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ENGLISH
GRAMMER
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Grammar Unit One:Lesson One
Types of Nouns
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Kinds of Nouns
There are two basic kinds of nouns:
1
Common
2 Proper
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Common Nouns
A COMMON NOUNnames a general person, place,thing, or idea. It does not refer to somethingspecific.
cat
house
shoe
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Proper Nouns
A PROPERNOUNnames a specific person, place,thing, or idea. It refers to a NAME of a noun.
Felix
White House
Nike
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Concrete & Abstract Nouns
In addition to common and proper
nouns, there are also CONCRETE and
ABSTRACT nouns.
Hatsconcrete noun Loveabstract noun
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CONCRETE NOUNS
CONCRETE NOUNSare nouns that you
can see, hear, touch, smell, or taste.
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Abstract NOUNS
ABSTRACT NOUNS are nouns that youcannot see, hear, touch, smell, or taste. Theyare ideas, qualities, and feelings that cannot
be seen or touched.
RESPONSIBILITY
FAIRNESS
JUSTICE
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Count and non-count nouns
Count nouns
a book booksone book two books
some books
a lot of books
many books
a few books
Non-count nouns
money some money
a lot of moneymuch money
a little money
Common non-countnouns
advice, furniture, love, peace,
homework, luck information, foodmail, music, traffic, weather, worbread, cheese, coffee, rice, sand,meat, milk, water, sugar, money,
oil,
liquids materials (paper)
abstracts general
food
gases
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Nouns (singular and plural)
Rule No. 1 (Add s to the end of noun)cup cups
student students
Rule No.2 consonants before ychange yto iand add escity -cities party- parties lady-ladies
Rule No.3 vowels before y
add sboy boys key keys day -days
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Singular and plural (cont.)
Rule No. 4(f and fe endings)change the for feto v and es
life lives wife wives thief thieves
Rule No. 5(sh, ch, x, ss endings) add es
bush bushesmatch matchesbox -boxeskiss -kisses
Rule No. 6 (consonant + o) add es(vowel +o) stomato tomatoes
radio radios
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Practice ExercisesUse the plural form to fill in the blanks. (provided list)
Baby
Boy
City
Country
LadyParty
Tray
Key
Dictionary
cowboy
They have one girl and two ______.
I visited many _______ last year.
Women give birth to _______.
She lost the _____ of the car and the house!
_____ rides horses in Texas. Madrid and Paris are beautiful _______.
We must bring ______ to the English class.
Good evening _____ and gentleman.
On Saturday nights, I like to go to _______.
People carry their food on _____ at the cafeteria.
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Pronunciation of plurals(s / es)
Group A Final sis pronounced/z/after voiced sounds
(taxicabs, beds, dogs, balls, years, days, boys, trees, etc.)
Group B Final s is pronounced /s/ after voiceless sounds
(books, cups, groups, cats, students, desks, etc.)
Group C Final
s, es is pronounced/ez/after s sounds (classes, horses, boxes, faces)
after z sounds (sizes, roses, noises)
after sh sounds (dishes, bushes)
after ch sounds (matches, sandwiches)
after ge/dge sounds (pages, ages, bridges, edges)
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Irregular plural forms (exceptions)
Child children Foot feet
Man men
Woman women
Mouse mice Tooth teeth
Fish fish
_____ people
(is always plural) (no s)
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Classify these Nouns:
COMMON PROPER
CONCRETE
ABSTRACT
bike
planet
desk
scissors
Jupiter
justice
judge
dollar
Christian
snow
city
Islam
Roaring Spring
Pennsylvania
friendship
bikeplanet
desk
scissorsJupiter
justice
judge
dollar
Christiansnow
cityIslam
Roaring
Spring
Pennsylvania
friendship
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Practice
Identify the nouns in each sentence. Then classify it as cc(common
concrete), ca(common abstract), pc(proper concrete), or pa(properabstract).
1. The children play with their toys.
An: The childrenplay with their toys.
cc cc2. Skylar rides the bus to Spring Cove Middle School.
An: Skylarrides the busto Spring Cove Middle School.
pc cc pc
3. Ramadan is celebrated by Muslims around the world.
An: Ramadanis celebrated by Muslimsaround the world.pc pc cc
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Practice Continued
4. Mrs. Maugles students have great respect for her.
AN: Mrs. Mauglesstudentshave great respectfor her.pc cc ca
5. Students have a barrel of fun in Miss McElhattens class.
AN: Studentshave a barrelof funin Miss McElhattensclass.
6. Write a sentence using a common concreteand a properconcretenoun. Underline each of the nouns and label themaccordingly.
7. Write a sentence using a common concreteand a commonabstractnoun. Underline each of the nouns and label themaccordingly.
cccc ccca pc
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Testing Your Knowledge
What is a noun? a person, place, thing, or ideaWhat is a concrete noun? a noun that can be seen, touched, heard, tasted, or smelled
What is a abstract noun? a noun that cannot be seen, touched, heard, tasted, or felt.
They are ideas, qualities, and feelings that cannot be seen orsmelled
What is a proper noun? A noun that names a specific person, place, thing, or idea
What is a common noun? A noun that names a general person, place, thing, or idea.
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Lesson 2:
What are Pronouns?I
He
WeWe
She
Us
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What are pronouns?
Pronouns take the placeof nouns.The word or
phrase replaced by apronoun is called anantecedent.
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Example:
Diwali is one of India'sholidays. It is celebrated inOctober.
(Diwaliis a noun.Itis apronoun that refers to the
antecedent, Diwali.)
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Example:
When Robert was fixing thecar, he cut his hand.
