sdv overview
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8/2/2019 SDV Overview
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2006 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco ConfidentialCisco Days SDV 1
Switched Digital Video (SDV) Overview
Robert Kidd
Subscriber Network and Applications Engineering
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2006 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco ConfidentialCisco Days SDV 2
SwitchedDigital Video
Business Drivers and Viewership Dynamics
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2006 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco ConfidentialCisco Days SDV 3
Why Switched Digital Video?
Powerful bandwidth management tool
Decouples bandwidth from offered content
Works on existing MPEG-based set-tops
Fully supported on existing S-A set-tops
Enables new programming offerings
Premium, ethnic tiersenables the long tail
Transparent to consumers
More choice - no change in viewing experience
Improves visibility to consumer demand
Provides detailed viewership data
Can be used to enhance targeted advertising
A key component of Next Generation Networks
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2006 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco ConfidentialCisco Days SDV 4
HDTV is penetrating the mainstream market
HD programming is expanding
14-18 HD channels in most major
markets today
DirecTV by 2007 will offer 150 national
channels in HD and 1,500 local
broadcasts
Dish adding 7 new HD channels on
February 1, totaling 25 HD channels
More niche networks launching HD
(MTV just launched; HGTV and Food
Network launching HD programming
by mid06)
Consumer purchase of HD
televisions on the rise
Roughly 40% of U.S. homes to have 1
or more HD televisions by end of 2007
Prices of HDTV sets continue to
decline
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
400
1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 200 3 2004 2005 2006 200 7 200 8 200 9 2010 2011 2012 201 3 2014 2015
Analog TV sets
HDTV sets
283M/16M HDTV
Only 6-7 M televisionsconnected to HD Service
(2.6 TV per HH)
353M
(2.8 TV per HH)
256M
96M
TV sets in US HH (mil.)
Source: Kagan, 2005, CEA, S-A Estimates
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
400
1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 200 3 2004 2005 2006 200 7 200 8 200 9 2010 2011 2012 201 3 2014 2015
Analog TV sets
HDTV sets
283M/16M HDTV
Only 6-7 M televisionsconnected to HD Service
(2.6 TV per HH)
353M
(2.8 TV per HH)
256M
96M
TV sets in US HH (mil.)
Source: Kagan, 2005, CEA, S-A Estimates
$100K+
23%
Under
$25K
21%
$50K-
$75K
19%
$25-
$50K
22%
$75K-
$100K
15%
HH Income ofHDTV owners
Source: Forrester's Consumer Technographics Q2 2005 North American Survey
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Example: DirecTV has suggested that nichecontent is helping to drive their growth
our PARA TODOS product added 120,000 net subscribers in thequarter
We now have 700,000 subs in the PARA TODOS package, that isdouble where we were at the beginning of 04.
Source: May 2, 2005 DTV Q1 2005
The DirecTV Group, Inc. Earnings Conference Call
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Another niche experience: Dish Networks now offersextensive international programming options
AfricanABN America - $14.99/mo.
Armenian
Armenia TV - $14.99/mo.
Arabic
15 channels - $39.99/mo.
Al Jazeera Kuwait TV
Chinese
17 channels - $29.99/mo.
Farsi
3 channels - $32.99/mo.
French
3A Telesud - $14.99/mo.
German
Polish
1 channel - $14.99/mo.
Greek
6 channels - $36.99/mo.
Israeli
Israeli Network - $19.99/mo.
Italian
2 channels - $12.99/mo.
Japanese
TV Japan - $25.00/mo.
Korean
4 channels - $36.99/mo.
4 channels - $38.99/mo.Portuguese Russian
South Asian Tagalog Urdu
TV Globo - $19.99/mo. 2 channels - $24.99/mo. 6 channels - $49.99/mo. 1 channel - $14.99/mo. 3 channels - $34.99/mo.
The high price of these offerings demonstrates the value to niche consumers.
