sea level change

Sea Level Change

Geography 1050

Trout River

Outline

• Patterns and processes of sea-level rise in Atlantic Canada– Glaciation, deglaciation, and isostatic rebound

• Types of evidence used to determine rates of sea-level rise– Longterm

• Geomorphological & sendimentological evidence

• C14 dating

– Medium term– Short term

• Adaptations to sea-level rise in Atlantic Canada

Sea Level Change

• driven by local, regional, hemispheric, & global factors

• Changes in sea level are not uniform

• Each area is affected differently

• “Global” sea level is only a theoretical concept

Atlantic Canada

• Effects of glacial activity

• melting of ice, adding more water to ocean

• glacio-isostatic rebound: recovery of land as ice weight is removed

NL Glaciation

• island covered by local ice caps

• Labrador covered by large Laurentide glacier

• Maximum thickness 2000 m

• Weight of ice causes glacio-isostatic depression

Glaciation

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Glaciation & deglaciation

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Deglaciation

• Melting began 15,000 years ago

• Complete between 9,000 and 7,000 years ago

• Sea flooded into isostatically-depressed areas

• 135 m a.s.l. at Gull Island Rapids, Labrador

• 170 m at St. Anthony

• 58 m at Laurenceton, Bay of Exploits (photo)

• 35 m at Terra Nova National Park

Glacio-isostatic Rebound

• Removal of weight of ice allows land to rebound

• Sea forced to recede, relative sea level drops

• Land ‘springs’ back, then subsides

• Still happening around Lake Melville (1 mm per year)

• Currently, rising sea levels around island of Newfoundland

Outline

• Patterns and processes of sea-level rise in Atlantic Canada– Glaciation, deglaciation, and isostatic rebound

• Types of evidence used to determine rates of sea-level rise– Long term

• Geomorphological & sendimentological evidence

• C14 dating

– Medium term– Short term

• Adaptations to sea-level rise in Atlantic Canada

Marine Clay at Springdale indicates sea level was 75 m higher than today 12,000 years ago

How would you find out if this were marine clay or not? What proxy data would you use?

Dropstone indicates iceberg rafting, in marine clay near Lower Churchill project site

What makes this stone peculiar?What proxy data could you use to find out more?

Sequence of “raised beaches” formed as sea level gradually withdrew,

Coastal Labrador

oldest

younger

youngest

Raised Beach, Sandy Cove, Eastport Peninsula

Sea Level 12,000 years ago

What kinds of proxy data would tell us this?

Old Man

sea stack,

Trout River, NL

Outline

• Patterns and processes of sea-level rise in Atlantic Canada– Glaciation, deglaciation, and isostatic rebound

• Types of evidence used to determine rates of sea-level rise– Long term

• Geomorphological & sendimentological evidence

• C14 dating

– Medium term– Short term

• Adaptations to sea-level rise in Atlantic Canada

Sea-Level History in Atlantic Canada

• Higher sea levels immediately following deglaciation;

• Dropping to levels lower than present between 8,000 and 5,000 a ago (varying from place to place);

• Currently rising (except for Lake Melville)

How do we know?

for long time scales (100s or 1000s of years): Maps & bathymetric charts Archaeological sites 14C dating

14C dating

• Radiometric decay of 14C – Organic deposits only

– Not valid for deposits younger than 1950

– Used for deposits up to 30,000 years old

– Dates expressed as “BP”

Broad Cove, Avondale

Submerged black spruce stump

Ship Cove,

Placentia Bay

For a reliable date, the stump should be rooted in peat under

the beach gravel (so it is not a piece of driftwood).

This stump indicates sea level rise at

about 2.5 – 3 mm per year over the past 1800 years

Outline

• Patterns and processes of sea-level rise in Atlantic Canada– Glaciation, deglaciation, and isostatic rebound

• Types of evidence used to determine rates of sea-level rise– Long term

• Geomorphological & sendimentological evidence

• C14 dating

– Medium term– Short term

• Adaptations to sea-level rise in Atlantic Canada

Medium (intermediate) Time Scales

Assessment over decades through human infrastructure (docks, moorings) and/or tide gauge records

Airphotos and satellite imagery indicate coastal erosion, beach retreat

Personal photographs

Topsail Beach, ca. 1910

Mooring Ring, Louisbourg, NS

Mooring ring was installed above high tide position ca. 1750;

today high tide rises above ring (approx to person’s helmet)

Eroding archaeological site,

The Beaches, Bonavista Bay

Currently rising at 2 mm/a, the wall is necessary to prevent this Beothuk site from being washed away

Middle Cove

Middle Cove

Outline

• Patterns and processes of sea-level rise in Atlantic Canada– Glaciation, deglaciation, and isostatic rebound

• Types of evidence used to determine rates of sea-level rise– Longterm

• Geomorphological & sendimentological evidence

• C14 dating

– Medium term– Short term

• Adaptations to sea-level rise in Atlantic Canada

Short Term

• Humans cannot look at the sea from one year to the next and recognize rising levels visually– natural tidal changes in sea level

– daily variations due to storms

• Recognition of relative sea level rise based on long-term and intermediate-term analyses.

• Tidal component must be accounted for (‘filtered out’) before sea level rise can be recognized.

Elevations of tidal position over time (diamonds) at Cuxhaven, Germany

• although individual levels vary, the overall trend indicates rise 1788-1995

1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005-0.5

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Water Level (m)

Port-aux-Basques: Sea level rise approx. 3.3 mm/year

Sea Level change-net results

• Observed rates of sea level change (from all causes combined) in Atlantic Canada vary from 1 mm per year to more than 5 mm per year– S. & E. Newfoundland – 3 to 5 mm per year

– Fundy and SW Nova Scotia – 3 mm per year

– Gulf of St. Lawrence coast – 2 to 3 mm per year

– Labrador - +1 to – 1 mm per year

Outline

• Patterns and processes of sea-level rise in Atlantic Canada– Glaciation, deglaciation, and isostatic rebound

• Types of evidence used to determine rates of sea-level rise– Longterm

• Geomorphological & sendimentological evidence

• C14 dating

– Medium term– Short term

• Adaptations to sea-level rise in Atlantic Canada

If you live on the shore …

• Sea level is rising, regardless of cause

• If your property is eroding, the cause is less important than is taking action

• Adaptation is required

Adaptation Strategies

• Reinforce (armour) the coast

• Retreat and rebuild

• Rezone the coastal area

FerrylandBauline East

Conception Bay South

Conception Bay South

Summary

• Patterns and processes of sea-level rise in Atlantic Canada– Glaciation, deglaciation, and isostatic rebound

• Types of evidence used to determine rates of sea-level rise– Longterm

• Geomorphological & sendimentological evidence

• C14 dating

– Medium term– Short term

• Adaptations to sea-level rise in Atlantic Canada