(Robertis a noun. Heis apronoun that refers to theantecedent, Robert.)
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Examples:
1.Hetook herplacein the game.
2.Theirmain
objective is to scarestudents.29
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Now you try. Which of the following
contains a correct pronoun?
A.A hill is next to them. It isvery steep.
B.Jeff rides his new bike. Himrides it down the block.
C.Rickie gets on the plane. They
are very excited about his trip.
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Missed it! Try
Again
Think about what or whothe pronoun represents.
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Choose the correct pronoun.
Skateboards are fun, but
can be dangerous.
A. them
B. it
C. theyD. we
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Missed it! Try
Again
Think about what or whothe pronoun represents.
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Got it! Now try
another.
Skateboards are fun, but
they can be dangerous
Skateboards = they
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Choose the correct pronoun.
Speed bumps help to slow downcars. are found inmany parking lots.
A. It
B. You
C. ThemD. They
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Missed it! Try
Again
Think about what or whothe pronoun represents.
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G i ! N
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Got it! Now try
another.
Speed bumps help to slowdown cars. They are foundin many parking lots.
bumps = They
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Choose the correct pronoun.
Marisa and Nora made their owncostumes.
wanted to save money.A. Them
B. We
C. TheyD. She
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Mi d it! T
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Missed it! Try
Again
Think about what or whothe pronoun represents.
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G t it! N t
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Got it! Now try
another.
Marisa and Nora made their owncostumes.
They wanted to save money.Marisa and Nora = They
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Whi h f th f ll i t i
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Which of the following contains a
correct pronoun?
A.A hill is next to them. Theyare very steep.
B.Jeff rides his new bike. Himrides it down the block.
C. Rickie gets on the plane. He is
very excited about his trip.
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G t it! N t
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Got it! Now try
another.
Rickie gets on the plane.He is very excited about
his trip.Rickie = He
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Whi h f th f ll i t i
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Which of the following contains a
correct pronoun?
A.Blake skated to the edge of therink. He was finished withpractice.
B.The house has two stories. Shewas built in 1910.
C.Mary and Dave rode their bikes to
the playground. Them will build asandcastle.
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Missed it! Try
Again
Think about what or whothe pronoun represents.
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Lesson 3
Appositives
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example
Miss McElhatten, a teacher, is from
Northwestern Pennsylvania.
appositive
commas
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Appositive phrases
There are alsoAPPOSITIVE PHRASES.AnAPPOSTIVE PHRASEis a group ofwords that include es an appositive and otherwords that help it.
Mr. Grozanick, a totally awesome
social studies teacher, teaches at
Spring Cove Middle School.Appositive phrase
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Guided practice: Answers
Check your answers.
1. My new puppy, a golden retriever, is learning to swim.
2. A true sportsman, Uncle Bill, never keeps the fish he catches.
3. My science teacher, Mr. Synder, has a pet bearded dragon.4. Mr. Nevins, a math teacher, always displays a Christmas tree.
5. Diwali, the Hindu New Year, is celebrated in October or November.
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Testing Your Knowledge
1. What is an appositive?
AN: word or phrase that identifies a noun
2. What punctuation do you use with appositives?
AN: commas
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What is an adjective?
Adjective is a word which describes a noun
fast
big
expensive
car
adjectives noun
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Exercises
List of adjectives
hot big thin
nice pleasant young
short intelligent lovely
kind happy attractiveexciting pretty unhappy
good annoyed careless
bad tasty perfect
tired upset terrible
ugly
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VERBS
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Action Verbs
jump
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What is an action verb?
A verb is one of the most importantparts of the sentence. It tells thesubjects actions, events, or state ofbeing. It is always found in the
predicate of a sentence. A verb thatshows action is called an action verb.
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To find the verb:
Locate the subjectThen ask yourself, What is it doing?
The dog barked.
Who?
barked
dog
What did the dog do?
The verb is barked, its what the dog is doing.
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Lets Practice:
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The lighthouse shines brightly.
What?
shines
lighthouse
What does the lighthouse do?
The verb isshines,its what the lighthouse does.
Let s Practice:
Lets P actice
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The snowman waves his hat to us.
Who?
waves
Snowman
What did the snowman do?
Lets Practice:
The verb iswaves, its what the snowman is doing.
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Alexander takes his bath.
Who?
takes
Alexander
What does Alexander do?
Lets Practice:
The verb istakes, its what Alexander is doing.
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Sally dances in the recital.
Who?
dances
Sally
What does Sally do?
Lets Practice:
The verb isdances, its what Sally is doing.
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Mrs. Smith arrives late.
Who?
arrives
Mrs. Smith
What did Mrs. Smith do?
Lets Practice:
The verb isarrives, its what Mrs. Smith does.
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L P i
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Time flies when youre having fun.What?
flies
time
What does time do?
Lets Practice:
The verb isflies, its what time is doing.
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The bumble bee buzzes near the flower.What?
buzzes
bee
What does the bee do?
Lets Practice:
The verb isbuzzes, its what the bee is doing.
Can you find the action verb in each
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Can you find the action verb in each
sentence?
1. The girls dancedin the recital.2. Our mailman drovea funny car
last week.
3.
His teacher wrotethe answers onthe board.
4. Alice workedon her homework lastnight.
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Past Verbs
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Past Verbs
Verbs which tell about actions
which happened some time agoarepast tense verbs.
The dog wantedabone.Wantedis a past tense verb
because the action hasalready happened.
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Past tense verbs
Many past tense verbs endwith ed, but some end withd, oried.
clapped
played
tried
P t t t t t
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Present tense to past tense.