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7/31 2006 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco ConfidentialCisco Days SDV 7
Switched Digital Video
SwitchedChannels Everyone could get
their own specialchannels: increased
appeal of overallpackage to ALL
subscribers
BroadcastChannels
Next 10
5-10Viewers
Next 30
1-5Viewers Next 200+
< 1Viewer
Typical Viewership at a node
Top 4
>30Viewers
A
udience
Broadcast
Channels
Current Analog & DigitalBroadcast ApproachOnly the most
popular channelsare offered due
to capacityconstraintsUnused
Capacity
SDV Drives a Paradigm Shiftin Bandwidth Management
The Long Tail
Within any service group,NOT every channel iswatched all the time
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Switched Digital Video Will Enable Cable Sites toDeliver More Content Than Ever Before, While UsingExisting Hardware
Headend Hub
Headend Hub
Todays Broadcast System
Our Switched Digital Video (SDV) System
Service
Group
ServiceGroup
All Programs AreBroadcast to AllSubscribers Allthe Time
Programs AreTransmitted to aService GroupOnly When a
Subscriber inThat Group IsActivelyWatching Them
SDV Sends Programs to Subscribers Only in Areas Where
Programs Are Being Requested in Real-Time
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Potential Bandwidth Gains with SDV
Traditional Broadcastwith Statistical Mux Switched Digital Video
200
ProgramsOffered
17QAMs
HFCBandwidthRequired
300
ProgramsOffered
25QAMs
HFCBandwidthRequired
200
ProgramsOffered
6-8QAMs
HFCBandwidthRequired
300+
ProgramsOffered
nQAMs
HFCBandwidthRequired
Bandwidth scalesas number of
channels offered
Immediatebandwidth
savings
HFC bandwidthscales based on
viewership
HFC bandwidthrequired is
independent ofnumber of
offeredchannels
MSOs can save bandwidth by delivering programs based on viewership
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Viewership Ranking
Cumulative Viewership Seconds - Saturday
0.00E+00
5.00E+07
1.00E+08
1.50E+08
2.00E+08
2.50E+08
3.00E+08
264 254 244 234 224 214 204 194 184 174 164 154 144 134 124 114 104 94 84 74 64 54 44 34 24 14 4
Program Rank, Most Popular to Least Popular
CumulativeViewership(Second
s)
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Peak Usage Over Time - SaturdayService Group GC10 - 1108 Tuner
Unique Stream Usage over Time - Saturday
Service Group GC10 - 1108 Tuners
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Time
UniqueStream
s
264 non-VOD Unique Streams Bottom 100 non-VOD Unique Streams
Bottom 200 non-VOD Unique Streams Bottom 150 non-VOD Unique Streams
GC10 Peak for 264 Channels is 138
GC10 Peak for the lowest ranked 200 Channels is 79
GC10 Peak for the lowest ranked 100 Channels is 18
GC10 Peak for the lowest ranked 150 Channels is 44
Scientific Atlanta
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Peak Usage vs. Service Group SizePeak Usage vs. Service Group Size - Saturday
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
160
180
300 500 700 900 1100 1300 1500
Service Group Size (Tuners)
PeakUsage(Streams)
1 thru 50 1 thru 100 1 thru 150 1 thru 200 1 thru 264
Fit - 1 thru 50 Fit - 1 thru 100 Fit - 1 thru 150 Fit - 1 thru 200 Fit - 1 thru 264
GC10 Peak for 264 Channels is 138
GC10 Peak for 200 Channels is 79
GC10 Peak for 150 Channels is 44
GC10 Peak for 100 Channels is 18
GC10 Peak for 50 Channels is 5
Scientific Atlanta
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SDV Gain vs. Offered Programs
Gain vs. Offered Programs - Saturday
0
5
10
15
20
25
0 50 100 150 200 250 300
Number of Offered Programs
(Ordered from Least Viewed to Most Viewed)
Gain(N
umberofOfferedPrograms/
PeakUsage)
Scientific Atlanta
500 Tuners
1000 Tuners
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SwitchedDigital Video
An Open Architecture
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SA Switched Digital Video Status
HistoryTWC re-engaged on IP-based approachlate 04
TWC Issued RFP for IP-based architecture - in April 05
Cross-vendor tweaks to spec completed - April-July 05
Specifications and open protocols publishedJuly 05
Functional end-to-end system in S-A labOctober 05
StatusSA first to market with the TWC Phase II SDV solution
TWC Albany Multiple hubs provisioned, deploy to friendlies this week
TWC Oceanic Design complete, switching on test hub in the headend
TWC Rochester Design in process
SR 4.2 beta code installed at multiple TW sites and at other MSOs
SDV Production Installations and Beta Trials also underway at otherMSOs
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BulkEncryptor HFC
Network
Open IP Architecture forSwitched Digital Video
Settopwith
SDV Client
Video
Content
IP Network
MiniCarousel
Control
IP Network
VideoSources
