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Six degree-of-freedom loading of a circular flat footing on loose sand: Experimental data

B. Bienen1, B.W. Byrne2 and G.T. Houlsby2

Report No. OUEL 2289/05

University of Oxford, Department of Engineering Science, Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3PJ, U.K.

Tel. 01865 273162/283300

Fax. 01865 283301 Email: civil@eng.ox.ac.uk

http://www-civil.eng.ox.ac.uk/

1 Centre for Offshore Foundations Systems, University of Western Australia 2 Department of Engineering Science, Oxford University

Six degree-of-freedom loading of a circular flat footing on loose sand:

Experimental data

B. Bienen1, B.W. Byrne2 and G.T. Houlsby2

Summary

This report documents a series of model tests of a rough circular flat footing on loose sand. Using a new experimental rig, the footing was subjected to general loading in three dimensions (six degrees-of-freedom). The data collected will be used to validate a footing macro model catering for all six degrees-of-freedom within the plasticity framework.

Introduction

Combined loading on shallow foundations has been successfully modelled through the framework of plasticity theory (Martin 1994, Cassidy 1999, Byrne 2000). By adjusting only a few parameters, these models can capture the main features of footing response on various soils.

Based on experimental data on Kaolin clay, Martin (1994) developed Model B whereas Cassidy’s (1999) Model C was calibrated with data from similar tests on dense silica sand. Since then, the model has also been successfully used to predict footing behaviour on loose carbonate sand (Byrne and Houlsby 2001). So far, the models have been applied to predict the response of flat circular footings, spudcans and suction caisson subjected to (V, M, H) planar loading.

Model B and Model C have been theoretically extended to allow for general loading (Martin 1994, Cassidy and Bienen 2002) situations in six degrees-of-freedom and combined into one plasticity footing macro model known as ISIS (Houlsby 2003, Cassidy et al. 2004). However, only few data exist on shallow circular footings under loading in all three dimensions (Cassidy and Cheong 2005, Ap Gwilym 2004, Williams 2005) and full experimental validation of the model, particularly with regards to torsion and combined loading directions remains desirable.

Experimental rig

At the University of Oxford, a novel experimental rig has been developed for testing of shallow foundations under six degree-of-freedom loading (Byrne and Houlsby 2005, Figure 1). The footing to be tested is supported by a loading platform, which is moved by six actuators. These are pin-joined to the loading platform on the one end and the loading rig, which is bolted onto a steel ring, on the other. Using a control program, the six actuators act in concert to move the loading platform and thus the footing to the desired position. The actuators are arranged such

1 Centre for Offshore Foundation Systems, The University of Western Australia 2 Department of Engineering Science, The University of Oxford

that their combined movement in three dimensions is well-conditioned (Figure 1). To date, the rig is displacement-controlled only.

The footing used in the tests reported here is circular (150 mm in diameter), flat and rough. The footing loads are monitored with a six degree-of-freedom load cell mounted between the footing and the loading platform (Figure 1). The footing displacements are measured with a set of six LVDTs, arranged in a similar fashion to the actuators but supported on a separate frame, which is also bolted onto the steel ring. The LVDT arrangement is illustrated in Figure 2. The separate frame ensures independence of the displacement measurements from the loading frame and thus minimises the influence of rig flexibility.

Both the loading and the LVDT frames are mounted on a steel ring which in turn is bolted onto the testing tank. This ensures that the two frames do not move relative to each other, even when taken off the testing tank to prepare a new soil sample. The coordinates of both ends of all actuators and LVDTs as well as several distinct points on the frames and steel ring have been surveyed using a coordinate measuring machine (CMM). The measurements are reported in Table 1 and the coordinates in the rig coordinate system (Figure 3) are given in Table 2. The x-axis of the rig coordinate system runs parallel to actuators 1 and 2, whereas the y-axis is in line with actuator 3. z is positive downwards with the datum being the top of the steel ring. Note that the coordinate system and sign convention (Figure 3b) differs from the ISIS sign convention (Figure 4). All results reported here are defined using the ISIS sign convention.

Soil characteristics

The experiments were performed on dry yellow Leighton Buzzard sand. It has a specific gravity Gs of 2.65 and minimum and maximum dry densities of 14.65 kN/m3 and 17.58 kN/m3, respectively. Further soil characteristics are provided in Schnaid (1990). The sand was placed into the testing tank from a low drop height to achieve a very loose state; the average dry density of all tests performed being 14.80 kN/m3. The density for each test is included in Table 3, which also provides the testing programme.

Results

In this series of experiments, vertical load-penetration tests have been carried out as well as radial displacement tests. The majority of the testing programme, however, consisted of swipe tests either in one loading direction or a combination of two loading directions.

In some swipe tests, the combined loading was simultaneous, for instance applying a moment and horizontal load at the same time. Several swipe tests of simultaneous in-plane moment and horizontal load (H1 and M1 or H2 and M2 according to Figure 3b) carried out at various ratios of H / M provide information on the eccentricity of the yield surface cross-section in the (H, M/2R) plane.

In other tests, the footing was displaced in one direction before the displacement in that direction was halted as the footing was swiped in another direction. These tests, for instance applying H1 first followed by H2, may be used to show that the footing load path still traces the same yield surface, thus proving that the respective degrees-of-freedom are independent of

each other. In the yield surface equation this is reflected by the loading directions being uncoupled.

A few elasticity tests have been attempted, too, but without feedback load control keeping the other degrees-of-freedom at their respective target value during the test, the results are ambiguous. The testing programme, documented in Table 3, has the following format:

Test number

Event Description V0 w u2 u3 ω θ2 θ3 Density Time V load hold

before swipe

[N] [mm] [mm] [mm] [°] [°] [°] [kN/m3] [s]

The files provided for each test include a test description (e.g. BBXX_description.xls) and the results file (e.g. BBXX_ResultsFile.dat).

The format of the results file is time [s] in the first column, then loads in the order {V, H2, H3, Q, M2, M3} in [N] and [Nm], respectively. This is followed by the displacements calculated from the LVDT readings {w, u2, u3, ω, θ2, θ3} in [mm] and [rad], respectively. The loads and displacements refer to the ISIS sign convention shown in Figure 4. Time history plots are provided for all tests on a particular sample (e.g. BBXX.pdf, showing all events on sample XX).

For each individual event, the horizontal, moment and torsional loads have also been plotted against the vertical load. The data files are denoted BBXX_EventY.pdf which contains the Y event on sample XX only. The corresponding data file is named BBXX_EventY.dat. The data in these files has the same order as in the results files.

Conclusions

Reported here is a comprehensive series of laboratory experiments on a rough circular flat footing on very loose sand subjected to loading in all six degrees-of-freedom. The tests were carried out to provide a database for validation of the theoretical extension of the ISIS plasticity footing macro model to cater for general loading in six-degrees-of-freedom.

Acknowledgements

This research was supported by an Australian Research Council's Linkage International Award (LX0560459), which is gratefully acknowledged. The first author also gratefully acknowledges the support of an International Postgraduate Research Scholarship of Australia and the University of Western Australia Postgraduate Students Association Research Travel Award. The funding for the development of the loading rig was obtained from the Lubbock Trustees, the Royal Society, EPSRC and the Department of Engineering Science at Oxford. The load cell was built by Clive Baker and the loading frame by Chris Waddup. The experiments described here could not have been carried out without the assistance of Bob Sawala and Chris Waddup.

References

Ap Gwilym, T.L. 2004. Control of a six degree of freedom loading rig. Fourth Year Project, Department of Engineering Science, University of Oxford.

Byrne, B.W. 2000. Investigations of suction caissons in dense sand. D.Phil. Thesis, University of Oxford.

Byrne, B.W. and Houlsby, G.T. 2001. Observations of Footing Behaviour on Loose Carbonate Sands. Géotechnique 51 5:463-466.