The following sentences are written in the present tense.Try changing them to the past tense by putting Yesterdayat the beginning of each.
I eat spaghetti.
They skip quickly. Bob is seven.
I play football.
How have the verbs changed?
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How did you do?
Yesterday I atespaghetti.
Yesterday they skippedquickly.
Yesterday Bob was seven.Yesterday I playedfootball.
Present verbs
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An action verb that describes an
action that is happening now iscalled a present tense verb.
The bird fliesthroughthe sky.
Fliesis a present tense verbbecause it is happening right
now.
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Present tense verbs
Many present tense verbsend with s, but some endwith es, or ies.
sleepssplashes
cries
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Past to present
These sentences are in the past.
Change them to the present by putting todayat the front ofeach.
Sarah felt hot.
The cow jumped over the moon. John sat outside in the garden.
The mouse ran up the clock.
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How did you do?
TodaySarah feelshot.
Today the cowjumpsover themoon.
Today John sitsoutside in thegarden.
Today the mouse runsup theclock.
Future Verbs
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Future Verbs
Verbs which tell about actionswhich are going to happen arefuture tense verbs.
We will awaken at six a.m.
Will awakenis a futuretense verb because the
action has not yet happened.
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Future tense verbs
Future tense verbs use specialwords to talk about things thatwill happen: will, going to, shall,
aim to, etc.
going to start
shall email
will enjoy
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Helping Verbs
A helping verb works with a main verbto help you understand what action istaking place.
Elmer wasusingthecomputer.
23 H l i V b
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23 Helping Verbs
may
mightmust
be
beingbeen
am
are
is
was
were
(main)
do
doesdid
(main)
should
couldwould
have
hadhas
(main)
will
canshall
Helping Verbs
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Helping Verbs
Other things to keep in mind:
Not every sentence will have a helping verb with
the main verb.
When you see an "ing" verb such as "running", be
on the lookout for a helping verb also.
Helping Verbs
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Helping Verbs
Sometimes there is another word which
separates the helping verb from the main
verb. One common example is "not", asin: The boy couldn' t f ind his socks. The helping
verb is could and the main verb is find.
Helping Verbs
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Helping Verbs
A sentence may contain up to three
helping verbs to the main verb. An
example would be: The dog must have beenchasing the cat. The helping verbs are: must,
have, and been; the main verb is
chasing.
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The future tense.
The future tense is used to describe what willorcouldhappen. Change these sentences to thefuture tense by adding tomorrow at the start ofeach.
Jack and Jill went up the hill.
Thomas chased the mouse.
Lucy entered the wardrobe.
Bo Peep lost her sheep.
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How did you do?
Tomorrow Jack and Jill could/will goupthe hill.
Tomorrow Thomas could/will chasethemouse.
Tomorrow Lucy could/will enter thewardrobe.
Tomorrow Bo Peep could/will losehersheep.
Verb Tense Overview with ExamplesSimple Present Simple Past
Simple Future
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p p p
I study English every day.Two years ago, I studied English
in England.
If you are having problems, I will he
you study English.
I am goingto study English next yea
Present Continuous Past Continuous Future Continuous
I am studyingEnglish now.I was studyingEnglish when
you called yesterday.
I will be studyingEnglish when you
arrive tonight.
I am going to be studyingEnglish wh
you arrive tonight.
Present Perfect Past Perfect Future Perfect
I have studiedEnglish in
several different countries.
I had studieda little English
before I moved to the U.S.
I will have studiedevery tense by th
time I finish this course.
I am going to have studiedevery tense
the time I finish this course.
Present Perfect Continuous Past Perfect Continuous Future Perfect Continuous
I have been studyingEnglish
for five years.
I had been studyingEnglish for
five years before I moved to the
U.S.
I will have been studyingEnglish fo
over two hours by the time you arriv
I am going to have been studyingEngl
for over two hours by the time you arr
Simple Present Present Continuous Present Perfect
http://www.englishpage.com/verbpage/simplepresent.htmlhttp://www.englishpage.com/verbpage/simplepast.htmlhttp://www.englishpage.com/verbpage/simplefuture.htmlhttp://www.englishpage.com/verbpage/simplefuture.htmlhttp://www.englishpage.com/verbpage/presentcontinuous.htmlhttp://www.englishpage.com/verbpage/pastcontinuous.htmlhttp://www.englishpage.com/verbpage/futurecontinuous.htmlhttp://www.englishpage.com/verbpage/futurecontinuous.htmlhttp://www.englishpage.com/verbpage/presentperfect.htmlhttp://www.englishpage.com/verbpage/pastperfect.htmlhttp://www.englishpage.com/verbpage/futureperfect.htmlhttp://www.englishpage.com/verbpage/futureperfect.htmlhttp://www.englishpage.com/verbpage/presentperfectcontinuous.htmlhttp://www.englishpage.com/verbpage/pastperfectcontinuous.htmlhttp://www.englishpage.com/verbpage/futureperfectcontinuous.htmlhttp://www.englishpage.com/verbpage/futureperfectcontinuous.htmlhttp://www.englishpage.com/verbpage/futureperfectcontinuous.htmlhttp://www.englishpage.com/verbpage/futureperfectcontinuous.htmlhttp://www.englishpage.com/verbpage/pastperfectcontinuous.htmlhttp://www.englishpage.com/verbpage/presentperfectcontinuous.htmlhttp://www.englishpage.com/verbpage/futureperfect.htmlhttp://www.englishpage.com/verbpage/futureperfect.htmlhttp://www.englishpage.com/verbpage/pastperfect.htmlhttp://www.englishpage.com/verbpage/presentperfect.htmlhttp://www.englishpage.com/verbpage/futurecontinuous.htmlhttp://www.englishpage.com/verbpage/futurecontinuous.htmlhttp://www.englishpage.com/verbpage/pastcontinuous.htmlhttp://www.englishpage.com/verbpage/presentcontinuous.htmlhttp://www.englishpage.com/verbpage/simplefuture.htmlhttp://www.englishpage.com/verbpage/simplefuture.htmlhttp://www.englishpage.com/verbpage/simplepast.htmlhttp://www.englishpage.com/verbpage/simplepresent.html -
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I
accept
I
Was accepting
I have accepted
you accept you Were accepting you have accepted
He, She
accepts
He, She
Was accepting
He, She
has accepted
we accept we Were accepting we have accepted
you
accept
you
Were accepting
you
have accepted
they accept they Were accepting they have accepted
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PRESENT SIMPLE: Use
We use present simple to talk abouthabits and routines.
