session 5.4 agroforestry for rehabilitation of degraded lands
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Agroforestry for Rehabilitation of Degraded Lands and Poor Quality Waters: Livelihood Security and
Mitigating Climate Change
J.C. DAGAR
Emeritus Scientist & Fellow NAAS
Former ADG (Agr/AF) ICAR
dagarjc@gmail.com
Global Degraded Lands (FAO 1996, 2011)
~2 billion ha land is degraded due to anthropogenic factors
Water erosion 56% (1.12 billion ha)
Wind erosion 28% (0.56 billion ha)
Chemical degradation 12% (0.24 b ha)
Physical degradation 4% (0.08 b ha)
Overgrazing 680 m ha (35%)
Deforestation 580 m ha (30%)
Agricultural mismanagement 550 m ha (27%)
Fuelwood (overexploitation) 137 m ha (7%)
Industry & Urbanization 20 m ha (1%)
Land degradation in India (120.8 m ha)
• Water erosion 82.6 m ha (68.4%)
• Chemical degradation 24.7 m ha (20.4%)
• Wind erosion 12.4 m ha (10.3%)• Physical 1.1 m ha (0.9%)
♥ To produce 310 million tons of food grains, 190 million tons of other food products, 1000 million tons of fodder, 629 million tons of fuel wood, and 347 million tons of timber and other raw materials by 2050 from limited land resources is a big challenge
♥ We would have to utilize all kinds of degraded lands for productive use
Eroded landsRavine lands (~4 m ha)
Temperorary check dam
AF Tree Species for Eroded Habitats
Acacia eburnea, A. catechu, A. nilotica, A. jacquemontii, A. tortilis, Balanites roxburghii, Butea monosperma, Azadirachta indica, Feronia limonia, Pongamia pinnata, Capparis decidua, C. sepiaria, C. zeylanica, Salvadora oleoides, Dichrostachys cinerea, Dalbergia sissoo, Carissa carandas, Emblica officinalis, Leucaena leucocephala, Species of Eucalyptus, Cordia, Ziziphus, Prosopis, Albizia, etc
Silvo-pastoral system is most suitable for ravine lands
Silvo-pastoral systems• Dichanthium annulatum, D. caricosum,
Eulaliopsis binata, Bothriochloa pertusa, Cenchrus ciliaris, Panicum antidotale, P. maximum, Brachiaria mutica, Chrysopogon fulvus, Heteropogon contortus, Sehima nervosum, Iseilema laxum, Themeda triandra, Saccharum munja, Vetiveria zizanoides
• Species of Stylosanthes, Alysicarpus, Desmodium, Tephrosia, Melilotus, Rhynchosia, Trigonella, etc
• Aloe vera, Agave sisalana, many medicinal plants• Watershed approach
Medicinal & aromatic crops• Palma rosa, Lemon grass, Vetiveria, Aloe
vera, Withania, Adhatoda vasica, Barleria, Ocimum, Balanites, Achyranthus……..
Acid soils• About 30% of worlds land area is acidic
and 50% of arable lands are acidic
• In India about 90 m ha area is acidic out of which 7% are strongly acidic (pH < 4.5); 28% moderately acidic (pH 4.5-5.5); and 65% slightly acidic (pH 5.5-6.5)
• ~3 mha coastal area suffers due to acid sulphate soils having Al and Fe toxicity and non-availability of P
In NEH region Shifting Cultivation needs to be replaced with: ♠ Improved fallows ♠ Multi-tiered plantation-based cropping systems
Left: Bun method of cultivation in MeghalayaRight: Alder (Alnus nepalensis) and Large Cardamum AF system
Salt-affected & Waterlogged Areas
• Alkali/Sodic 3.83 m ha• Saline 2.92 m ha----------------------------------------------------• Total 6.75 m ha ---------------------------------------------------Waterlogged 6.41 m haSub-surface 4.75 m haSurface ponding 1.66 m ha--------------------------------------------------
Alkali Soils
♥ pHs 8.2 or more♥ ECe <4 dS/m♥ Dominated by Na2CO3 or NaHCO3
♥ Kankar pan of CaCO3 at different depths♥ Highly dispersed♥ Poor infiltration rate
Saline Soils
ECe 4 dS/m or more pHs < 8.2 Dominated by chlorides & sulphates of Na, Ca & Mg High osmotic pressure of soil solutionAssociated mainly with arid and semi- arid areas