Byrne, B.W. and Houlsby, G.T. 2005. Investigating 6 degree-of-freedom loading on shallow foundations. Proceedings of the International Symposium on Frontiers in Offshore Geotechnics (ISFOG), Perth.

Butterfield, R., Houlsby, G.T. and Gottardi, G. (1997). Standardised sign conventions and notation for generally loaded foundations. Géotechnique 47 5:1051-1054; corrigendum Géotechnique 48 1:157.

Cassidy, M.J. 1999. Non-Linear Analysis of Jack-Up Structures Subjected to Random Waves. D.Phil. Thesis, University of Oxford.

Cassidy, M.J. and Bienen, B. 2002. Three-Dimensional Numerical Analysis of Jack-Up Structures on Sand. Proc. 12th International Offshore and Polar Engineering Conference, Kitakyushu, Japan.

Cassidy, M.J. and Cheong, J. 2005. The behaviour of circular footings on sand subjected to combined vertical-torsion loading. International Journal of Physical Modelling in Geotechnics, accepted.

Cassidy, M.J., Martin, C.M. and Houlsby, G.T. 2004. Development and application of force resultant models describing jack-up foundation behaviour. Marine Structures 17:165-193.

Houlsby, G.T., 2003. Modelling of shallow foundations for offshore structures. International Conference on Foundations, Dundee, Scotland.

Martin, C.M., 1994. Physical and Numerical Modelling of Offshore Foundations Under Combined Loads. D.Phil. Thesis, University of Oxford.

Schnaid, F. 1990. A study of the cone-pressuremeter test in sand. D.Phil. Thesis, University of Oxford. Williams, R. 2005. Six degree of freedom loading tests on clay and sand. Fourth Year Project,

Department of Engineering Science, The University of Oxford.

Table 1: Coordinates obtained from Coordinate Measuring Machine (CMM) (Two sets of data in the CMM coordinate system because the testing rig moved during the measuring procedure.)

Set 1 COORDINATES (CMM)Number Type Size Description X Y Z

1 plane top surface of steel ring -386.472 313.005 0.0002 circle 1280.136 steel ring 0.000 -82.771 -4.2733 circle 149.334 footing 62.588 0.000 2.9364 surface point Point 1 on steel ring -478.940 -474.126 1.4815 surface point Point 2 on steel ring 390.009 -559.859 5.8236 surface point Point 3 on steel ring -390.591 396.231 -0.1687 sphere 13.132 Pinned end actuator 1 89.911 -149.481 145.1448 sphere 13.144 Pinned end actuator 1 89.911 -149.475 145.1139 sphere 12.695 Fixed end actuator 1 88.010 -622.287 186.890

10 sphere 12.687 Fixed end actuator 2 -93.129 -619.246 186.01911 sphere 13.152 Pinned end actuator 2 -90.624 -146.450 144.16512 sphere 13.091 Pinned end actuator 3 -76.921 -103.194 143.88413 sphere 12.719 Fixed end actuator 3 -522.233 -96.516 182.71614 sphere 12.696 Fixed end actuator 4 70.802 -146.695 610.39815 sphere 12.671 Fixed end actuator 6 -79.472 -144.126 610.31316 sphere 13.172 Pinned end actuator 6 -76.236 -146.752 144.23417 sphere 13.112 Pinned end actuator 4 75.447 -149.322 145.00818 sphere 12.727 Fixed end actuator 5 -1.023 -15.113 610.693

Set 2 COORDINATES (CMM)Number Type Size Description X Y Z

1 plane top surface of steel ring -411.532 421.827 0.0002 circle 1281.493 steel ring 1.385 21.604 -5.5153 circle 149.047 footing 0.000 0.000 2.6024 surface point Point 3 on steel ring -389.719 502.401 -0.1165 surface point Point 1 on steel ring -479.496 -367.979 2.2216 surface point Point 2 on steel ring 388.904 -455.756 8.1377 sphere 13.091 Pinned end actuator 4 75.149 -44.426 146.3958 sphere 12.765 Fixed end actuator 4 69.622 -41.180 611.7819 sphere 12.748 Fixed end actuator 5 -1.694 90.679 611.808

11 sphere 13.143 Pinned end actuator 5 1.284 86.995 145.28412 surface point outer corner of blue frame behind the end of actuator 1 103.297 -561.491 200.31813 surface point outer corner of blue frame behind the end of actuator 2 -113.484 -557.361 199.06214 surface point middle of sticker on blue frame near end of actuator 3 -604.166 5.374 242.88015 surface point outer corner of LVDT frame near the end of LVDT 6 588.102 -21.730 296.08116 surface point outer corner of LVDT frame near the end of LVDT 1 1.324 614.895 287.91617 circle 17.067 bolt (exchange for eye bolt) on top of blue frame -79.634 -33.633 713.90718 sphere 10.229 Fixed end of LVDT 2 -76.128 141.039 273.17219 sphere 11.129 Pinned end of LVDT 2 -70.531 136.971 95.64420 sphere 11.234 Pinned end of LVDT 1 -82.920 137.201 95.59221 sphere 10.954 Fixed end of LVDT 1 -82.472 338.368 95.85323 sphere 11.148 Fixed end of LVDT 2 -74.277 141.195 273.81224 sphere 11.160 Fixed end of LVDT 4 75.336 137.532 273.35125 sphere 11.118 Pinned end of LVDT 4 79.246 133.506 96.21126 sphere 10.988 Pinned end of LVDT 3 91.589 133.224 96.16627 sphere 11.060 Fixed end of LVDT 3 92.712 334.552 93.33328 sphere 10.928 Fixed end of LVDT 6 312.844 -15.344 97.16929 sphere 11.121 Pinned end of LVDT 6 133.195 -12.628 98.05930 sphere 11.074 Fixed end of LVDT 5 124.929 8.556 276.31131 sphere 11.205 Pinned end of LVDT 5 133.518 3.388 97.78332 surface point cross x = y = 0 on platform 0.167 0.512 125.479

Table 2: Testing rig coordinates

FINAL COORDINATES (6DOF)Description X Y Ztop surface of steel ring 0.000steel ring 387.240 -473.409footing 105.603 -61.755 0.155Point 1 on steel ring -370.856 477.721 1.587Point 2 on steel ring -452.839 -391.601 0.965Point 3 on steel ring 499.875 393.139 -0.210Pinned end actuator 1 -44.373 -90.274 -141.295Fixed end actuator 1 -517.359 -90.576 -180.991Fixed end actuator 2 -515.100 90.576 -180.831Pinned end actuator 2 -42.120 90.274 -141.025Pinned end actuator 3 1.195 76.760 -140.879Fixed end actuator 3 5.774 521.943 -181.454Fixed end actuator 4 -43.687 -72.953 -606.627Fixed end actuator 6 -41.769 77.329 -607.132Pinned end actuator 6 -42.361 75.886 -141.037Pinned end actuator 4 -44.276 -75.809 -141.216Fixed end actuator 5 87.580 -0.563 -607.771Pinned end actuator 5 86.383 -0.967 -141.206outer corner of blue frame behind the end of actuator 1 -561.525 -108.585 -192.225outer corner of blue frame behind the end of actuator 2 -559.167 108.228 -192.195middle of sticker on blue frame near end of actuator 3 -0.714 603.238 -241.729outer corner of LVDT frame near the end of LVDT 6 -18.319 -589.490 -288.160outer corner of LVDT frame near the end of LVDT 1 613.507 2.507 -286.640bolt (exchange for eye bolt) on top of blue frame -37.900 75.776 -709.621Fixed end of LVDT 2 139.116 76.166 -269.808Pinned end of LVDT 2 136.030 71.530 -92.232Pinned end of LVDT 1 136.158 83.921 -92.251Fixed end of LVDT 1 337.318 85.115 -93.578Fixed end of LVDT 2 139.284 74.312 -270.438Fixed end of LVDT 4 136.851 -75.321 -269.127Pinned end of LVDT 4 133.790 -78.271 -91.949Pinned end of LVDT 3 133.610 -90.615 -91.834Fixed end of LVDT 3 334.952 -90.077 -90.065Fixed end of LVDT 6 -13.141 -313.080 -90.817Pinned end of LVDT 6 -11.904 -133.422 -92.721Fixed end of LVDT 5 8.273 -125.982 -271.125Pinned end of LVDT 5 4.116 -133.613 -92.527cross x = y = 0 on platform 0.000 -0.448 -120.948