When appear these adverbs: Always,every day, usually, often, sometimes,rarely, barely, hardly ever, never.
With timetables: Bus, planes,underground,
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PRESENT SIMPLE: Form
The present simple uses the same formas the infinitive for all persons, exceptthe third person singular.
To form the negative, we add theauxiliary verb do + not (dont)beforethe verb, except the third personsingular, when we use does + not(doesnt)
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PRESENT SIMPLE: Form
AFFIRMATIVE
I play
You play
He/She/It plays
We play
They play
NEGATIVE
I do not (dont) play
You do not play
He does not(doesnt)play
We do not play
They do not play
INTERROGATIVE
Do I play?
Do you play?
Does he/she/it play
Do we play?
Do they play?
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PRESENT CONTINUOUS: Use
To talk about actions happening now, at themoment of speaking. (I'm writing a letter)
When you talk about something happening
now but not necessarily when you arespeaking. (Im looking for a job at the moment)
When you talk about something has decidedand itll do in the future. (I'm meeting a friend
this evening)
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PRESENT CONTINUOUS: Form
We form the present continuous with verb TO BE + addinging directly to the infinitive of the verb. DO - DOING
With verbs that end ine, we omit the vowel and adding.
HAVE - HAVING
With verbs of one syllabe that end in a vowel + a consonant,
we double the final consonant and adding. CUT -CUTTING
With verbs that end inl, we always double thel. TRAVEL- TRAVELLING
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PRESENT CONTINUOUS: Form
AFFIRMATIVE
Im playing
Youre playing
He/She/It is playing
Were playing
Theyre playing
NEGATIVE
I am not playing
You are not playing
He is not playing
We arenot playing
They arenot playing
INTERROGATIVE
Am I playing?
Are you playing?
Is he/she/it playing?
Are we playing?
Are they playing?
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PRESENT PERFECT:Use
To talk about past experiences when you dont say whensomething happened.
With already, just,andyet.
With superlatives and the first, second, last time,etc.
For finished actions (no time is specified) which are
connected in some way with the present. With How long?Andfor/sincewith non-action verbs
(=verbs not usually used in the continuous form, e.g. be,have, know, like, etc.) to say that something started in thepast and is still true now.
TIME EXPRESSIONS Ever and never
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PRESENT PERFECT: Use
JustIve just made tea, would you like a cup?
Yet and already
'yet'Have you done your homework yet?
'already
Yes, Ive already finished my homework
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PRESENT PERFECT: Form
We form the present perfect with to have (auxiliary) andpast participle of the verb.
to have + past participle
Ive lostmy book. I dont have it nowHaveyou seenthe new Leonardo Di Caprio film?Your sister has leftthe door open. The door is open nowHasntDanny got marriedyet? Is he still single?Ivefinally founda job . I have a job nowIve knownher sinceI was a child.
Shes hadthe job for six months.Have you ever eaten orange? Ive never eaten an orange.
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PRESENT PERFECT: Form
AFFIRMATIVE:
I have played
You have played
He has played
We have played
They have played
NEGATIVE:
He has not played
INTERROGATIVE:
Have you played?
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PRESENT PERFECT CONTINUOUS:Use
With How long?And for/sincewithaction verbs to say that action startedin the past and is still happening now.
For repeated actions, especially with atime expression, e.g. all day, recently.
For continuous actions which havejust finished (but which have present
results)
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PRESENT PERFECT CONTINUOUS:Use
The present perfect simpleemphasizes the completion of an action.Weve painted the kitchen.(=thepainting is finished).
The present perfect continuousemphasizes the continuation of anaction. Weve been painting the kitchen.(=the painting is probably not finished).
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PRESENT PERFECT CONTINUOUS:Form
I have been playing
He has been playing
I have not been playing
Have I been playing?
Haven't I been playing?
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PAST SIMPLE: Usea.) Use past simple when you talk about finished actions in the past.
Usually goes with frequency adverb.
I bought this car last year
b.) To express indeterminate action in the past.
They used pencils and paper
c.) To express habits and routines in the past.
They never drank alcohol
d.) To express improbable condition.
If I saw her, I should speak to her
PAST SIMPLE: Form
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Add ed at the end of the verb. SAVE -SAVED
Verbs that end in e: add d only. TRY-TRIED Verbs that end in a consonant + -y: change the y to i and add
ed. ROB-ROBBED
One-syllable verbs ending in one vowel and one consonant:
double the final consonant and add ed. STOP-STOPPED
Verbs of two or more syllabus ending in one vowel and one
consonant: double the final consonant if the final syllabe is
stressed. TRANSMIT-TRANSMITTED
Verbs that end in l: double the l TRAVEL-TRAVELLED
PAST SIMPLE: Form
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PAST SIMPLE: Form
AFFIRMATIVE
I played
You played
He/She/It played
We played
They played
NEGATIVE
I did not play
You did not play
He did not play
We did not play
They did not play
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SIMPLE PAST: Form
INTERROGATIVE
Did I play?
