should the states have the right to ignore the laws of the national government? the road to...

Should the states have the right to ignore the laws of the national government?

The Road to SecessionIn Antebellum America

Important Vocabulary

• Secession: The act of withdrawing• Nullification: a legal theory that a state has

the right to nullify, or invalidate a federal law which the state has deemed unconstitutional.

The Compromise of 1820:A Firebell in the Night!

The Nullification Crisis of 1832:

The Nullification Crisis of 1832:

• 1816--> Tariff

• 1824 – 23%-37%

• 1828 --> “Tariff ofAbomination”

• 1832 --> new compromise tariff

What do you notice about the

votes?

House Vote on Tariff of 1828[6] For Against

New England 16 23

Middle States (New York, New Jersey, Pennsylvania, Delaware)

56 6

West (Ohio, Indiana, Illinois, Missouri, Kentucky)

29 1

South 4 64

Total 105 94

Free States 88 29

Slave States 17 65

Compromise of 1850

Compromise of 1850

12

3

4

Compromise of 1850

Compromise of 1850

1. California free state2. Utah/New Mexico-

popular sovereignty

3. Texas 10 million4. Slave trade ended in DC5. Fugitive Slave law of

1850

5 - Fugitive Slave Lawhttp://www.thirteen.org/programs/american-experience/fugitive-slave-act/

• Constitution• 1793 law• “The only

measure of the Compromise calculated to secure the rights of the South.”

• Provisions:1. Denied fugitive

right to trial by jury.

2. Commissioners paid $5 if released, $10 if sent away

3. Federal officials responsible for enforcing the laws

Resisting the Law• 9 States passed personal liberty laws– Forbade the imprisonment of runaway slaves and

guaranteed they would have jury trials. • Underground Railroad– Harriet Tubman, 19 trips, 300 slaves

• Uncle Tom’s Cabin– Slavery is not a political contest, a moral struggle

Consequences of the Compromise

1.Political Alignment along party lines grew

2.Americans were now discussing higher law: secession and disunion

Kansas-Nebraska Act

• “No congressmen had so badly miscalculated the consequences of his actions as had Douglas.”

• “The Most ill-conceived and wretched piece of congressional handiwork in the nation’s history” James L. Huston

Why was the Kansas-Nebraska Act so controversial?

Kansas-Nebraska ActRead 312-317– Explain the concept of popular sovereignty

and describe Northern and Southern reactions to it as a way of making decisions about slavery in the territories.

– Think about: • Douglas’s view on continued expansion.• Douglas and the Missouri Compromise• The congressional balance of power.

Use evidence from the text to support your answers.

Kansas-Nebraska Act

What led to the Kansas-Nebraska Act? • Senator Stephen Douglas- 1854– Democrats supported expansion– Popular Sovereignty – most democratic

way to decide– Nebraska Territory north of 36, 30

• Repeal of Missouri Compromise

• 90% of Southern Congressman voted for the bill, 64% of Northerners voted against.

• Bill became law in May 1854

• Abolitionist & proslavery forces race to populate Kansas & write state constitution

• New York Senator William Seward– “Come on, then gentlemen of the Slave

States…We will engage in competition for the virgin soil of Kansans and God give the victory to the side that is stronger in numbers as it is in right.”

Bleeding Kansas

– Both sides stage terrorist attacks• “The sack of Lawrence”

– Anti-slavery town determined to be traitors, ransacked by pro-slavery men

• John Brown responsible for Pottawatomie Massacre • 157 violent deaths, but only 38 definitely

related to slavery conflict

John Brown

“Bleeding Kansas”

“Bleeding Kansas”

Border “Ruffians”

(pro-slavery Missourians

)

Border “Ruffians”

(pro-slavery Missourians

)

Application for Statehood

• Topeka Constitution – Without Slavery• Lecompton Constitution – With Slavery• Kansas eventually entered as a free state in

1861

“The Crime Against Kansas”

“The Crime Against Kansas”

Sen. Charles Sumner(R-MA)

Sen. Charles Sumner(R-MA)

Congr. Preston Brooks(D-SC)

Congr. Preston Brooks(D-SC)

The Caning of Sumner

• Kansas-Nebraska is the leading issue in national politics

• “The admission of Kansas into the Union as a slave state is now a point of honor. The fate of the South is to be decided with the Kansas issue.” -Congressman Brooks (SC)

• “The Crime against Kansas…Murderous robbers from Missouri…Rape of Virgin territory.” Congressman Sumner (MA)

The Caning of Sumner• Sumner’s speech made fun of aged

Senator Andrew Butler• Brooks decides to avenge his cousin • Beats Sumner with a cane• Pride in the South• Rage in the North

1852 Presidential Election1852 Presidential Election

√ Franklin Pierce Gen. Winfield Scott John Parker Hale Democrat Whig Free Soil

√ Franklin Pierce Gen. Winfield Scott John Parker Hale Democrat Whig Free Soil

Birth of the Republican PartyMid-term Election of 1854

• Horace Greeley printed in June 1854:

• "We should not care much whether those thus united (against slavery) were designated 'Whig,' 'Free Democrat' or something else; though we think some simple name like 'Republican' would more fitly designate those who had united to restore the Union to its true mission of champion and promulgator of Liberty rather than propagandist of slavery.“

ß Northern Whigs.