Table 1: Test programme

Test number Event Description V0 w u2 u3 omega theta2 theta3 density time V load hold[N] [mm] [mm] [mm] [degrees] [degrees] [degrees] [kN/m3] [s] before swipe

BB01 Vertical loading @ 0.02 mm/s 15 14.80 750 N/ABB02 Vertical loading @ 0.02 mm/s, 17 14.79 300 N/A

unload - reload loops @ z = 6 mm and z = 10 mm, unloading @ 0.01 mm/sBB03 swipe H3 swipe @ 0.004 mm/s 410.02 14 2 14.66 500 nBB04 swipe M3 swipe @ 0.003 degs/s 407.97 14 -1.5 14.86 500 nBB05 swipe simultaneous H3M3 swipe (out of plane) @ 0.04 mm/s and 0.003 degs/s 403.08 14 2 -1.5 14.81 500 nBB06 swipe simultaneous H3M2 swipe (in plane) @ 0.04 mm/s and 0.003 degs/s 408.04 14 2 1.5 14.81 500 nBB07 swipe simultaneous H3M2 swipe (in plane) @ 0.04 mm/s and 0.003 degs/s 399.87 14 2 -1.5 14.84 500 nBB08 swipe1 H2 swipe @ 0.004 mm/s 426.40 14 2 14.85 500 n

swipe2 H2 swipe @ 0.004 mm/s 508.30 17 2 14.85 500 nBB09 swipe1 H3 swipe @ 0.004 mm/s 415.89 14 2 14.83 500 n

swipe2 H3 swipe @ 0.004 mm/s 504.60 17 -2 14.83 500 nBB10 swipe1 M2 swipes @ 0.003 degs/s 405.40 14 1.5 14.87 500 n

swipe2 M2 swipe @ 0.003 degs/s 497.38 17 -1.5 14.87 500 nBB11 swipe1 Q swipe @ 0.003 degs/s 481.68 14 1.5 14.78 500 n

swipe2 Q swipe @ 0.003 degs/s 537.44 17 -1.5 14.78 500 nBB12 swipe1 H3 (@ 0.0015 mm/s), then H2 swipe (@ 0.004625 mm/s) 506.16 14 (then) 1.85 (first) 0.15 14.74 100 + 400 yBB13 swipe2 H2 (@ 0.0025 mm/s), then H3 swipe (@ 0.00389 mm/s) 517.69 19.382 (first) -0.25 (then) -1.75 14.69 100 + 450 yBB14 swipe1 M3 (@ 0.0016 degs/s), then M2 (@ 0.00268 degs/s) 357.84 12.036 (then) 1.34 (first) -0.16 14.84 100+ 500 y

swipe2 M2 (@ 0.0016 degs/s), then M3 (@ 0.00268 degs/s) 521.74 14.876 (first) -0.16 (then) 1.34 14.84 100+ 500 yswipe3 M3 swipe (@ 0.003 degs/s) 515.77 17.893 -1.5 14.84 500 yswipe4 M3 (@ 0.0012 degs/s), then M2 swipe (@ 0.00276 degs/s) 609.78 20.846 (then) -1.38 (first) -0.12 14.84 100+ 500 y

BB15 swipe1 H3 swipe (2 0.004 mm/s) 345.46 10.031 2 14.80 500 yswipe2 H2 swipe (2 0.004 mm/s) 437.77 13.401 -2 14.80 500 yswipe3 H3 swipe (2 0.004 mm/s) 522.22 16.614 -2 14.80 500 yswipe4 H2 swipe (2 0.004 mm/s) 607.47 19.1 2 14.80 500 y

BB16 swipe1 H2 swipe (2 0.004 mm/s) 202.27 5.993 -2 14.80 500 yswipe2 H3 swipe (2 0.004 mm/s) 326.99 10.152 2 14.80 500 yswipe3 H2 swipe (2 0.004 mm/s) 435.85 14.10 2 14.80 500 yswipe4 H3 swipe (2 0.004 mm/s) 565.68 18.941 -2 14.80 500 yswipe5 H2 swipe (2 0.004 mm/s) 686.16 23.114 2 14.80 500 yswipe6 H3 swipe (2 0.004 mm/s) 752.72 26.175 -2 14.80 500 yswipe7 H2 swipe (2 0.004 mm/s) 854.26 30.057 2 14.80 500 y

BB17 swipe1 Q swipe (@ 0.003 degs/s) 195.99 6.043 1.5 14.82 500 yswipe2 Q swipe (@ 0.003 degs/s) 315.69 10.44 -1.5 14.82 500 yswipe3 Q swipe (@ 0.003 degs/s) 368.72 13.244 1.5 14.82 500 yswipe4 simultaneous H3Q swipe (@ 0.004 mm/s and 0.003 degs/s) 509.17 17.329 -2 -1.5 14.82 500 yswipe5 simultaneous H3Q swipe (@ 0.004 mm/s and 0.003 degs/s) 646.10 22.2 2 -1.5 14.82 500 yswipe6 Q swipe (@ 0.003 degs/s) 736.32 26.0 -1.5 14.82 500 yswipe7 simultaneous H3Q swipe (@ 0.004 mm/s and 0.003 degs/s) 855.02 29.785 2 1.5 14.82 500 yswipe8 simultaneous H3Q swipe (@ 0.004 mm/s and 0.003 degs/s) 962.59 33.9 -2 1.5 14.82 500 y

Table 3: Test programme (continued)

BB18 swipe1 simultaneous H3M2 swipe (@ 0.004 mm/s and 0.003 degs/s) (in plane) 214.98 5.674 -2 -1.5 14.87 500 yswipe2 simultaneous H2M3 swipe (@ 0.004 mm/s and 0.003 degs/s) (in plane) 313.73 10.075 2 -1.5 14.87 500 yswipe3 simultaneous H3M2 swipe (@ 0.004 mm/s and 0.003 degs/s) (in plane) 394.21 13.04 -2 1.5 14.87 500 yswipe4 simultaneous H2M3 swipe (@ 0.004 mm/s and 0.003 degs/s) (in plane) 513.28 17.221 2 1.5 14.87 500 y

BB19 swipe1 H3 (@ 0.0025 mm/s), then H2 swipe (@ 0.004375 mm/s) 209.53 5.996 (then) 1.75 (first) 0.25 14.87 100 + 400 yswipe2 H2 (@ 0.0035 mm/s), then H3 swipe (@ 0.004125 mm/s) 558.45 19. (first) 0.35 (then) 1.65 14.87 100 + 400 yswipe3 H3 (@ 0.004 mm/s), then H2 swipe (@ 0.004 mm/s) 672.00 23.130 (then) -1.5 (first) 0.5 14.87 125 + 375 yswipe4 H2 (@ 0.0025 mm/s), then H3 swipe (@ 0.004375 mm/s) 757.36 26.082 (first) -0.25 (then) -1.75 14.87 100 + 400 yswipe5 H3 (@ 0.004 mm/s), then H2 swipe (@ 0.004 mm/s) 862.24 29.778 (then) 1.7 (first) 0.3 14.87 75 + 425 yswipe6 H2 (@ 0.004 mm/s), then H3 swipe (@ 0.004 mm/s) 989.28 34.009 (first) 0.3 (then) -1.7 14.87 75 + 425 y

