science during 18th and 19th century

SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY AND SOCIETY from 18th

century to 19th century

Science, Technology and Growth of

Industry

THREE PERIODS of the Growth of Industry and the Development of Science and

Technology

Latent Era

Revolutionary Era

Capitalism Era

LATENT ERA (1690-1760)

The initial impetus of the Scientific Revolution seemed to falter and die away towards the middle of the 18th century.

The temporary pause might due to the following reasons: The prestige of Isaac Newton and the very finished and

character of his work “Principia , 1687” surpassed his contemporaries by a very large distance.

Social and economic factors such as new generations of merchants who were not yet conscious of the possibilities and potential of science.

Newton’s PrincipiaIsaac Newton

During this era, the new science and the capitalist method were still largely separated.

Ideology of rational progress on science and philosophy of 18th century sought to apply the method of science to all intellectual and social activities.

There was a development in agricultural practices. And there were goals such as improvement in mining and transportation methods and new method of making iron.

REVOLUTIONARY ERA(1760-1830)

This era covers years as decisive in science as well as in politics.

It includes the revolution in Britain and the political revolution in America and France.

This era was crucial for humanity a decisive turn was taken in many conquest and mastery of nature in the substitution of multiple mechanisms.

The new government of France after French revolution occupied themselves in improving science.

First task – Reform of weights and measures and establishment of the metric system in 1799.

Second task-The creation of modern scientific education.

• Science had been incorporated into universities in France, England and Germany.

GASPARD MONGE

In France, Ecole Polytechnique gave models for the scientific teaching and research institution of the future.

Some students of the new educational institutions and their contributions to science:Gay Lussac, Malus, Fresnel and Coulomb

Joseph Louis Gay Lussac

Augustin-Jean Fresnel

Etienne – Louis Malus

Charles-Augustin de Coulomb

Napoleonic wars had indirectly beneficial to science.

Napoleon took personal charge of the administration of science he took whole scientific expedition with him to Egypt and attended scientific meetings.

The Napoleonic war did not extent into the field of science but serve to promote scientist of different countries.

The number of scientific societies multiplied rapidly as scientific specialization grew.

Napoleon –took personal charge of the administration of science he took whole scientific

expedition with him to Egypt.

Napoleon BonaparteNapoleonic Wars

By the 1750 in England the textile industry came to deal with cotton imported from India.

The market for textile determined the outbreak of the industrial revolution in particularly favorable offered by Britain.

The market for textile machinery, textile processing and industrial products stimulated the chemical and iron industries.

In 1733, Kay invented flying shuttle to increase speed of weaving.

John Kay

Flying Shuttle

In 1764, Hargreaves introduced the spinning jenny, which increased the amount of cotton yarn that could

be spun.

James Hargreaves Spinning Jenny

In 1769, Richard Arkwright introduced the water frame, which produced stronger warp yarn.

Richard Arkwright Water Frame

A decade later in 1779, Samuel Crompton combined the jenny and the water frame into one machine called the mule.

Samuel Crompton Spinning Mule

In 1785, Cartwright invented the power loom. The industry spread to the weaving side with this power loom to include

wool and linen.

Edmund Cartwright

Power loom

The ever increasing supply demand of coal provided changes in mining and transportations.

The main innovation in transportation of 19th century was railroad.

The agricultural development was a mixture of empirical breeding, crop rotation and mechanization.

CAPITALISM ERA(1830-1895)

The contribution of science to technological advancement in the 18th century was basically modest.

The most important exception is the case of steam engine which originated as an attempt to solve the technological problem of draining water from tin and coal mines.

The 19th century marked a crucial turning point in science-technology relationship.

In the second half of century products in most industries would not come into being without the knowledge coming from the scientific activities.

The industries involved were the so called - Science-based Industries.

These included the most prominent coal-tar dye manufacture and the electrical power generation and its machinery.

In the middle of the 19th century chemistry was far advanced in its technological applications especially in Germany.

This marked the birth of the industrial research laboratory where the direction of research was determined by the specific needs of the firm.

Prior scientific discoveries were adapted to practical problems and commercial requirements.

The construction of public power system starting in 1880 made use of current dynamo a direct application of Faraday’s discovery in 1831.

The exploitation of this discovery was an answer to Thomas Edison desire to replace gas lightning with independently controlled residential electrical lightning system using his successful invention of incandescent electric light bulb.

Michael Faraday

Thomas Edison

Incandescent Light Bulb

THANK YOU

Prepared By: LEIZEL A. DESPI BSED 2C

UPNEXT IMPORTANT DEVELOPMENT IN SCIENCE FROM 18TH TO 19TH CENTURY to be reported by

Shiela Mae Gallego