sheep cross breeding and reproductive management as tools to enhance flock productivity

11

والماعزوالحيوانات لألغنام المصرية والماعزوالحيوانات الجمعية لألغنام المصرية الجمعيةالصحراويةالصحراوية

EGYPTIAN ASSOCIATION OF SHEEP, GOATS & DESERT ANIMALSEGYPTIAN ASSOCIATION OF SHEEP, GOATS & DESERT ANIMALS

المجترات لتنمية األول الدولى المجترات المؤتمر لتنمية األول الدولى المؤتمرالصغيرةالصغيرة

11st International Conference onst International Conference onEnhancement of Small Ruminant Enhancement of Small Ruminant

ProductionProduction

(7-9 Feb, 2006)(7-9 Feb, 2006)

22

SHEEP CROSS BREEDING AND REPRODUCTIVE SHEEP CROSS BREEDING AND REPRODUCTIVE

MANAGEMENT AS TOOLS TO ENHANCE FLOCK MANAGEMENT AS TOOLS TO ENHANCE FLOCK

PRODUCTIVITYPRODUCTIVITY

ByBy

Dr TALAAT HARB M REFAATDr TALAAT HARB M REFAAT

Eng ABDULLAH TALAAT REFAATEng ABDULLAH TALAAT REFAAT

(7-9 Feb, 2006)(7-9 Feb, 2006)

33

GETTING STARTEDGETTING STARTED

BUSINESS STRATEGYBUSINESS STRATEGY WHYWHY BUSINESS STRATEGYBUSINESS STRATEGY MISSION STATEMENTMISSION STATEMENT VISSION STATEMENTVISSION STATEMENT

GOALS AND OBJECTIVESGOALS AND OBJECTIVES G0,G1,…………G4G0,G1,…………G4

CROSSBREEDINGCROSSBREEDING INTRODUCTIONINTRODUCTION GENETICS AND SELECTIONGENETICS AND SELECTION

REPRODUCTIVE MANAGEMENTREPRODUCTIVE MANAGEMENT INTRODUCTIONINTRODUCTION THE ESTRUS CYCLETHE ESTRUS CYCLE PARTURITIONPARTURITION

PROGRESS REPORTPROGRESS REPORT BREEDINGBREEDING IMPORTANT TRAITS MEETING OUR GOALSIMPORTANT TRAITS MEETING OUR GOALS RECORDKEEPING SYSTEMRECORDKEEPING SYSTEM OVERCOMMING DIFFICULTIES IN GOALS ACHIEVEMENTOVERCOMMING DIFFICULTIES IN GOALS ACHIEVEMENT

44

Systems Approach Systems Approach

the most appropriate for the most appropriate for gaining knowledge of and gaining knowledge of and designing technology for the improvement of designing technology for the improvement of

agricultural performance and agricultural performance and for the subsequent putting into practice of the for the subsequent putting into practice of the

knowledge and technology.knowledge and technology. unlike the more traditional disciplinary approach unlike the more traditional disciplinary approach

considers the effects that changes in one component considers the effects that changes in one component or subcomponent of a whole farm or environment may or subcomponent of a whole farm or environment may have on other components.” “1”.have on other components.” “1”.

55

A properly applied systems approach should:A properly applied systems approach should:

Begin with no preconceptions about the nature of the Begin with no preconceptions about the nature of the system system

Be geared towards improvement of the system Be geared towards improvement of the system

Examine the interactions and relationships Examine the interactions and relationships

Attempt to identify constraints to better performance Attempt to identify constraints to better performance

Involve the farmers and their families in the process Involve the farmers and their families in the process

Evaluate “solutions” for their effects on productivity, Evaluate “solutions” for their effects on productivity, equity, stability and sustainability.equity, stability and sustainability.

66

GETTING STARTEDGETTING STARTED

20 Barki ewes from American University of 20 Barki ewes from American University of Cairo (AUC) ,8/1998.Cairo (AUC) ,8/1998.two Barki rams from Animal Production two Barki rams from Animal Production Research Institute (APRI), Borg Research Institute (APRI), Borg Al-Arab station .Al-Arab station .80 Osimi ewes from Abu-Kabeer Sharkiya, 80 Osimi ewes from Abu-Kabeer Sharkiya, 7/1999. 7/1999. two Finn / Rahmani rams from APRI, Sakha two Finn / Rahmani rams from APRI, Sakha Station.Station.