BB20 swipe1 M3 (@ 0.00333 degs/s), then M2 swipe (@ 0.002955 degs/s) 501.87 15.947 (then) 1.3 (first) -0.2 14.86 60 + 440 yswipe2 M2 (@ 0.002955 degs/s), then M3 swipe (@ 0.00333 degs/s) 600.08 19.058 (first) 0.2 (then) -1.3 14.86 60 + 440 yswipe3 M3 (@ 0.003 degs/s), then M2 swipe (@ 0.003 degs/s) 746.43 22.851 (then) 1.35 (first) -0.15 14.86 50 + 450 y4raddispl radial displacement test domega / dz = 0.15 24 - 34 0 - 1.5 14.86 500 N/A

BB21 swipe1 H3 (@ 0.004167 mm/s), then M3 swipe (@ 0.00409 degs/s) (out of plane) 612.90 18.905 (first) 0.25 (then) -1.5 N/A 60 + 440 yswipe2 H3 (@0.004167 mm/s), then Q swipe (@0.00409 degs/s) 711.33 22.897 (first) 0.25 (then) 1.5 N/A 60 + 440 y3raddispl radial displacement test du2 / dz = 0.5 24 - 34 0 - 5 N/A 500 N/A

BB22 swipe1 H3 (@ 0.004167 mm/s), then M2 swipe (@ 0.00409 degs/s) (in plane) 542.39 19.031 (first) 0.25 (then) 1.5 14.73 60 + 440 yswipe2 H2 (@ 0.004167 mm/s), then M2 swipe (@ 0.00409 degs/s) (out of plane) 643.67 22.848 (first) 0.25 (then) -1.5 14.73 60 + 440 y3raddispl radial displacement test domega / dz = 0.3 25 - 29 1.5 14.73 500 N/A

BB23 swipe1 M3 (@ 0.003 degs/s), then H3 swipe (@ 0.00333 mm/s) (out of plane) 519.26 18.922 (then) 1.5 (first) -0.15 14.77 50 + 450 yswipe2 M3 (@ 0.003 degs/s), then Q swipe (@ 0.003 degs/s) 604.52 22.927 (then) 1.38 (first) -0.12 14.77 40 + 460 y3raddispl radial displacement test dtheta3 / dz = 0.15 24 - 34 -1.5 14.77 500 N/A

BB24 swipe1 M2 (@ 0.003 degs/s), then H2 swipe (@ 0.002935 mm/s) (out of plane) 546.37 19.018 (then) 1.35 (first) 0.12 14.88 40 + 460 yswipe2 M2 (@ 0.003 degs/s), then Q swipe (@ 0.003 degs/s) 617.57 23.039 (then) 1.38 (first) 0.12 14.88 40 + 460 y3raddispl radial displacement test du3 / dz = 1.0 24 - 34 0 - 10 14.88 500 N/A

BB25 swipe1 H2 (@ 0.004167 mm/s), then Q swipe (@ 0.003409 degs/s) 500.25 18.959 (first) 0.25 (then) 1.5 14.83 60 + 440 yswipe2 Q (@ 0.003 degs/s), then H2 swipe (@ 0.0032609 mm/s) 593.76 22.906 (then) 1.5 (first) 0.12 14.83 40 + 460 y3raddispl radial displacement test dtheta3 / dz = 0.1 24 - 34 0 - (-1.0) 14.83 500 N/A

BB26 swipe1 H3 (@ 0.004167 mm/s), then M3 swipe (@ 0.003409 degs/s) (out of plane) 512.79 18.87 (first) 0.25 (then) -1.5 14.89 60 + 440 yswipe2 H3 (@ 0.004167 mm/s), then Q swipe (@ 0.003409 degs/s) 605.26 ~ 23 (first) 0.25 (then) 1.5 14.89 60 + 440 y3raddispl radial displacement test domega / dz = 0.2 25 - 30 0 - 1.0 14.89 500 N/A

BB27 swipe1 H3 (@ 0.004167 mm/s), then Q swipe (@ 0.0056818 degs/s) 523.44 18.857 (first) 0.25 (then) 2.5 14.88 60 + 440 yswipe2 M3 (@ 0.003 degs/s), then Q swipe (@ 0.0054348 degs/s) 639.08 22.8 (then) 2.5 (first) -0.12 14.88 40 + 460 y3raddispl radial displacement test du2 / dz = 2.0 25 - 30 0 - 10 14.88 500 N/A

BB28 swipe1 Q (@ 0.003 degs/s), then M3 swipe (@ 0.0032609 degs/s) 532.01 18.846 (first) 0.12 (then) -1.5 14.89 40 + 460 yswipe2 Q (@ 0.002 degs/s), then M2 swipe (@ 0.0033409 degs/s) 635.85 22.763 (first) 0.12 (then) 1.5 14.89 60 + 440 y3raddispl radial displacement test domega / dz = 0.5 25 - 30 0 - 2.5 14.89 500 N/A

BB29 swipe1 Q (@ 0.002 degs/s), then H3 swipe (@ 0.003409 mm/s) 542.16 18.859 (then) 1.5 (first) 0.12 14.90 60 + 440 yswipe2 H3 (@ 0.00625 mm/s), then Q swipe (@ 0.0054348 degs/s) 623.58 22.842 (first) 0.25 (then) 2.5 14.90 40 + 460 y3raddispl radial displacement test domega / dz = 0.25 24 - 34 2.5 14.90 500 N/A

Table 3: Test programme (continued)

BB30 swipe1 M2 (@ 0.002 degs/s), then H3 swipe (@ 0.0039773 mm/s) (in plane) 515.52 18.89 (then) 1.75 (first) 0.12 14.80 60 + 440 yswipe2 M3 (@ 0.002 degs/s), then H3 swipe (@ 0.0039773 mm/s) (out of plane) 624.60 22.932 (then) 1.75 (first) -0.12 14.80 60 + 440 y3raddispl radial displacement test domega / dz = 0.2 24 - 34 2.0 14.80 500 N/A

BB31 swipe1 H3 (@ 0.00625 mm/s), then M2 swipe (@ 0.0032609 degs/s) (in plane) 528.86 18.771 (first) 0.25 (then) 1.5 14.92 40 + 460 yswipe2 H2 (@ 0.00265 mm/s), then M3 swipe (@ 0.0032609 degs/s) (in plane) 654.20 22.868 (first) 0.25 (then) 1.5 14.92 40 + 460 y3raddispl radial displacement test domega / dz = 0.2 21 - 31 2.0 14.92 500 N/A

BB32 swipe1 H3 (@ 0.00625 mm/s), then M3 swipe (@ 0.004348 degs/s) (out of plane) 512.79 17.036 (first) 0.25 (then) -2.0 14.93 40 + 460 yswipe2 Q swipe (@ 0.004 degs/s) 605.26 20.692 2.0 14.93 500 y3raddispl radial displacement test dy / dz = 1.0 25 - 35 0 - 20 14.93 500 N/A

BB33 1raddispl radial displacement test domega / dz = 0.25 0 - 10 2.5 14.91 500 N/A2swipe Q swipe (@ 0.004 degs/s) 522.54 18.27 2.0 14.91 500 y3swipe H3 (@ 0.004167 mm/s), then H2 swipe (@ 0.00409 mm/s) 610.08 21.436 (then) 1.75 (first) 0.25 14.91 40 + 460 y4raddispl radial displacement test du2 / dz = 0.5 25 - 35 0 - 5 14.91 500 N/A