Did you play?
Did he play?
Did we play?
Did they play?
INT.-NEGATIVE
Didn't I play?
Didn't you play?
Didn't he play?
Didn't we play?
Didn't they play?
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PAST CONTINUOUS: Use
a.) To express an action in progress in the past.
It was raining
b.) To express two actions which were happening at the same time.
I was reading the newspaper while I was walking home
c.) To express two actions which were happening in the past butone of them started before the other.
When I arrived John was talking on the phone
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P P f T
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Past Perfect Tense
To form the Past Perfect Tenseweuse hadwith the past participle form ofthe verb. Most past participles end in -ed(painted, arrived, visited, etc.).
Irregular verbs have special pastparticiples that must be memorized.(told, said, spoken, eaten, etc.)
115
THE FUTURE (Will) U
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THE FUTURE (Will): Use
We use will/wont to talk about thefuture.
To make predictions.
To make promises and rapiddecisions.
To make an offer.
THE FUTURE (Will) U
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THE FUTURE (Will):Use
PREDICTION: the weather will beworse tomorrow.
PROMISE: I promise Ill come backearly.
RAPID DECISION: Ill do itimmediately.
OFFER: Ill cook tonight.
THE FUTURE (Will) F
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THE FUTURE (Will):Form
Affirmative clauseSubject + will + main verb--> I will eat
Negative clause
Subject +will + not + main verb --> I will not eat
Interrogative clauseWill + subject + verb principal? -->Will I eat?
Short forms
I'll, you'll, he'll, she'll... (affirmative)I won't, you won't, she won't... (negative)
( )
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THE FUTURE (to be+going to):Use
We use going toto talk about plansand intentions for the future.
Theyre going to get married in May.
We use going toto make predictionsbased on present evidence.
She is very sad, I think she is going to cry.
We can give our opinion using be
going toand the expression I thinkIts very cloudy. I think its going to rain.
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THE FUTURE (to be+going to):Form
The structure be going touses thepresent continuous of the verb go + theinfinitive with to.
I am going to see a film tonight.
In short answers we use the verb to be.Are they going to study? Yes, they are.
THE FUTURE (t b i t )
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THE FUTURE (to be+going to):Form
AFFIRMATIVE:
You are going to study.
NEGATIVE:You arentgoing to study.
INTERROGATIVE:
Are you going to study?
Irregular Verbs
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Irregular Verbs
A Project Activity
COMMON IRREGULAR VERBS
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blow
Present Past Past
Participle
? ? ?
Can you list these verb forms?
COMMON IRREGULAR VERBS
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blow
Present Past Past
Participle
blow blew blown
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break
Can you list these verb forms?
Present Past Past
Participle
? ? ?
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break
Present Past Past
Participle
break broke broken
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catch
Present Past Past
Participle
catch caught caught
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choose
Can you list these verb forms?
Present Past Past
Participle
? ? ?
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chose
Present Past Past
Participle
chose chose chosen
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come
Can you list these verb forms?
Present Past Past
Participle
? ? ?
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come
Present Past Past
Participle
come came come
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do
Can you list these verb forms?
Present Past Past
Participle
? ? ?
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do
Present Past Past
Participle
do did done
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draw
Can you list these verb forms?
Present Past Past
Participle
? ? ?
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draw
Present Past Past
Participle
draw drew drawn
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drink
Can you list these verb forms?
Present Past Past
Participle
? ? ?
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drink
Present Past Past
Participle
drink drank drunk
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dream
Can you list these verb forms?
Present Past Past
Participle
? ? ?
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dream
Present Past Past Participle
dream dreamt/d
reamed
dreamt/
dreamed
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drive
Can you list these verb forms?
Present Past Past
Participle
? ? ?
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eat
Can you list these verb forms?
Present Past Past
Participle
? ? ?
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eatPresent Past Past Participle
eat ate eaten
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fall
Can you list these verb forms?
Present Past Past
Participle
? ? ?
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fallPresent Past Past Participle
fall fell fallen
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forgive
Can you list these verb forms?
Present Past Past
Participle
? ? ?
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forgivePresent Past Past Participle
forgive forgave forgiven
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get
Can you list these verb forms?
Present Past Past
Participle
? ? ?
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go
Can you list these verb forms?
Present Past Past
Participle
? ? ?
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goPresent Past Past Participle
go went gone
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grow
Can you list these verb forms?
Present Past Past
Participle
? ? ?
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growPresent Past Past Participle
grow grew grown
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know
Can you list these verb forms?
Present Past Past
Participle
? ? ?
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knowPresent Past Past Participle
know knew known
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lay
Can you list these verb forms?
Present Past Past
Participle
? ? ?
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layPresent Past Past Participle
lay laid laid
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lie
Can you list these verb forms?
Present Past Past
Participle
? ? ?
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liePresent Past Past Participle
lie lay lain
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ride
Can you list these verb forms?
Present Past Past
Participle
? ? ?
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ridePresent Past Past Participle
ride rode ridden
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run
Can you list these verb forms?
Present Past Past
Participle
? ? ?
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runPresent Past Past Participle
run ran run
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see
Can you list these verb forms?
Present Past Past
Participle
? ? ?