ß Northern Democrats.

ß Free-Soilers.

ß Know-Nothings.

ß Other miscellaneous opponents of the Kansas-Nebraska Act.

Date Hamiltonians Jeffersonians

1791 Federalists Democratic-Republicans

1820 Republicans“Era of Good Feelings”

1824-1825 National Republicans Democratic-Republicans

1834

Whigs

Northern WhigsAntislavery Democrats

Jacksonian Democracy

Southern Democrats

1854 Republicans Democrats

Present Republicans Democrats

Party Total seats (change) Seat percentage

Democratic Party

84 -73 33.3%American Party 62 +62 24.6%

Whig Party 60 -11 23.8%Republican Party

46 +46 18.3%Totals 252 +18 100%

The Election of 1856

• Democrats nominate Ambassador James Buchanan

• Republican Party – nominate Fremont

James Buchanan John C. Fremont

Dred Scott v. Sandford (1857)

• Dred Scott was slave of Army doctor – had lived in free state & territory

• Chief Justice Roger Taney:– African Americans cannot be

citizens, state laws to the contrary– Missouri Compromise was

unconstitutional– Any attempt to limit slavery in

territories (even by territorial legislature) unconstitutional

Dred Scott

The Lincoln-Douglas Debates• Buchanan backed fraudulent pro-

slavery Lecompton Constitution (1858)

• Douglas opposed – declared “Freeport Doctrine” in debates with Lincoln– Dred Scott ruling must be respected– Territories could still bar slavery by

failing to pass necessary laws– Lincoln pointed out inherent

contradiction

John Brown’s Raid on Harper’s Ferry

• Brown was Connecticut native with apocalyptic vision

• Led raid on federal arsenal in Harper’s Ferry, VA to start slave rebellion

• Convicted of treason against Commonwealth of Virginia & executed

• Became martyr to abolitionists

The arraignment of John Brown

Brown’s Last Moments, by Thomas Hovdenden (1884)

John Brown: Madman, Hero or Martyr?

John Brown: Madman, Hero or Martyr?

John Brown: Madman, Hero or Martyr?

John Brown: Madman, Hero or Martyr?

1860Presidenti

alElection

1860Presidenti

alElection

√ Abraham Lincoln

Republican

√ Abraham Lincoln

Republican

John BellConstitutional

Union

John BellConstitutional

Union

Stephen A. DouglasNorthern Democrat

Stephen A. DouglasNorthern Democrat

John C. Breckinridge

Southern Democrat

John C. Breckinridge

Southern Democrat

1860 Election: A Nation Coming Apart?!1860 Election: A Nation Coming Apart?!

Cartoon from the 1860 presidential election showing three of the candidates—(left to right) Republican Abraham Lincoln, Democrat Stephen A. Douglas, and Southern Democrat John C. Breckinridge—tearing the country apart, while the Constitutional Union candidate, John Bell, applies glue from a tiny, useless pot

Republican Party Platform in 1860Republican Party Platform in 1860

ß Non-extension of slavery [for the Free-Soilers].

ß Protective tariff [for the No. Industrialists].

ß No abridgment of rights for immigrants [a disappointment for the “Know-Nothings”].

ß Government aid to build a Pacific RR [for the Northwest].

ß Internal improvements [for the West] at federal expense.

ß Free homesteads for the public domain [for farmers].

ß Non-extension of slavery [for the Free-Soilers].

ß Protective tariff [for the No. Industrialists].

ß No abridgment of rights for immigrants [a disappointment for the “Know-Nothings”].

ß Government aid to build a Pacific RR [for the Northwest].

ß Internal improvements [for the West] at federal expense.

ß Free homesteads for the public domain [for farmers].

1860

Election

Results

1860

Election

Results

Crittenden Compromise:A Last Ditch Appeal to Sanity

Crittenden Compromise:A Last Ditch Appeal to Sanity

Senator John J. Crittenden(Know-Nothing-KY)

Senator John J. Crittenden(Know-Nothing-KY)

Secession!: SC Dec. 20, 1860Secession!: SC Dec. 20, 1860

Fort Sumter: April 12, 1861Fort Sumter: April 12, 1861