BB34 1raddispl radial displacement test domega / dz = 0.5 0 - 10 0 - 5 14.91 500 N/A2elasticity elasticity omega (@ 0.00333 degs/s) ~ 350 N 17.405 ~ 0.077 14.91 60 N/A3elasticity elasticity theta2 (@ 0.00333 degs/s) ~ 350 N 17.423 -0.2 14.91 60 N/A4swipe simultaneous H2M3 swipe (@ 0.004 mm/s and 0.006 degs/s) (in plane) 603.99 21.53 2 -3 14.91 500 y5elasticity elasticity omega (@ 0.00333 degs/s) ~ 907 N 33.8 0.2 14.91 60 N/A6elasticity elasticity theta2 (@ 0.00333 degs/s) ~ 907 N 33.8 0.2 14.91 60 N/A

BB35 1raddispl radial displacement test domega / dz = 0.15 0 - 10 0 - 1 14.90 500 N/A2swipe Q swipe from low V/V0 (@ 0.004 degs/s) 512.26 17.967 2 14.90 500 y3swipe Q swipe from low V/V0 (@ 0.004 degs/s) 626.21 22.149 2 14.90 500 y4Vunloadreload Vertical loading @ 0.02 mm/s, various 14.90 N/A

unload - reload loops @ z = 6 mm and z = 10 mm, unloading @ 0.01 mm/sBB36 1raddispl radial displacement test du2 / dz = 1.0 and dbeta / dz = 0.3 0 - 10 0 - 10 0 - 3 14.92 500 N/A

2swipe simultaneous H2M3 swipe (@ 0.004 mm/s and 0.006 degs/s) (in plane) 466.53 18.994 2 3 14.92 500 y3swipe simultaneous H2M3 swipe (@ 0.004 mm/s and 0.002 degs/s) (in plane) 608.61 24.054 -2 -1 14.92 500 y4Vunloadreload Vertical loading @ 0.02 mm/s, various 14.92 N/A

unload - reload loops @ z = 6 mm and z = 10 mm, unloading @ 0.01 mm/sBB37 1raddispl radial displacement test du2 / dz = 1.0 0 - 10 0 - 10 14.89 500 N/A

2swipe simultaneous H3M2 swipe (@ 0.004 mm/s and 0.006 degs/s) (in plane) 504.67 19.411 -2 -3 14.89 500 yBB38 1raddispl radial displacement test dtheta2 / dz = 0.2 0 - 10 0 - 2 14.94 500 N/A

2swipe simultaneous H3M2 swipe (@ 0.004 mm/s and 0.01 degs/s) (in plane) 513.72 18… 2 -5 14.94 500 yBB39 1raddispl radial displacement test du2 / dz = 0.5 and domega / dz = 0.4 0 - 10 0 - 5 0 - 4 14.94 500 N/A

2swipe simultaneous H3M2 swipe (@ 0.004 mm/s and 0.01 degs/s) (in plane) 496.39 ~ 19 -2 -5 14.94 500 y

Actuator 1

Actuator 2

Actuator 3

Actuator 4

Actuator 5

Actuator 6

Footing Load cell

Figure 1: Photo of six degree-of-freedom loading rig, actuator arrangement

LVDT 3

LVDT 1 LVDT 2 LVDT 4

LVDT 5

LVDT 6

Figure 2: Close-up of loading platform, LVDT arrangement

Figure 3: 6 dof testing rig coordinate system and sign convention

Figure 4: ISIS sign convention (after Butterfield et al., 1997)

Actuator 1

Actuator 2

Actuator 3 Actuator 6

Actuator 5

Actuator 4

H2, y M1, β

M2, α

Oxford University: six degree-of-freedom tests on loose sandRecord of test: BB01_ResultsFile

1100.0

-100.0

M2(Nm)

0.0 5000.0t (s)

M3(Nm)

Oxford University: 6dof tests on loose sandRecord of test: BB01_ResultsFile

u2(mm)

u3(mm)

ω(rad)

θ2(rad)

0.0 5000.0t (s)

θ3(rad)

1100.0

-100.0

M2(Nm)

0.0 5000.0t (s)

M3(Nm)

u2(mm)

u3(mm)

ω(rad)

θ2(rad)

0.0 5000.0t (s)

θ3(rad)

1100.0

-100.0

M2(Nm)

0.0 5000.0t (s)

M3(Nm)

u2(mm)

u3(mm)

ω(rad)

θ2(rad)

0.0 5000.0t (s)

θ3(rad)

1100.0

-100.0

M2(Nm)

0.0 5000.0t (s)

M3(Nm)

u2(mm)

u3(mm)

ω(rad)

θ2(rad)

0.0 5000.0t (s)

θ3(rad)

1100.0

-100.0

M2(Nm)

0.0 5000.0t (s)

M3(Nm)

u2(mm)

u3(mm)

ω(rad)

θ2(rad)

0.0 5000.0t (s)

θ3(rad)

1100.0

-100.0

M2(Nm)

0.0 5000.0t (s)

M3(Nm)

u2(mm)

u3(mm)

ω(rad)

θ2(rad)

0.0 5000.0t (s)

θ3(rad)

1100.0

-100.0

M2(Nm)

0.0 5000.0t (s)

M3(Nm)

u2(mm)

u3(mm)

ω(rad)

θ2(rad)

0.0 5000.0t (s)

θ3(rad)

1100.0

-100.0

M2(Nm)

0.0 5000.0t (s)

M3(Nm)

u2(mm)

u3(mm)

ω(rad)

θ2(rad)

0.0 5000.0t (s)

θ3(rad)

1100.0

-100.0

M2(Nm)

0.0 5000.0t (s)

M3(Nm)

u2(mm)

u3(mm)

ω(rad)

θ2(rad)

0.0 5000.0t (s)

θ3(rad)

1100.0

-100.0

M2(Nm)

0.0 5000.0t (s)

M3(Nm)

u2(mm)

u3(mm)

ω(rad)

θ2(rad)

0.0 5000.0t (s)

θ3(rad)

1100.0

-100.0

M2(Nm)

0.0 5000.0t (s)

M3(Nm)

u2(mm)

u3(mm)

ω(rad)

θ2(rad)

0.0 5000.0t (s)

θ3(rad)

1100.0

-100.0

M2(Nm)

0.0 5000.0t (s)

M3(Nm)

u2(mm)

u3(mm)

ω(rad)

θ2(rad)

0.0 5000.0t (s)

θ3(rad)

1100.0

-100.0

M2(Nm)

0.0 5000.0t (s)

M3(Nm)

u2(mm)

u3(mm)

ω(rad)

θ2(rad)

0.0 5000.0t (s)

θ3(rad)

1100.0

-100.0

M2(Nm)

0.0 5000.0t (s)

M3(Nm)

1100.0

-100.0

M2(Nm)

5000.0 10000.0t (s)

M3(Nm)

u2(mm)

u3(mm)

ω(rad)

θ2(rad)

0.0 5000.0t (s)

θ3(rad)

u2(mm)

u3(mm)

ω(rad)

θ2(rad)

5000.0 10000.0t (s)

θ3(rad)

1100.0

-100.0

M2(Nm)

0.0 5000.0t (s)

M3(Nm)

1100.0

-100.0

M2(Nm)

5000.0 10000.0t (s)

M3(Nm)

u2(mm)

u3(mm)

ω(rad)

θ2(rad)

0.0 5000.0t (s)

θ3(rad)

u2(mm)

u3(mm)

ω(rad)

θ2(rad)

5000.0 10000.0t (s)

θ3(rad)

1100.0

-100.0

M2(Nm)

0.0 5000.0t (s)

M3(Nm)

1100.0

-100.0

M2(Nm)

5000.0 10000.0t (s)

M3(Nm)

1100.0

-100.0

M2(Nm)

10000.0 15000.0t (s)

M3(Nm)

u2(mm)

u3(mm)

ω(rad)

θ2(rad)

0.0 5000.0t (s)

θ3(rad)

u2(mm)

u3(mm)

ω(rad)

θ2(rad)

5000.0 10000.0t (s)

θ3(rad)

u2(mm)

u3(mm)

ω(rad)

θ2(rad)

10000.0 15000.0t (s)