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seePresent Past Past Participle
see saw seen
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singPresent Past Past Participle
sing sang sung
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sitPresent Past Past Participle
sit sat sat
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speak
Can you list these verb forms?
Present Past Past
Participle
? ? ?
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speakPresent Past Past Participle
speak spoke spoken
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swimPresent Past Past Participle
swims swam swum? ? ?
Can you list these verb forms?
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swimPresent Past Past Participle
swim swam swum
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take
Can you list these verb forms?
Present Past Past
Participle
? ? ?
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takePresent Past Past Participle
take took taken
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throw
Can you list these verb forms?
Present Past Past
Participle
? ? ?
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throwPresent Past Past Participle
throw threw thrown
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write
Can you list these verb forms?
Present Past Past
Participle
? ? ?
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writePresent Past Past Participle
write wrote written
Let
s Review
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1. Moshe _________ drive (V1) more carefully. He_____________ drive (V1) so carelessly.
2. _________ you want (V1) anything to eat?
Yes, thanks. I ___________ like (V1) a sandwich.
3. Bob ______ actingin movies and makinglots of money.
4. __________ you seen (V3 - irregular verb) my hat?
No, I ________ remember (V1) seeing it.
5. Dan ______ wasted(V3- regular verb) all of his money.6. Some Americans _______ surprised (V3 - regular verb)
when Bush ____ elected (V3 - regular verb)President.
7. These photographs ________ taken (V3 - irregular verb)at Niagara Falls.
Let
s Review
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1. Moshe _should__ drive (V1) more carefully. He___shouldnt_ drive (V1) so carelessly.
2. ___Do____ you want (V1) anything to eat?
Yes, thanks. I __would____ like (V1) a sandwich.
3. Bob __is__ actingin movies and makinglots of money.
4. ___Have___ you seen (V3 - irregular verb) my hat?
No, I __dont_ remember (V1) seeing it.
5. Dan _has__ wasted(V3- regular verb) all of his money.6. Some Americans _were__ surprised (V3 - regular verb)
when Clinton _was_elected (V3 - regular verb)President.
7. These photographs __were__ taken (V3 - irregular verb)at Niagara Falls.
Let
s Review Some More
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1. Dontyou ________ you _________ drunkenough beer?
2. People should__________ a dentist once a year.3. I will________ an umbrella, because it may__________.
4. Gabi hasalways ___________ to visit India.
5. Most of our friends hadalready _________ the party when wearrived. Why didthey _________ so soon?
6. Please forgive me for phoning you so early this morning.
__________ you sleeping?
7. I was___________ TV, when suddenly I heard a shot.
8. Poor Miri! Shes__________ her arm! Call a doctor!
Let
s Review Some More
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1. Dontyou _think__ you __have___ drunkenough beer?
2. People should___see____ a dentist once a year.3. I will__take__ an umbrella, because it may__rain____.
4. Gabi hasalways __wanted___ to visit India.
5. Most of our friends hadalready __left___ the party when wearrived. Why didthey __leave__ so soon?
6. Please forgive me for phoning you so early this morning.__Were____ you sleeping?
7. I was__watching_ TV, when suddenly I heard a shot.
8. Poor Miri! Shes__broken__ her arm! Call a doctor!
It was Friday again, the day for famous parties at Wellington High School. Studen
_______________ (dance) in the garden and everyone ____________________(enjo
the pleasure of being away from boring lessons. When Sarah _____________ (come)
A LOVE STORY
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the party, the music ________________(already / start). Tim sudden
_______________(notice) Sarah and ____________(feel) shocked. He h
___________________(look for) her for 2 years. They _________ (meet) each other
a holiday camp in1999, but mysteriously Sarah ______________(disappear) after
while. He _____________ (think) about her since then.
At the party, Sarah _____________(talking) to one of her friends while most of t
students (drink) as much as they could. Tim __________________(decide) to talk to h
and ___________(wait) for her friend to leave. When he _______________(go) next her, she _____________(search for) something in her bag, so she _____________(n
see) him. As soon as he ____________(touch) her on the shoulder, sh
____________(raise) her head and couldnt believe her eyes. She __________(neverforget) him.
At the end of the party, no one ________(be) happier than Sarah and Tim as th
________(find) each other after 2 years.
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VERBS VS ADVERBSADVERBS
186
Verbs
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What is a verb?A verbis an action word!
If you can do itthen its a verb!
By A. Gore
Verbs
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Still finding it tricky?Try this then
Think of the things that youhave done this week.
By A. Gore
Verbs
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ransat
jumpedate
slept walkedwatched
swam
shouted
These are some of the thingsthat I have done.
Adverbs
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What is an adverb?Think about it
It adds something to theverb.
Shall we try?
Adverbs
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soundlynoisily
quickly
silently
carefullyangrily
calmly
excitedlyBy A. Gore
AdverbsI slept (how did I sleep?)
Verbs
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(how did I sit?)
I slept (how did I sleep?)
soundlyI walked (how did I walk?)
calmly
satIquietly
watchedI (how did I watch?)carefully
Adverbs
I (h d d )
Verbs
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(how did I write?)
I ran (how did I run?)quickly
I shouted (how did I shout?)loudly
wroteIneatly
listenedI
(how did I listen?)
intently
Verbs
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Verbs are the words for thingsthat
I can do.
I have done.
Or I will do.
By A. Gore
Adverbs
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Adverbsare words toexplain how I did it.
You try some
By A. Gore
Choose a word from the brackets tofinish each sentence:
1 Th hild l d ( i i il )
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1. The children played (noisy noisily).