77

setting a strategy setting a strategy

To formulate the To formulate the Mission StatementMission Statement To formulate the To formulate the Vision StatementVision Statement To set the To set the Goals & ObjectivesGoals & Objectives To devise an To devise an appropriate organizationappropriate organization To allocate To allocate new resourcesnew resources to the organization to the organization To comply with the To comply with the imposed requirementsimposed requirements To To reposition the project relative to the similar reposition the project relative to the similar competitors competitors To form a basis for making To form a basis for making action decision-now!action decision-now!

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MISSION STATEMENTMISSION STATEMENT

To encourage and enableTo encourage and enable

All farm managers at the threeAll farm managers at the three

Managerial levelsManagerial levels

To improveTo improve

The decision making processThe decision making process

For all types of decisionsFor all types of decisions

Strategic, tactical & technical Strategic, tactical & technical

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VISSION STATEMENTVISSION STATEMENT

Quantitative Approaches, DSS, TQM, HRM,Quantitative Approaches, DSS, TQM, HRM,advanced S/W & H/Wadvanced S/W & H/W

& different Methodologies & different Methodologies BecomeBecome

common toolscommon tools that that all farm managers can useall farm managers can use

to help themto help themto achieve their objectivesto achieve their objectives

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GOALS AND OBJECTIVES (G0)GOALS AND OBJECTIVES (G0)

to establishto establishmission statement, vision statement, goals, mission statement, vision statement, goals,

policies,policies,procedures & adequate organization;procedures & adequate organization;

objectives, scope of work objectives, scope of work AndAnd

job analysis and descriptionjob analysis and descriptionfor the required manpowerfor the required manpower

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GOALS AND OBJECTIVES (G1)GOALS AND OBJECTIVES (G1)

to facilitate collection, keeping,to facilitate collection, keeping,

updating for all information relatedupdating for all information related

to animal production, cross breeding, to animal production, cross breeding, reproductive management, reproductive management,

nutrition, …….etc. on different media, andnutrition, …….etc. on different media, and

to avail these information to all farm to avail these information to all farm candidates candidates

1212

GOALS AND OBJECTIVES (G2)GOALS AND OBJECTIVES (G2)

to establishto establish

systems assurance, product assurance systems assurance, product assurance function, and process assurancefunction, and process assurance

in the meantime in the meantime

to build and to improve :to build and to improve :

i a quality control system to all parts i a quality control system to all parts

ii a training system to all involving ii a training system to all involving candidatescandidates

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GOALS AND OBJECTIVES (G3)GOALS AND OBJECTIVES (G3)

to assist projects, managers to assist projects, managers

to performto perform

the four key stages of the project :the four key stages of the project :

initiation, establishment, implementation, initiation, establishment, implementation,

and project completionand project completion..

1414

GOALS AND OBJECTIVES (G4)GOALS AND OBJECTIVES (G4)

to performto perform

professional system studies,professional system studies,

feasibility studiesfeasibility studies

in the meantimein the meantime

to devise systematic means forto devise systematic means for

attaining objectivesattaining objectives

1515

Steps for Developing a Successful Selection ProgramSteps for Developing a Successful Selection Program Determine the goals for your sheep enterprise.Determine the goals for your sheep enterprise.

Select a breed or breeds that are suited for your goals. Select a breed or breeds that are suited for your goals.

Determine which traits are most important for meeting your goals. Determine which traits are most important for meeting your goals.

Identify and keep records on all your sheep. Identify and keep records on all your sheep.

Evaluate your ewe flock based on the important traits to determine Evaluate your ewe flock based on the important traits to determine where improvement is needed. where improvement is needed.

Choose rams that are superior in the traits that your ewe flock Choose rams that are superior in the traits that your ewe flock needs improvement.needs improvement.

Select replacement ewes that are above your flock average for the Select replacement ewes that are above your flock average for the important traits.important traits.

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IMPORTANT TRAITS MEETING IMPORTANT TRAITS MEETING OUR GOALSOUR GOALS

Meat/carcass quality, Meat/carcass quality,

Reproductive efficiency, and,Reproductive efficiency, and,

Adaptability to our environment( climate, Adaptability to our environment( climate, health, feeding & management system).health, feeding & management system).