θ3(rad)

1100.0

-100.0

M2(Nm)

0.0 5000.0t (s)

M3(Nm)

1100.0

-100.0

M2(Nm)

5000.0 10000.0t (s)

M3(Nm)

1100.0

-100.0

M2(Nm)

10000.0 15000.0t (s)

M3(Nm)

u2(mm)

u3(mm)

ω(rad)

θ2(rad)

0.0 5000.0t (s)

θ3(rad)

u2(mm)

u3(mm)

ω(rad)

θ2(rad)

5000.0 10000.0t (s)

θ3(rad)

u2(mm)

u3(mm)

ω(rad)

θ2(rad)

10000.0 15000.0t (s)

θ3(rad)

1100.0

-100.0

M2(Nm)

0.0 5000.0t (s)

M3(Nm)

1100.0

-100.0

M2(Nm)

5000.0 10000.0t (s)

M3(Nm)

u2(mm)

u3(mm)

ω(rad)

θ2(rad)

0.0 5000.0t (s)

θ3(rad)

u2(mm)

u3(mm)

ω(rad)

θ2(rad)

5000.0 10000.0t (s)

θ3(rad)

Oxford University: six degree-of-freedom tests on loose sandRecord of test: BB19_ResultsFile_I

1100.0

-100.0

M2(Nm)

0.0 5000.0t (s)

M3(Nm)

Oxford University: 6dof tests on loose sandRecord of test: BB19_ResultsFile_I

u2(mm)

u3(mm)

ω(rad)

θ2(rad)

0.0 5000.0t (s)

θ3(rad)

Oxford University: six degree-of-freedom tests on loose sandRecord of test: BB19_ResultsFile_II

1100.0

-100.0

M2(Nm)

0.0 5000.0t (s)

M3(Nm)

1100.0

-100.0

M2(Nm)

5000.0 10000.0t (s)

M3(Nm)

Oxford University: 6dof tests on loose sandRecord of test: BB19_ResultsFile_II

u2(mm)

u3(mm)

ω(rad)

θ2(rad)

0.0 5000.0t (s)

θ3(rad)

u2(mm)

u3(mm)

ω(rad)

θ2(rad)

5000.0 10000.0t (s)

θ3(rad)

1100.0

-100.0

M2(Nm)

0.0 5000.0t (s)

M3(Nm)

1100.0

-100.0

M2(Nm)

5000.0 10000.0t (s)

M3(Nm)

u2(mm)

u3(mm)

ω(rad)

θ2(rad)

0.0 5000.0t (s)

θ3(rad)

u2(mm)

u3(mm)

ω(rad)

θ2(rad)

5000.0 10000.0t (s)

θ3(rad)

1100.0

-100.0

M2(Nm)

0.0 5000.0t (s)

M3(Nm)

1100.0

-100.0

M2(Nm)

5000.0 10000.0t (s)

M3(Nm)

u2(mm)

u3(mm)

ω(rad)

θ2(rad)

0.0 5000.0t (s)

θ3(rad)

u2(mm)

u3(mm)

ω(rad)

θ2(rad)

5000.0 10000.0t (s)

θ3(rad)

1100.0

-100.0

M2(Nm)

0.0 5000.0t (s)

M3(Nm)

1100.0

-100.0

M2(Nm)

5000.0 10000.0t (s)

M3(Nm)

u2(mm)

u3(mm)

ω(rad)

θ2(rad)

0.0 5000.0t (s)

θ3(rad)

u2(mm)

u3(mm)

ω(rad)

θ2(rad)

5000.0 10000.0t (s)

θ3(rad)

1100.0

-100.0

M2(Nm)

0.0 5000.0t (s)

M3(Nm)

u2(mm)

u3(mm)

ω(rad)

θ2(rad)

0.0 5000.0t (s)

θ3(rad)

1100.0

-100.0

M2(Nm)

0.0 5000.0t (s)

M3(Nm)

1100.0

-100.0

M2(Nm)

5000.0 10000.0t (s)

M3(Nm)

u2(mm)

u3(mm)

ω(rad)

θ2(rad)

0.0 5000.0t (s)

θ3(rad)

u2(mm)

u3(mm)

ω(rad)

θ2(rad)

5000.0 10000.0t (s)

θ3(rad)

1100.0

-100.0

M2(Nm)

0.0 5000.0t (s)

M3(Nm)

1100.0

-100.0

M2(Nm)

5000.0 10000.0t (s)

M3(Nm)

u2(mm)

u3(mm)

ω(rad)

θ2(rad)

0.0 5000.0t (s)

θ3(rad)

u2(mm)

u3(mm)

ω(rad)

θ2(rad)

5000.0 10000.0t (s)

θ3(rad)

1100.0

-100.0

M2(Nm)

0.0 5000.0t (s)

M3(Nm)

u2(mm)

u3(mm)

ω(rad)

θ2(rad)

0.0 5000.0t (s)

θ3(rad)

1100.0

-100.0

M2(Nm)

0.0 5000.0t (s)

M3(Nm)

u2(mm)

u3(mm)

ω(rad)

θ2(rad)

0.0 5000.0t (s)

θ3(rad)

1100.0

-100.0

M2(Nm)

0.0 5000.0t (s)

M3(Nm)

u2(mm)

u3(mm)

ω(rad)

θ2(rad)

0.0 5000.0t (s)

θ3(rad)

1100.0

-100.0

M2(Nm)

0.0 5000.0t (s)

M3(Nm)

u2(mm)

u3(mm)

ω(rad)

θ2(rad)

0.0 5000.0t (s)

θ3(rad)

1100.0

-100.0

M2(Nm)

0.0 5000.0t (s)

M3(Nm)

u2(mm)

u3(mm)

ω(rad)

θ2(rad)

0.0 5000.0t (s)

θ3(rad)

1100.0

-100.0

M2(Nm)

0.0 5000.0t (s)

M3(Nm)

1100.0

-100.0

M2(Nm)

5000.0 10000.0t (s)

M3(Nm)

u2(mm)

u3(mm)

ω(rad)

θ2(rad)

0.0 5000.0t (s)

θ3(rad)

u2(mm)

u3(mm)

ω(rad)

θ2(rad)

5000.0 10000.0t (s)

θ3(rad)

1100.0

-100.0

M2(Nm)

0.0 5000.0t (s)

M3(Nm)

u2(mm)

u3(mm)

ω(rad)

θ2(rad)

0.0 5000.0t (s)

θ3(rad)

1100.0

-100.0

M2(Nm)

0.0 5000.0t (s)

M3(Nm)

1100.0

-100.0

M2(Nm)

5000.0 10000.0t (s)

M3(Nm)

u2(mm)

u3(mm)

ω(rad)

θ2(rad)

0.0 5000.0t (s)

θ3(rad)

u2(mm)

u3(mm)

ω(rad)

θ2(rad)

5000.0 10000.0t (s)

θ3(rad)

1100.0

-100.0

M2(Nm)

0.0 5000.0t (s)

M3(Nm)

u2(mm)

u3(mm)

ω(rad)

θ2(rad)

0.0 5000.0t (s)

θ3(rad)

1100.0

-100.0

M2(Nm)

0.0 5000.0t (s)

M3(Nm)

u2(mm)

u3(mm)

ω(rad)

θ2(rad)

0.0 5000.0t (s)

θ3(rad)

1100.0

-100.0

M2(Nm)

0.0 5000.0t (s)

M3(Nm)

u2(mm)

u3(mm)

ω(rad)

θ2(rad)

0.0 5000.0t (s)

θ3(rad)

1100.0

-100.0

M2(Nm)

0.0 5000.0t (s)

M3(Nm)

u2(mm)

u3(mm)

ω(rad)

θ2(rad)

0.0 5000.0t (s)

θ3(rad)

1100.0

-100.0

M2(Nm)

0.0 5000.0t (s)