2. Susan writes (neat neatly).
3. Mary speaks (soft softly).
4. The rain fell (gently gentle).
5. The lark sang (sweetly sweet).
6. The train ran (speedy speedily).
7. I heard the sound (faintly faint).
8. The man spoke (cross crossly).
9. Paul did his drawing (badly bad).
10. The doctor came (quick quickly).
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1. The river flowed (rapidly rapid).
2. Jim went to church very (regular regularly).
3. They were cheering (loud loudly).
4. Carol sings (beautifully beautiful).
5. The story was (near nearly) finished.
6. The rowing boat moved (steadily steady).
7. Father had to drive (slow slowly) through the crowd.
8. The racehorse ran very (swift swiftly).
9. The guard dog barked (fiercely fierce).
10. Alison arranged the flowers (good well).
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Joanne is happy. She smiles ___________.
The boy is loud. He shouts ____________ .
Her English is fluent. She speaks English __________.
Our mum was angry. She spoke to us ______________.
My neighbor is a careless driver. He drives _____________.
The painter is awful. He paints ______________.Jim is a wonderful piano player. He plays the piano _________.
This girl is very quiet. She often sneaks out of the house ___________.
She is a good dancer. She dances really ______________.
This exercise is simple. You have to put one word in each space
___________.
Tom is (slow) He works
Write down the correct form of the word inbrackets (adjective or adverb).
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Tom is (slow) . He works _________.
Sue is a (careful) girl. She climbed up the ladder __________.The dog is (angry) . It barks ____________.
He acted (excellent) . He's an actor____________.
They learn English (easy) . They think English is an _______language.
Max is a (good) singer. He sings _______.
It's (awful) cold today. The cold wind is ___________.
Dogs rely on their noses as they can smell (extreme / good) . If that is true,
why does dog food smell so (terrible) ?
The little boy looked (sad) . I went over to comfort him and he looked at me
I tasted the soup (careful) but it tasted (wonderful) .
Tom is slow. He works slowly
Sue is a careful girl She climbed up the ladder carefully
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Sue is a carefulgirl. She climbed up the ladder carefully.
The dog is angry . It barks angrily.He acted excellently. He's an excellentactor.
They learn English easily. They think English is an easylanguage.
Max is a goodsinger. He sings Well.
It's awfully cold today. The cold wind is awful.
Dogs rely on their noses as they can smell extremely well. If that is true,
why does dog food smell so terrible?
The little boy lookedsad . I went over to comfort him and he looked at me
sadly.
I tasted the soup carefullybut it tasted wonderful.
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1. The Jones_________(go) to Italy next summer.
2. I__________(never / visit) our friends in London and___ (spend) the night with them in my whole life
3 I (t ) it th ti d (b ) f l t it l
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3. I________(try) it three times and_____(be) successful at it only once.
4.______you______(ever/ read) War and Peace?
5. How many times_______you______(be) to the moviesthis week?
6. When_____you last_____(see) your parents?
7. What______you_______(do) when I_______(knock) on the door?
8. Mary___________(sew) while John_________(fix) the stereo.
9. She________(look) for her pen when she _________(find out) that she_________(have) it in her purse all the time.
10. When she________(already/leave) home, she
________(realize) she _________(forget) her checkbook
1. The Jones are going to Italy next summer.
2. I have never visited our friends in London and spent the
night with them in my whole life.
3 I have tried it three times and was successful at it only once
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3. I have tried it three times and was successful at it only once.
4. Haveyou everread War and Peace?5. How many timeshave you been to the movies this week?
6. When didyoulast see your parents?
7. What wereyou doingwhen I knocked on the door?8. Mary was sewing
while John was fixing the stereo.
8. Mary wassewing while John was fixingthe stereo
9. She waslookingfor her pen when she found outthat
she'd had it in her purse all the time.
10. When she hadalready left home, she realizedshe had
forgottenher checkbook.
They are ridinga bike.
She lookedat a picture.
W ft t k h t
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We often takephotos.
I have just hada cup of tea.
Alice will learnFrench next year.
Yesterday Emma didn't listen to music.
She is going to tidy upthe room.
Brian always sendstext messages.
Karen is makingbreakfast now.
Haveyou ever beento Africa?
They are ridinga bike. Present ContinuousShe lookedat a picture. Simple Past
We often takephotos. Simple Present
I h j t h d f t P t P f t
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I have just hada cup of tea. Present Perfect
Alice will learnFrench next year. will-future
Yesterday Emma didn't listen to music. Simple Past
She is going to tidy upthe room. going to-future
Brian always sendstext messages. Simple Present
Karen is makingbreakfast now. Present Continuous
Haveyou ever beento Africa? Present Perfect
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Tom is asking a question.
He helped his mum last Sunday.
Jessica lives with her mother
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Jessica lives with her mother.
He has written an e-mail.
There will be some rain in the North.
I didn't see Helen yesterday.
Are you going to watch the new film?
Donald doesn't drink milk.
The cat is sitting on the wall.
Mark and Gary have just arrived in Peking.
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Fill in the missing words into the gaps.
Irregular Verbs - Test 1
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Infinitive Simple Past Past Participle
sat
seen
lost
ate
given
made
thought
gotten
gone
forgotten
Answer:
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Infinitive Simple Past Past Participle
sit sat sat
see saw seen
lose lost lost
eat ate eaten
give gave given
make made madethink thought thought
get gotgot orgotten
go went gone
forget forgot forgotten
A preposition is a word that shows the relation
Prepositions
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A preposition is a word that shows the relation
between two or more things. Some prepositions are
to, at, by, on, in, into .... Prepositions are positional
words. Think about these phrases:
The knife is on the table.
under the table.
beside the table.
