billions of years ago
Serious Supercomputing
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SKA: Overview of the Process
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Receiving Signals
Fifty percent of the collecting area = an inner core spanning a five kilometre diameter.
The remaining collecting area distributed across an area spanning 3,000 to 5,000kilometres.
If the SKA is centered in Western Australia, a 5,000 kilometre radius will require stationsdistributed across the Australian continent as well as some located in New Zealand.
The next slide shows the inner core, including part of the tile array and surrounding dishantennas.
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Receiving Signals
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Distribution of Antennae
The next slide shows the distribution of antennae in a spiral pattern radiating from the inner core. (clusters of dishes).
Signals from the separate antennas will be digitally combined to simulate a single telescopewith a diam equal to the distance separating the two furthest antennas (ie 3-5K km). The resultis a series of consolidated images drawn from thousands of dish arrays.
Within the inner array (central core) data will be transported at rate of 80 gigabytes/second.
Longer links servicing the outer clusters of dishes (remote array stations) will need a capacityof approx 2 Terabytes/second/station. This is more than the current total internet traffic in
Europe.
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Location??Murchison RAObservatory (MRO)
Mid-West Region
Western Australia
‘Meerkat’
Northern CapeProvince
South Africa
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Pathfinders
Australian SKA Pathfinder
http://www.atnf.csiro.au/projects/askap/ Murchison Widefield Array http://astronomy.curtin.edu.au/research/mwa.cfm
Meerkat http://www.ska.ac.za/index.shtml
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Australian SKA Pathfinder A new radio telescope for
Australia1% of the SKA in sizeData collected in first 6 hours
= all data collected , ever!Built on the new Murchison
Radio-astronomy Observatory
A demonstration of quality of the Australian site
A showcase for Australiantechnology and science
Fully funded with $106m inFederal funding
First data 2010, Operational2013
Australian SKA Pathfinder http://www.atnf.csiro.au/projects/askap/
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Se ous Supe co pu g
ASKAP: Model of Key Components
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MWA Tile Array
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ASKAP (1% of SKA) SKAConstn Phase 2009 - 2012 2012 - 2021
Dish Antennas 36 3,000+
Receivers 7,200 600,000+
ICT Domain
SoftwareEngineering
approx 50 person years devlpttime
approx 500+ person years devlpttime
HPC 100 Teraflops to 1 Petaflop 100’s of Petaflops to 1 Exaflop
Data Storage Product rate: Terabytes/dayData Archive: 10 Petabytes
Product rate: Petabytes/dayData Archive: Exabytes
DataTransmission
160 Gigabits/sec 1,600 Gigabits/sec
ASKAP - SKA Comparison
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Challenges to be Faced
Meeting the power requirements SuperComputers- 2009: Jaguar (Petaflop) - Consumes 7 Megawatts of power - of which approx40% is used to cool the processing units
- 2020: An Exaflop computer - May consume 100 Megawatts (enough for a city)
- 1 Megawatt of power costs approx $1 million
- Pawsey is investigating geo-thermal solutions to heating and coolingrequirements, as a way of reducing running costs
Educating potential users of supercomputers
- developing knowledge & understanding of application of supercomputing tobusiness & government
- building the technical skills required to operate supercomputers
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All the elements of an InformationManagement Policy frameworkwill need to be re-cast in thecontext of distributed petabytedata storage & retrieval
Implications for IM
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Implications for Information Management
Cannot just ‘store’ Excel, Word docs in a petabyte data store - they are proprietary formats -
(will you be able to retrieve and open a Word document in 15 years time?
Key areas of interest from a data store perspective:
Description (consistency of metadata used eg across all govt depts)
Ownership (custodianship, accountability)
Compliance (new standards & protocols for data store compatability)Sharing (eg making data searchable from client end)
PLUS
Document creators, custodians & managers will need to learn new skills in order to be ableto extract & export docs from traditional document management systems and translate theminto a format suitable for Data Store import.
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Broader Implications for Information Management
An new era of collaborative research using distributed services, virtual storage,cloud computing.
Exponential rate of change in search and retrieval tools.
Dominance of digital documentation - with a corresponding decline inpaper-based archives.
New parameters for data storage, archiving, access, retrieval, distribution.
Hidden cost of physical facilities (power consumption & cooling costs).
Cloud computing “the next big thing” - software as a service, virtual access &storage of information.
•All the major software players and telcos are getting involved.
•A technology still in its infancy - but plenty of early adopters.
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The Future?
In 1994 - the internet was in its absolute infancy, the web ran atcrawl speed - and we were in awe of this new technology thatpromised to transform our relationship with information and withothers.
15 years later - we are facing the emerging paradigm of supercomputing, as it starts to enter our consciousness andcreate yet another transformation in our view of the world and our
capacity to engage with information in ways never previouslyimagined.
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Acknowledgements
Swinburne images: Image: Artist’s impression of ASKAP at the MurchisonRadio-astronomy Observatory (MRO)
-Credit: Swinburne Astronomy Productions. Design data provided by CSIRO.
Scitech images: Images courtesy of Scitech and Questacon
iVEC images: Images courtesy of iVEC
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