M3(Nm)

u2(mm)

u3(mm)

ω(rad)

θ2(rad)

0.0 5000.0t (s)

θ3(rad)

1100.0

-100.0

M2(Nm)

0.0 5000.0t (s)

M3(Nm)

u2(mm)

u3(mm)

ω(rad)

θ2(rad)

0.0 5000.0t (s)

θ3(rad)

1100.0

-100.0

M2(Nm)

0.0 5000.0t (s)

M3(Nm)

u2(mm)

u3(mm)

ω(rad)

θ2(rad)

0.0 5000.0t (s)

θ3(rad)

1100.0

-100.0

M2(Nm)

0.0 5000.0t (s)

M3(Nm)

u2(mm)

u3(mm)

ω(rad)

θ2(rad)

0.0 5000.0t (s)

θ3(rad)

1100.0

-100.0

M2(Nm)

0.0 5000.0t (s)

M3(Nm)

u2(mm)

u3(mm)

ω(rad)

θ2(rad)

0.0 5000.0t (s)

θ3(rad)

Oxford University: six degree-of-freedom tests on loose sandRecord of test: BB03_swipe

-100.0

H2, H3(N)

-100.0

H2, H3(N)

M2, M3(Nm)

0.0 1100.0V (N)

-100.0

H2, H3(N)

-100.0

H2, H3(N)

M2, M3(Nm)

0.0 1100.0V (N)

-100.0

H2, H3(N)

-100.0

H2, H3(N)

M2, M3(Nm)

0.0 1100.0V (N)

-100.0

H2, H3(N)

-100.0

H2, H3(N)

M2, M3(Nm)

0.0 1100.0V (N)

-100.0

H2, H3(N)

-100.0

H2, H3(N)

M2, M3(Nm)

0.0 1100.0V (N)

Oxford University: six degree-of-freedom tests on loose sandRecord of test: BB08_swipe1

-100.0

H2, H3(N)

-100.0

H2, H3(N)

M2, M3(Nm)

0.0 1100.0V (N)

-100.0

H2, H3(N)

-100.0

H2, H3(N)

M2, M3(Nm)

0.0 1100.0V (N)

-100.0

H2, H3(N)

-100.0

H2, H3(N)

M2, M3(Nm)

0.0 1100.0V (N)

-100.0

H2, H3(N)

-100.0

H2, H3(N)

M2, M3(Nm)

0.0 1100.0V (N)

-100.0

H2, H3(N)

-100.0

H2, H3(N)

M2, M3(Nm)

0.0 1100.0V (N)

-100.0

H2, H3(N)

-100.0

H2, H3(N)

M2, M3(Nm)

0.0 1100.0V (N)

-100.0

H2, H3(N)

-100.0

H2, H3(N)

M2, M3(Nm)

0.0 1100.0V (N)

-100.0

H2, H3(N)

-100.0

H2, H3(N)

M2, M3(Nm)

0.0 1100.0V (N)

-100.0

H2, H3(N)

-100.0

H2, H3(N)

M2, M3(Nm)

0.0 1100.0V (N)

-100.0

H2, H3(N)

-100.0

H2, H3(N)

M2, M3(Nm)

0.0 1100.0V (N)

-100.0

H2, H3(N)

-100.0

H2, H3(N)

M2, M3(Nm)

0.0 1100.0V (N)

-100.0

H2, H3(N)

-100.0

H2, H3(N)

M2, M3(Nm)

0.0 1100.0V (N)

-100.0

H2, H3(N)

-100.0

H2, H3(N)

M2, M3(Nm)

0.0 1100.0V (N)

-100.0

H2, H3(N)

-100.0

H2, H3(N)

M2, M3(Nm)

0.0 1100.0V (N)

-100.0

H2, H3(N)

-100.0

H2, H3(N)

M2, M3(Nm)

0.0 1100.0V (N)

-100.0

H2, H3(N)

-100.0

H2, H3(N)

M2, M3(Nm)

0.0 1100.0V (N)

-100.0

H2, H3(N)

-100.0

H2, H3(N)

M2, M3(Nm)

0.0 1100.0V (N)

-100.0

H2, H3(N)

-100.0

H2, H3(N)

M2, M3(Nm)

0.0 1100.0V (N)

-100.0

H2, H3(N)

-100.0

H2, H3(N)

M2, M3(Nm)

0.0 1100.0V (N)

-100.0

H2, H3(N)

-100.0

H2, H3(N)

M2, M3(Nm)

0.0 1100.0V (N)

-100.0

H2, H3(N)

-100.0

H2, H3(N)

M2, M3(Nm)

0.0 1100.0V (N)

-100.0

H2, H3(N)

-100.0

H2, H3(N)

M2, M3(Nm)

0.0 1100.0V (N)

-100.0

H2, H3(N)

-100.0

H2, H3(N)

M2, M3(Nm)

0.0 1100.0V (N)

-100.0

H2, H3(N)

-100.0

H2, H3(N)

M2, M3(Nm)

0.0 1100.0V (N)

-100.0

H2, H3(N)

-100.0

H2, H3(N)

M2, M3(Nm)

0.0 1100.0V (N)

-100.0

H2, H3(N)

-100.0

H2, H3(N)

M2, M3(Nm)

0.0 1100.0V (N)

-100.0

H2, H3(N)

-100.0

H2, H3(N)

M2, M3(Nm)

0.0 1100.0V (N)

-100.0

H2, H3(N)

-100.0

H2, H3(N)

M2, M3(Nm)

0.0 1100.0V (N)

-100.0

H2, H3(N)

-100.0

H2, H3(N)

M2, M3(Nm)

0.0 1100.0V (N)

-100.0

H2, H3(N)

-100.0

H2, H3(N)

M2, M3(Nm)

0.0 1100.0V (N)

-100.0

H2, H3(N)

-100.0

H2, H3(N)

M2, M3(Nm)

0.0 1100.0V (N)

-100.0

H2, H3(N)

-100.0

H2, H3(N)

M2, M3(Nm)

0.0 1100.0V (N)

-100.0

H2, H3(N)

-100.0

H2, H3(N)

M2, M3(Nm)

0.0 1100.0V (N)

-100.0

H2, H3(N)

-100.0

H2, H3(N)

M2, M3(Nm)

0.0 1100.0V (N)

-100.0

H2, H3(N)

-100.0

H2, H3(N)

M2, M3(Nm)

0.0 1100.0V (N)

-100.0

H2, H3(N)

-100.0

H2, H3(N)

M2, M3(Nm)

0.0 1100.0V (N)

-100.0

H2, H3(N)

-100.0

H2, H3(N)

M2, M3(Nm)

0.0 1100.0V (N)

-100.0

H2, H3(N)

-100.0

H2, H3(N)

M2, M3(Nm)

0.0 1100.0V (N)

-100.0

H2, H3(N)

-100.0

H2, H3(N)

M2, M3(Nm)

0.0 1100.0V (N)

-100.0

H2, H3(N)

-100.0

H2, H3(N)

M2, M3(Nm)

0.0 1100.0V (N)

-100.0

H2, H3(N)

-100.0

H2, H3(N)

M2, M3(Nm)

0.0 1100.0V (N)

-100.0

H2, H3(N)

-100.0

H2, H3(N)

M2, M3(Nm)

0.0 1100.0V (N)

-100.0

H2, H3(N)

-100.0

H2, H3(N)

M2, M3(Nm)

0.0 1100.0V (N)

Oxford University: six degree-of-freedom tests on loose sandRecord of test: BB20_4raddispl

-100.0

H2, H3(N)

-100.0

H2, H3(N)

M2, M3(Nm)

0.0 1100.0V (N)

-100.0

H2, H3(N)

-100.0

H2, H3(N)

M2, M3(Nm)

0.0 1100.0V (N)

-100.0

H2, H3(N)

-100.0

H2, H3(N)