Afforestation on highly alkali soil
Augerhole technique
Relative tolerance of tree species for soil sodicity
pH2
Fuelwood/fodder/timber species Fruit tree species
> 10 Prosopis juliflora, Acacia nilotica, Tamarix articulata
Not recommended
9.6 – 10.0 Eucalyptus tereticornis, Capparis decidua, Pithecellobium dulce, Prosopis alba, P. cineraria, Casuarina equisetifolia*1, Salvadora persica, S. oleoides, Terminalia arjuna
Carissa carandus, Psidium guajava, Zizyphus mauritiana, Emblica officinalis
9.1-9.5 Cordia rothii, Albizia lebbeck, Cassia siamea, Pongamia pinnata, Sesbania sesban, Parkinsonia aculeata, Dalbergia sissoo, Kigelia pinnata, Butea monosperma
Punica granatum*2, Phoenix dactylifera, Achrus japota*1,Tamarindus indica*1, Syzygium cuminii, Feronia limonia
8.2-9.0 Grevillia robusta, Azadirachta indica, Melia azedarach, Leucaena leucocephata, Hardwickea binnata, Moringa loiefera, Populus deltoids, Tectona grandis
Grewia asiatica, Aegle marmelos*2, Prunus persica, Pyrus communis, Manigifera indica, Morus alba, Ficus spp., Sapindus laurifolium, Vitis vinifera
*1 (Frost sensitive), *2 Does not stand water stagnation, may be raised on bunds.
Fruit-based AF for moderate sodic soils
Fruit trees such as Anwla, Karonda, Ber, Guava, Jamun, Pome granate (on bunds)
Inter-croping with tolerant varieties of arable crops
Under-explored plants such as Matricaria, Isabgol, Mallati, Tulsi, etc as inter-crops
Cultivation of fruit trees on sodic soil
Psidium guajava
Silvi-pastoral System for Sodic Soils
• Kallar grass (Leptochloa fusca) could produce 13.4 to 20.0 t/ha fresh forage per annum with different tree plantations
• Other grasses include Brachiaria mutica, Chloris gayana, Panicum laevifolium, P. antidotale, P. virgatom, Sporobolus spp.
• These could produce 6-16 t/ha fresh forage
Raised and sunken bed technique
Grain yield of 3.6 –4.2 t/ha of paddy (CSR-10) & 1.3-1.6 t/ha of wheat (KRL-1-4), and 21-32 & 40-52 t/ha fresh forage from kallar grass and berseem, respectively could be obtained in sunken beds
Commercial AF on Partial Reclaimed Land
B:C ratio of some systems tested on partial reclaimed land
Poplar-rice-wheat 3.30
Poplar-rice-berseem 2.95
Eucalyptus-rice-berseem 2.23
Eucalyptus-rice-wheat 2.06
Poplar alone 2.38
Eucalyptus alone 1.99
Rice-wheat 2.79
Rice-berseem 2.39
Plantations on saline soils
• Planting and irrigation in furrows was found most superior and successful method of planting trees on saline waterlogged soils as compared to traditional ridge-trench method
Species suitable for saline soils
Tolerance /(ECe, dS/m)
Trees and shrubs
Very High (> 35)
Tamarix, Prosopis, Salvadora, Acacia farnesiana
High salt tolerant (25-35)
Casuarina ,Terminalia catappa, Thespesia populnea and Cocos nucifera (on specific sites)
Tolerant (15-25)
Casuarina (glauca, obesa, equiselifolia), Acacia tortilis, A. nilotica, Callistemon lanceolata, Pongamia pinnata, Eucalyptus camaldulensis, Crescentia alata, Albizia lebbeck, Ziziphus mauritiana, Parkinsonia aculeata etc.
Moderately tolerant (10-15)
Casuarina cunninghamiana, Eucalyptus tereticornis, E. rudis, E. microtheca, Acacia catcechu, A. ampliceps, A. eburnea, A. leucophloea, Terminalia arjuna, Samanea saman, Cassia siamea, Albizia procera, Borassus flabellifer, Prosopis cineraria, Azadirachta indica, Dendrocalamus strictus, Butea monosperma, Cassia siamea, Feronia limonia, Leucaena leucocephala, Tamarindus indica, Guazuma ulmifolia, Ailanthus excelsa, Dichrostachys cinerea, Balanites roxburghii, Maytenus emarginatus, Dalbergia sissoo, Salix babylonica, Cordia rothii, Kigelia pinnata.