ChannelChange
Message
SessionBinding
GroomedVideo
IGMP Join
Out-of-BandChannel
In-Band
Channel
Server InteractiveSession Request
EncryptedMulticast
Video
StagingProcessor
SDVServer
MasterSRM
EdgeQAM
QPSK
ContentSources
SDVManager
Management& Provisioning
ShellSessionSetup
Open Interface Specification
Video Content
Management
All interfaces are open and published
Separates server from switch
Based on IP Multicast Separates switch from QAM
VODPump
Enables QAM Sharing
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SDV Equipment Typical Rack Elevation
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2) Join multicastfor SDV ch8
DNCS w/App-Independent
Session andResource
Manager (SRM)
GQAM
VOD
Pump
0) Channelchange
to SDV ch8(HD)
3) SDV ch8 (HD)
-3) Give me 36x 625kb/s sessions
-6) set up CBR SPTSIP unicasts to Netcrypt
-1) Take sessionIDs 1-36 on GQAM X
1) Use sessID 12for HD-SDV ch8incl: actual bit rate andmulticast addresses
4) SDV ch8
1) Buy VOD
Movie
3) Send VOD Movieto GQAM X
4) Movie5) Movie
6) Movie
ServerInteractiveSessRequest/response
Movie37
Headend
SDV / VOD Session Setup Messages
DCMStaging
Processor
2) MiniCarousel
SDV ch8 (HD)12
SDV
Manager-4) Provision SDV Servers
-5) set upmulticast
CF sessionson Netcrypt
-5) DNCS sendsSourceIDs,multicast
addresses,bit rates
to SDV Manager
2) Tune toGQAM X
DNCS 4.2Master SRM
SDVManager
SDVServer
Netcrypt
DCMStaging
Processor
Hub
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QAM Sharing Better utilization of
QAM resources
Lower probabilityof blocking withless combined
overhead Better network
resiliency withlarger QAM pool
Planning byaggregate demand
No strandedcapital
AvailableCapacity ForBW Request
Available
Capacity ForBW Request
AvailableCapacity ForBW Request
LowerBlocking
Probability
ImprovedService
Availability
X
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QAM Carriers RequiredWith and Without QAM Sharing
Bottom 150 Broadcast and VOD Channels - Saturday
Service Group GC10 - 1108 Tuners
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20:16
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Time
Streams
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Active VOD Streams Bottom 150 non-VOD Unique Streams
QAMs Bottom 150 (w/o Sharing) QAMs Bottom 150 (w/ Sharing)
Q
AM
s
Scientific Atlanta
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SDV Network Redundancy
N:1 Server BackupUp to 8 servers backed up by a single server for highavailability and hitless upgrades
IGMPv3 Source Specific Multicast (SSM)
Redundancy of network attached devices (Netcrypt,encoders, and DCM)
Mini-carousel
Provides in-band tuning information in cases where out-of-band communication fails
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1:n Redundancy SDV ServerRedundancy
State Data
State Data
State Data
State Data 1
State Data 2
State Data n
Database Synchronization Protocol- Database transfer- Change of state indications- Heartbeat
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
PrimaryServer
1
PrimaryServer
2
PrimaryServer
n
StandbyServer
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Source RedundancyUsing IGMPv3 Source Specific Multicast (SSM)
GQAMRouter
Source 1
Source 2
Source 1Multicast X
Program X
Pgm X OKPgm Check
GQAMRouter
Source 1
Source 2 Pgm X BAD
GQAMRouter
Source 1
Source 2
Source 2Multicast X
Program X
Pgm X OK
JoinSource 2for Program X
Pgm Check
Pgm Check
1) Nominal
3) Recovery
2) Fault
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Mini Carousel
SDV Server:
Updates mini carousel dynamically
Sends mini carousel to SDV client over IP multicast
Multicasts mini carousel update even if reverse path is impaired orcongested
SDV Client:
Checks mini carousel to see if channel is available
Alternative, fast tuning mechanism if channel is already available onswitched tier
Ability to tune available channel even if reverse path is impaired orcongested
Mini Carousel provides resiliency in the eventof a reverse path outage or congestion
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SDV Session Resiliency
Bandwidth ReservationPrevents fragmentation of bandwidth across multiplecarriers
Bandwidth Reclamation of Idle Sessions
User-defined timeouts for marking available sessions
QAM Re-assignment
Sessions on failed QAMs will be re-assigned based on
active viewers
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Session and Resource Manager (SRM) must manage QAMbandwidth intelligently to reserve enough contiguous BW for HD
In the example below*, all QAMs in the service group are filled to a point wherethere is more than enough total bandwidth available for the requested HD stream,but no single QAM has enough contiguous bandwidth.