M2, M3(Nm)

0.0 1100.0V (N)

-100.0

H2, H3(N)

-100.0

H2, H3(N)

M2, M3(Nm)

0.0 1100.0V (N)

-100.0

H2, H3(N)

-100.0

H2, H3(N)

M2, M3(Nm)

0.0 1100.0V (N)

-100.0

H2, H3(N)

-100.0

H2, H3(N)

M2, M3(Nm)

0.0 1100.0V (N)

-100.0

H2, H3(N)

-100.0

H2, H3(N)

M2, M3(Nm)

0.0 1100.0V (N)

-100.0

H2, H3(N)

-100.0

H2, H3(N)

M2, M3(Nm)

0.0 1100.0V (N)

-100.0

H2, H3(N)

-100.0

H2, H3(N)

M2, M3(Nm)

0.0 1100.0V (N)

-100.0

H2, H3(N)

-100.0

H2, H3(N)

M2, M3(Nm)

0.0 1100.0V (N)

-100.0

H2, H3(N)

-100.0

H2, H3(N)

M2, M3(Nm)

0.0 1100.0V (N)

-100.0

H2, H3(N)

-100.0

H2, H3(N)

M2, M3(Nm)

0.0 1100.0V (N)

-100.0

H2, H3(N)

-100.0

H2, H3(N)

M2, M3(Nm)

0.0 1100.0V (N)

-100.0

H2, H3(N)

-100.0

H2, H3(N)

M2, M3(Nm)

0.0 1100.0V (N)

-100.0

H2, H3(N)

-100.0

H2, H3(N)

M2, M3(Nm)

0.0 1100.0V (N)

-100.0

H2, H3(N)

-100.0

H2, H3(N)

M2, M3(Nm)

0.0 1100.0V (N)

-100.0

H2, H3(N)

-100.0

H2, H3(N)

M2, M3(Nm)

0.0 1100.0V (N)

-100.0

H2, H3(N)

-100.0

H2, H3(N)

M2, M3(Nm)

0.0 1100.0V (N)

-100.0

H2, H3(N)

-100.0

H2, H3(N)

M2, M3(Nm)

0.0 1100.0V (N)

-100.0

H2, H3(N)

-100.0

H2, H3(N)

M2, M3(Nm)

0.0 1100.0V (N)

-100.0

H2, H3(N)

-100.0

H2, H3(N)

M2, M3(Nm)

0.0 1100.0V (N)

-100.0

H2, H3(N)

-100.0

H2, H3(N)

M2, M3(Nm)

0.0 1100.0V (N)

-100.0

H2, H3(N)

-100.0

H2, H3(N)

M2, M3(Nm)

0.0 1100.0V (N)

-100.0

H2, H3(N)

-100.0

H2, H3(N)

M2, M3(Nm)

0.0 1100.0V (N)

-100.0

H2, H3(N)

-100.0

H2, H3(N)

M2, M3(Nm)

0.0 1100.0V (N)

-100.0

H2, H3(N)

-100.0

H2, H3(N)

M2, M3(Nm)

0.0 1100.0V (N)

-100.0

H2, H3(N)

-100.0

H2, H3(N)

M2, M3(Nm)

0.0 1100.0V (N)

-100.0

H2, H3(N)

-100.0

H2, H3(N)

M2, M3(Nm)

0.0 1100.0V (N)

-100.0

H2, H3(N)

-100.0

H2, H3(N)

M2, M3(Nm)

0.0 1100.0V (N)

-100.0

H2, H3(N)

-100.0

H2, H3(N)

M2, M3(Nm)

0.0 1100.0V (N)

-100.0

H2, H3(N)

-100.0

H2, H3(N)

M2, M3(Nm)

0.0 1100.0V (N)

-100.0

H2, H3(N)

-100.0

H2, H3(N)

M2, M3(Nm)

0.0 1100.0V (N)

-100.0

H2, H3(N)

-100.0

H2, H3(N)

M2, M3(Nm)

0.0 1100.0V (N)

-100.0

H2, H3(N)

-100.0

H2, H3(N)

M2, M3(Nm)

0.0 1100.0V (N)

-100.0

H2, H3(N)

-100.0

H2, H3(N)

M2, M3(Nm)

0.0 1100.0V (N)

-100.0

H2, H3(N)

-100.0

H2, H3(N)

M2, M3(Nm)

0.0 1100.0V (N)

-100.0

H2, H3(N)

-100.0

H2, H3(N)

M2, M3(Nm)

0.0 1100.0V (N)

-100.0

H2, H3(N)

-100.0

H2, H3(N)

M2, M3(Nm)

0.0 1100.0V (N)

-100.0

H2, H3(N)

-100.0

H2, H3(N)

M2, M3(Nm)

0.0 1100.0V (N)

-100.0

H2, H3(N)

-100.0

H2, H3(N)

M2, M3(Nm)

0.0 1100.0V (N)

-100.0

H2, H3(N)

-100.0

H2, H3(N)

M2, M3(Nm)

0.0 1100.0V (N)

Oxford University: six degree-of-freedom tests on loose sandRecord of test: BB33_2swipe

-100.0

H2, H3(N)

-100.0

H2, H3(N)

M2, M3(Nm)

0.0 1100.0V (N)

-100.0

H2, H3(N)

-100.0

H2, H3(N)

M2, M3(Nm)

0.0 1100.0V (N)

-100.0

H2, H3(N)

-100.0

H2, H3(N)

M2, M3(Nm)

0.0 1100.0V (N)

Oxford University: six degree-of-freedom tests on loose sandRecord of test: BB34_2elasticity

-100.0

H2, H3(N)

-100.0

H2, H3(N)

M2, M3(Nm)

0.0 1100.0V (N)

-100.0

H2, H3(N)

-100.0

H2, H3(N)

M2, M3(Nm)

0.0 1100.0V (N)

-100.0

H2, H3(N)

-100.0

H2, H3(N)

M2, M3(Nm)

0.0 1100.0V (N)

-100.0

H2, H3(N)

-100.0

H2, H3(N)

M2, M3(Nm)

0.0 1100.0V (N)

-100.0

H2, H3(N)

-100.0

H2, H3(N)

M2, M3(Nm)

0.0 1100.0V (N)

-100.0

H2, H3(N)

-100.0

H2, H3(N)

M2, M3(Nm)

0.0 1100.0V (N)

-100.0

H2, H3(N)

-100.0

H2, H3(N)

M2, M3(Nm)

0.0 1100.0V (N)

-100.0

H2, H3(N)

-100.0

H2, H3(N)

M2, M3(Nm)

0.0 1100.0V (N)

-100.0

H2, H3(N)

-100.0

H2, H3(N)

M2, M3(Nm)

0.0 1100.0V (N)

-100.0

H2, H3(N)

-100.0

H2, H3(N)

M2, M3(Nm)

0.0 1100.0V (N)

-100.0

H2, H3(N)

-100.0

H2, H3(N)

M2, M3(Nm)

0.0 1100.0V (N)

-100.0

H2, H3(N)

-100.0

H2, H3(N)

M2, M3(Nm)

0.0 1100.0V (N)

-100.0

H2, H3(N)

-100.0

H2, H3(N)

M2, M3(Nm)

0.0 1100.0V (N)

-100.0

H2, H3(N)

-100.0

H2, H3(N)

M2, M3(Nm)

0.0 1100.0V (N)

-100.0

H2, H3(N)

-100.0

H2, H3(N)

M2, M3(Nm)

0.0 1100.0V (N)

-100.0

H2, H3(N)

-100.0

H2, H3(N)

M2, M3(Nm)

0.0 1100.0V (N)

-100.0

H2, H3(N)

-100.0

H2, H3(N)

M2, M3(Nm)

0.0 1100.0V (N)

six degree-of-freedom loading of a circular flat footing ... · six degree-of-freedom loading of a...

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