1717

BREEDINGBREEDING

Consumer preferences, our selection criteria, Consumer preferences, our selection criteria, and suitability to a production management and suitability to a production management scheme were evaluated. scheme were evaluated.

During initiation phase we concluded to During initiation phase we concluded to follow two directions :follow two directions : Purebreeding :Barki breed Purebreeding :Barki breed Crossbreeding : Finn / RahmaniCrossbreeding : Finn / Rahmani rams torams to

Ossimi ewesOssimi ewes

Crossbred ewes tend to have an advantage Crossbred ewes tend to have an advantage over purebred ewes in reproductive traits. over purebred ewes in reproductive traits.

1818

WHY FINNSHEEPWHY FINNSHEEP

ancient breed, native to Finland ancient breed, native to Finland

one of several North European one of several North European short-tailedshort-tailed Landrace breeds. “9”Landrace breeds. “9”

have a have a longlong lean carcasseslean carcasses. A proportion of . A proportion of Finn genes within a composite ewe breed will Finn genes within a composite ewe breed will generally generally decrease fatnessdecrease fatness in lamb carcass, in lamb carcass,

a a desirable traitdesirable trait. “9”. “9”

earlier maturingearlier maturing breeds tends to have : breeds tends to have :

shorter pregnanciesshorter pregnancies than the late. “8” than the late. “8”

average gestation length 144-151average gestation length 144-151

Individual pregnanciesIndividual pregnancies 138-159 138-159 “8” “8”

1919

WHY FINNSHEEP (cont.) “11”WHY FINNSHEEP (cont.) “11”

High fertilityHigh fertility

Fast lamb growthFast lamb growth

Long, lean carcassesLong, lean carcasses

Good mothering Good mothering abilityability

Facial eczema Facial eczema resistanceresistance

Easy lambingEasy lambing

Early sexual maturityEarly sexual maturity

Highly intelligentHighly intelligent

ProfitabilityProfitability

Fine, lustrous woolFine, lustrous wool

ConstitutionConstitution

2020

RECORDKEEPING SYSTEMRECORDKEEPING SYSTEM Measuring traits and comparing animals requires :Measuring traits and comparing animals requires : identification system,identification system, recordkeeping systemrecordkeeping system

Lamb IDLamb ID, birth date, birth type (single, twin, triplet),sire, , birth date, birth type (single, twin, triplet),sire, and damand dam

production recordsproduction records include: birth weight, weaning weight, include: birth weight, weaning weight, post-weaning weight, average daily gain, post-weaning weight, average daily gain,

medication recordsmedication records, fleece traits, information on difficult , fleece traits, information on difficult births, comments about :births, comments about :

the dam’s disposition or mothering ability,the dam’s disposition or mothering ability,

the lamb’s the lamb’s physical appearancephysical appearance, and more, and more

2121

RECORDKEEPING SYSTEM (cont.)RECORDKEEPING SYSTEM (cont.)

Keeping records is just the Keeping records is just the first stepfirst step important stepimportant step is actually is actually using thoseusing those records to make selectionrecords to make selection and cullingand culling decisions decisions (( غربلةغربلة)) to improve the overall to improve the overall genetic make-up of your flockgenetic make-up of your flock..utilize production records in combination utilize production records in combination with with visual evaluationvisual evaluation to make your to make your selection decisions.selection decisions.

2222

OVERCOMMING DIFFICULTIESOVERCOMMING DIFFICULTIES

Satisfactory results were not obtained –Satisfactory results were not obtained –economical wise-economical wise- under natural breeding under natural breeding conditions.conditions.about to endabout to end our project several times our project several times we achieved a we achieved a technical contributiontechnical contribution in in purebreeding, crossbreeding as well as purebreeding, crossbreeding as well as reproductive management reproductive management regarding the preregarding the pre selected target traitsselected target traits The solution was toThe solution was to transfer transfer from from the naturalthe natural breeding to artificial manipulating of the breeding to artificial manipulating of the reproductive cycle of sheep.reproductive cycle of sheep.