SD
HD
QAM 1 QAM 2 QAM 3 QAM 4
RequestedStreams:
HD streamBlocked!
Bandwidth available
for SD stream
Narrowcast Modulators feeding one Service Group
* Note: Any bandwidth can be requested.Standard Definition (SD) and HighDefinition (HD) are shown in theexample only for simplicity.
Bandwidth Management and ResourceReservation
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Bandwidth Management and ResourceReservation
QAM 1 QAM 2 QAM 3 QAM 4 QAM 1 QAM 2 QAM 3 QAM 4 QAM 1 QAM 2 QAM 3 QAM 4
QAM 1 QAM 2 QAM 3 QAM 4 QAM 1 QAM 2 QAM 3 QAM 4 QAM 1 QAM 2 QAM 3 QAM 4
QAM 1 QAM 2 QAM 3 QAM 4 QAM 1 QAM 2 QAM 3 QAM 4 QAM 1 QAM 2 QAM 3 QAM 4
As SRM begins to fill QAMs in a Service Group, it load balances among the QAMs
After all QAMs are filled to the point where the largest bandwidth (e.g. HD) would justfit, it then begins to fill QAMsone by one. It attempts to always maintain available contiguousbandwidth for the biggest streams.
It fills QAM 1 first... then QAM 2 and so on.
As sessions come and go
if load is high, it will fill the most full QAMs in order to preserve contiguous bandwidth.
QAM 1 QAM 2 QAM 3 QAM 4 QAM 1 QAM 2 QAM 3 QAM 4 QAM 1 QAM 2 QAM 3 QAM 4
If load is light, it will revert to balancing the load.
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QAM Re-Assignment
SDV Server is capable of re-mapping SDV sessions from a failedGQAM to an active GQAM feeding the same service group.
QAMs are load-balanced in light load conditions to minimize impact of outage
Availability improves with additional VOD/SDV carriers allocated
Priority is given to the streams with the most users
Q = Number of QAM ModulatorsBlue = Favorite Channels w/ 2 or more subs per channelGreen = Active QAM Carriers (demand)White = Inactive QAM Carriers (excess capacity)
d = Averagedemand per QAM
1-d =Averageexcesscapacity
perQAM
f = % active chswith >1 subs
QAM 1
QAM 2
QAM 3
QAM 4
SG1
SG2
SG3
SG4
FailedNormal Recovered
Favoritechsremapped
fromf
ailedQAMt
oexcess
capacityinremainingQ
AMs.
Singlesubchsdrop
d = Averagedemand per QAM
1-d =Averageexcesscapacity
perQAM
f = % active chswith >1 subs
SG1
SG2
SG3
SG4
d = Averagedemand per QAM
1-d =Averageexcess
capacityper
QAMf = % active chs
with >1 subs
SG1
SG2
SG3
SG4
Yellow = Failed (lost capacity)
Single Sub Channels Dropped(Type 2 Redundancy, 2.5 hrsoutage time)
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S-A Architecture Highlights
S-A / Cisco Benefits
Phase 2 ArchitectureTested
Open architecture based on IP Multicast protocolsand open interfaces to the QAM, Server, SDVManager, and Client
QAM Sharing
SDV and VOD sessions can share bandwidth,
requiring less RF spectrum and equipment
Integrated Client Faster boot times, rapid Mini-carousel auto-discovery, and full visibility to all channel changes
Bulk Encryption Netcrypt support in DNCS 4.2 eliminates need tomodulate/demodulate
IGMPv3 SSM Provides standards-based network and sourceredundancyMulti-CBR and HDsupport
Flexibility to optimize bandwidth utilization andability to offer new HD content on SDV tier
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S-A Feature Highlights
S-A / Cisco Benefits
Single ManagementSystem
SDV Manager provisions SDV servers andNetcrypt from DNCS 4.2
Server Redundancy N:1 Auto Backup minimizes down-time duringfailure or maintenance
SDV SessionRe-assignment
Provides session resiliency in event of a QAMfailure
GQAM support Leverage installed GQAMs which are Phase 2compatible with no need to upgrade hardware
Integrated VOD
Encryption
Netcrypt not required in shared VOD/SDVenvironment since session based encryption isaccomplished in the GQAM
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