Species for Saline Vertisols• Among trees Azadirechta indica (neem),
Prosopis juliflora, Acacia nilotica, A. eburnea, Butea monosperma, Jatropha curcas, Salvadora persica, Feronia limonia
• Among grasses Dichanthium annulatum, Leptachloa fusca, Eragrostis spp., Bothriochloa pertusa, Heteropogon contortus, Chrysopogon aciculatus, Themeda triandra, Tragus biflorus, *Cymbopogon martinii, * C. flexuasus*Vetiveria zizanioides, etc.
* Aromatic grasses
Raised and sunken bed technique is ideal for moisture conservation and crop production for vertisols
Extent of Waterlogging and Salinity in Canal Irrigation Areas of India
• In India there are 1701 major and medium irrigation commands covering ~89 M ha (27% of GA)
• About 125 Th ha is most critical (<1m) and 2.5 M ha critical (1-2m) waterlogged for pre-monsoon and 1.74 M ha most critical and ~11 M ha critical for post monsoon
• About 1.035 m ha area in command area is salt-affected
(Cetral Water Commission & ISRO, 2009)
Saline/Sodic Waterlogged Soils along Canals
Tools to combat water logging
• Sub-surface drainage
• Vertical & horizontal drainage
• Biodrainage
BIODRAINAGE
• “Pumping of excess soil water by deep-rooted plants using their bio-energy”
Tree components
Oven dry biomass (t ha-1)
Carbon (%)
Carbon content (t ha-1)
Timber 22.1 47.010.39
Fuelwood 0.8 43.50.35
Twigs & leaves
1.1 43.9
0.48Roots 8.9
48.0 4.27Total
32.9 47.1 15.49
C sequestration in 5 yrs old Eucalyptus trees
• CSSRI model proved assured total returns of Rs. 600-800/day from less than one ha land holding after 2 years
• Whole family employment
• A way to organic agriculture
Trees on calcareous soil with saline irrigation
Tamarix articulata, Azadirachta indica, Eucalyptus tereticornis, Acacia nilotica, Acacia tortilis, Prosopis juliflora, Cassia siamea and Feronia limonia are most successful and suitable tree species
Biomass of trees at 8 & 16 years of age
0
50
100
150
200
250
Ta An Pj At Cs Et Ai Af Pd Ma
Tree species
Bio
ma
ss
(t/
ha
)After 8 Years
After 16 Years
Af- Acacia.farnesiana, An- A. nilotica, At - A. tortilis, Ai- Azadirachta indica, , Cs – Cassia siamea, Et - E. tereticornis, Gu- Guazuma ulmifolia, Ma - Melia azedarach, Pd - Pithecelubium dulce, Pj - Prosopis juliflora, Ta- Tamarix articulata
Performance of different forage grasses with saline irrigation
About 30 % of total annual forage may be obtained during lean period when most nomads migrate to the irrigated areas
Agroforestry with saline water
Barley with karonda (Carissa carandus)
Anowla with cluster bean after 4 years
Bael with cluster bean after 4 years
Grain and straw yield (t ha-1) of barley and cluster bean after 4 years
Fruit tree
Treatment Yield of barley Yield of cluster bean
Grain Straw Grain Straw
Karonda
T1 4.10 4.21 1.83 2.63
T2 3.81 3.89 1.78 2.37
T3 3.40 3.49 1.68 2.12
Anowla
T1 4.38 4.58 1.80 2.72
T2 3.84 4.02 1.63 2.44
T3 3.52 3.61 1.50 2.27
Bael
T1 3.96 4.08 1.63 2.34
T2 3.62 3.73 1.48 2.00
T3 3.26 3.34 1.45 1.89
T1, T3 and T2 –irrigation with water of low (ECiw 5-7 dS/m), high
(ECiw 8-10 dS/m) and alternate low/high salinity, respectively
Dill (Anethum graveolense ), Tara-mira (Eruca sativa) & Castor (Ricinus communis) crops
Dill
Tara-mira
Castor
Aloe veraLepidium sativum
Cultivation of aromatic grasses irrigating with saline water
Vetiver Lemon grass
Fresh yield*of different varieties of lemon grass under saline irrigation
VarietiesYield (t/ha)
OD-58 28.3
RRL-16 27.6
Praman 17.4
Krishna 11.7
OD-19 3.3
Pragati 0.9
Nima 0.2
CKP-25 0.1
CVLSD (p=0.01)
16.88%3.78
*Total of 4 cuttings
Floriculture with saline irrigation
Evaluation of various flower species
Chrysanthemum is among the most promising
Thank you v e ry much
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