2323

Hormonal ControlHormonal Control

A common method of inducing estrus in non-A common method of inducing estrus in non-cycling ewes is cycling ewes is progesterone-based therapiesprogesterone-based therapies. . Progesterone prevents the ewe from returning to Progesterone prevents the ewe from returning to estrus and ovulating. It is produced by the estrus and ovulating. It is produced by the corpus Luteum (CL)corpus Luteum (CL) of the ovary following of the ovary following ovulation and sustains pregnancy. When ovulation and sustains pregnancy. When progesterones are introduced artificially, they progesterones are introduced artificially, they fool the body into fool the body into thinking it is pregnantthinking it is pregnant and the and the animal animal will not ovulate or come into estrouswill not ovulate or come into estrous (heat). When the progesterone source is totally (heat). When the progesterone source is totally removed, the body removed, the body realizes it is no longer realizes it is no longer pregnant and will ovulate within a very pregnant and will ovulate within a very predictable period. predictable period.

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2727

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3131

3232

3333

3434

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3636

3737

3838

باإلسفنج القطيع من خمسمجاميع معاملة يوضح جدول

المجموع

المجموعة الخامسة

المجموعة الرابعة

المجموعة الثالثة

المجموعة الثانية

المجموعة الألولى

97 40 10 21 14 12 النعاج عدد

08-06-2005 20-03-2005 22-11-2004 06-06-2004 28-03-2004 تركيب تاريخاألسفنجة

21-06-2005 03-04-2005 07-12-2004 19-06-2004 11-04-2004 الحقن و النزع تاريخ

23-06-2005 05-04-2005 09-12-2004 21-06-2004 13-04-2004 التلقيح تاريخ

23-09-2005 15-07-2005 09-03-2005 21-09-2004 03-07-2004 الجس تاريخ

08-11-2005 02-09-2005 07-05-2005 02-11-2004 09-09-2004 األولى الوالدة تاريخ

27-11-2005 09-09-2005 23-05-2005 06-12-2004 12-09-2004 األخيرة الوالدة تاريخ

75 29 8 16 11 11 النعاج عدد الوالدة

43 20 3 9 5 6 الوالدات عددالفردية

28 9 4 6 4 5 الثنائية الوالدات عدد

4 0 1 1 2 0 الثالثية الوالدات عدد

22 11 2 5 3 1 لم التى النعاج عددتلد

111 38 14 24 19 16 الحمالن عدد إجمالىالمولودة

6 6 0 0 0 0 الميالد من النفوقالفطام حتى

3939

التناسلية والكفاءة التناسلية تقديرالخصوبة والكفاءة تقديرالخصوبةوالنفوق العددية والنفوق واألنتاجية العددية واألنتاجية

100100

**

النعاج عددالملقحة

97

//

المخصبة النعاج عدد75

77.32%

===

الخصوبة نسبة

100100

**

الوالدة النعاج عدد75

//

المولودة الحمالن عدد111 148%

===

التناسلية الكفاءة

100100

**

النعاج عددالملقحة

97

//

المولودة الحمالن عدد111

114.43%

===

العددية اإلنتاجيةللمربي

100100

**

الحمالن عدد المولودة

111

//

النافقة الحمالن عددالفطام قبل

65.41%

===

النفوق نسبة

4040

المزرعة إنتاج من ألغنام اليومى النمو معدل يوضح المزرعة جدول إنتاج من ألغنام اليومى النمو معدل يوضح جدول

سعر الكجم

التكلفة

قتر. مة

فترة متوسط الوزن

إجمالى الوزن

عددنوع و

#العنبر

التاريخ

عام. م مدة

26.5 2359 -- -- 11.13 89 8farm 3b 14-9-05

-- --

23.49 2443 313 6 13 104 8farm 3b 20-9-05

313 6

19.65 2555 406 8 16.25 130 8farm 3b 28-9-05

366 14

15.64 2737 433 13 21.88 175 8farm 3b 11-10-05

398 27

14 2933 294 14 26 208 8farm 3b 25-10-05

363 41

13.23 3227 214 21 30.5 244 8farm 3b 15-11-05

313 62

13.11 3435 173 13 32.75 262 8farm 3b 28-11-05

288 75

12.52 3755 238 20 37.5 300 8farm 3b 18-12-05

278 95

4141

THANKSTHANKS