The knife went into the table.
At
time of the day: atsix o'clock
at lunch(time)
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at lunch(time)
at midnight
at sunset/sunrise
[Note that in questions we usually say: "What time shall we meet?" not: *"At what time ..."]
other expressions: at night
at the weekend/weekends
at Christmas/Easter
at the moment
at the same time
ondays: on Friday(s)
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day + time of day: on Monday morning(s)on Wednesday evening(s)
on Sunday afternoon(s)
dates: on December 13, 1965on Christmas Day
on New Year's Day
on Valentine's Day
on my birthdayon our wedding day
in the
periodical time of day: in the morning(s)
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in the afternoon(s)
in the evening(s)
centuries/decades: in the 15thcentury
in the Middle Ages
in the Stone Age
in the 1980s
reference of time: in the past
in (the) future[but: at present]
becausewhen
th f
additionally
later
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ConjunctionsandConnectives
and butwhich
with
if
Words that link parts of text
therefore
howeverfurthermore
earlier
Conjunctions are used to join sentences or clauses together.
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Susie saw a dog.
The dog only had three legs.
Conjunctions are used to join sentences or clauses together.
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Susie saw a dog.
The dogonly had three legs.
Conjunctions are used to join sentences or clauses together.
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Susie saw a dog,
only had three legs.Conjunction
Conjunctions are used to join sentences or clauses together.
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Susie saw a dog, only had three legs.whichbutbecausewhenwithwhich
Conjunctions are used to join sentences or clauses together.
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Susie saw a dog.
The dog only had three legs.
Susie saw a dog, whichonly had three legs.
Conjunctions are used to join sentences or clauses together.
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Sarah ran away from the dog.
The dog barked at Sarah.
Conjunctions are used to join sentences or clauses together.
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Sarahran away from the dog.
The dog barked at Sarah.
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Conjunctions are used to join sentences or clauses together.
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Sarah ran away,
the dog barked.
Conjunction
Conjunctions are used to join sentences or clauses together.
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Sarah ran away, the dog barked.whenbecausewithbut
Sarah ran away from the dog.
Conjunctions are used to join sentences or clauses together.
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y g
The dog barked at Sarah.
Sarah ran away becausethe dog barked.
Sarah ran away whenthe dog barked.
Sarah ran away untilthe dog barked.
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The interjectionis thelast of the eight parts of
speech.
Interjections are special words that
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show strong feelings or emotionsincluding -
First, let's start with a basic definition:
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Interjectionsare exclamatorywords thatexpress strong emotion.
Interjectionshave no other grammaticalconnection with or relationship to the rest ofthe sentence.
What are Interjections
An interjection is a part of speech that usually has
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j p p y
no grammatical connection with the rest of thesentence and simply expresses emotion on the partof the speaker, although most interjections haveclear definitions.
Several English interjections contain sounds thatdo not, or very rarely, exist in regular Englishphonological inventory, like quiet, shame, here,and Disgusting.
Interjections:
Interjectionsmay be followed by either commas orexclamation points
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exclamation points.
Examples: Ouch! That hurt! Oh, what a wonderful movie! Great! What a terrific idea! Aha! I've found your secret! Alas, the poet was no more.
Interjection Quiz
Identify the interjectionsin the following sentences.
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y j g
1. Goodness! He listened to the man's story and reported it to thepolice immediately!
2. Oh, I haven't seen my brother since he left for college!
3. Oops! I dropped the jelly.
4. No! Don't touch that!5. Help! I'm about to fall!
6. The poor dear was, alas, destitute and hungry.
7. Wait! Don't leave me behind in this cave!
8. Ah, I've heard that trick before.
UH-OH!!!
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the boy was playing football
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the boy was playing football.
The boy was playing football.
The girls were called katie and jessica
2
.We use capital letters
for names ofpeople.
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The girls were called katie and jessica.
The girls were called Katie and Jessica.
My house is on main street in ballymoney
3.We use capital letters
for names ofplaces
.
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My house is on main street in ballymoney.
My house is on Main Street in Ballymoney.
Laura and i went to the beach yesterday
5
.We use capital letters
when writingthe word I.
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Laura and i went to the beach yesterday.
Laura and I went to the beach yesterday.
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Test and Improve Your Spelling
The following lists of words misspelled in student papers were compiled a few yearsago by New York State. Of the more than 31,000 misspelled words gathered by
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g y , p g y
English teachers throughout the country, 407 were misspelled more frequently thanothers. These words are arranged in the table below from left to right down indescending order of difficulty. Study the list and test yourself by having someone reathe words aloud to you so that you can try to spell them without looking at them.
Words Misspelled 100 Times or Morebelief environment occur privilege succeed
believe occurred succession
beneficial exist occurrence professor
benefit existence occurring profession than
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g p
benefited existent thenperform receive
choice it's performance receiving their
choose its they're
chose personal referring there
lose personneldefine losing separate too
definite precede separation two
definitely necessary to
definition unnecessary principle similar
description principal writeoccasion success writer
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Here you'll find a lot of useful informationabout words, phrases and texts.If you look for facts about English-
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If you look for facts about English
speaking countries, this is where you'llfind them.You want to write a letter in English? Justhave a look at the sample letters weoffer.There are 186 Vocabulary pagesavailable
at the moment, with short and easy listsof words and explanations.For practice just pick one of the topics onth l ft
http://www.englisch-hilfen.de/en/words_list/alle.htmhttp://www.englisch-hilfen.de/en/words_list/alle.htm
top related