science and urban life
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Science and Urban Life
Technology Changes Cities
The Brooklyn Bridge: opened in 1883, one of the first suspension bridges
Skyscrapers: were possible because of steel and elevators Louis Sullivan: built the 10 story Wainwright Building
in St. Louis Daniel Burnham: built the Flatiron Building in NYC
Electric Transit: Electric subways and trains
Brooklyn Bridge
Steel Cables
Workers would work in underwater caissons to build the bridge
Wainwright Building
St. Louis
Flatiron Building, 1900
Flatiron Building Today
City Planning
Frederick Law Olmstead: developed public parks to provide a piece of nature in an urban setting
Daniel Burnham: created Chicago’s White City for the 1893 Columbian Exposition, the Flatiron Building in Manhattan (1902), and many other sky scrapers
Louis Sullivan: Designed the 10 story Wainwright building in St. Louis (a “proud and soaring thing” ~Sullivan)
Central Park, NYCCentral Park, NYC
Boston Common
New Technologies
Orville and Wilbur Wright: made the first airplane take flight Dec. 17, 1903 Kitty Hawk, NC Covered 120 feet Lasted 12 seconds
George Eastman: made the first Kodak Camera For the first time
regular people could take their own pictures
$25 for camera and 100 picture roll of film
$10 to send the camera back and have the pictures developed and sent to you
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Public Education
Timeline
Pre Civil War: many children did not attend school They learned in the home from their mothers
1865-1895: laws were passed requiring 12-16 weeks of school for students 8-14 years old Schools focused on 3 R’s: Reading, Writing, and Arithmetic Used Corporal Punishment Over time the start age became younger and younger
Post-1900: more students went to high school to get ready for higher skilled jobs Only 1% were black students in 1900 Only 3% were black in 1910
Americanization in the Schools
Immigrants who attended public schools were Americanized
Some immigrant groups started religious schools to maintain their cultural heritage
Higher Education for African Americans
Booker T. Washington Created the Tuskegee
Normal and Industrial Institute
Believed African Americans should work their way up in society and conform to white America
“Up From Slavery”
W.E.B. DuBois First African American
to earn a PhD from Harvard
Believed that African Americans should get liberal arts education and become American leaders immediately
“From the Souls of Black Folks”
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Segregation and Discrimination
African Americans Were Left Out of Democracy
Poll Tax: a tax on voting that prevented poor people from voting
Literacy Test: a test that prevented illiterate people from voting
Grandfather Clause: a law that allowed people whose grandfather could vote to vote even if they were poor or illiterate This allowed poor/illiterate white men to vote but not black
people because their grandfathers had been slavesDiscrimination: Prejudice against an individual
based on their membership in a certain group or category
NAACP
National Assoc. For the Advancement of Colored People
Est. on February 9, 1909 in response to lynching in America
Continues to be an organization that promote equality and fairness
African Americans Were Left Out of Society
Segregation Laws: separated white and black people in public facilities like schools, parks, stores, restrooms, restaurants, water fountains, buses, trains, etc
Jim Crow Laws: the nickname of segregation laws (comes from an old minstrel song)
Separate But Equal?
African Americans were Victims of a Racist Supreme Court
The courts did not overturn segregation laws Plessy v. Ferguson: The court case that
declared segregation legal with the idea of “separate but equal”
Homer Plessy: 1/16 black, was told to sit in the black only section of a a train. He sued to stop segregation and lost. This made segregation legal.
Homer Plessy
African Americans were abused socially
Lynching: illegal murder of a person by a vigilante mob
Ida B. Wells: a newspaper editor who wrote about how wrong lynching was even though it made her a target
Race Riots: often occurred between black and white workers in northern cities over competition for work
Sundown Towns: towns and cities all over the USA that had local laws that black people could not be in the town after sunset
Ida B. Wells
Discrimination in the West
Similar discrimination happened against Mexicans and Asians in the west
Debt Peonage: a system where employers would loan money to people in return for a certain period of servitude. This was deemed unconstitutional in 1911 because it
violates the 13th amendment
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Dawn of Mass Culture
Urbanization leads to Mass Culture
Coney Island: huge amusement park outside NYC; opened 1903 Amusement parks
built on outskirt of city; mass transit brought people
Urbanization leads to Mass Culture
Bicycling and tennis become popular
Urbanization leads to Mass Culture
Rise of the Hershey Bar (1900) and Coca Cola (1886)
Urbanization leads to Mass Culture
Spectator Sports: Baseball and boxing National League Baseball (1876) American League (1900) 1st World Series (1903)
Boston Pilgrims beat Pittsburgh Pirates African Americans create the Negro National and
Negro American Leagues
Boston Pilgrims
First World Series
What it might have looked like after the game!
Urbanization leads to Mass Culture
Newspapers: Competition between the “NY World” (Joseph Pulitzer) and “NY Morning Journal” (William Randolph Hurst)Led to more depth in
news Led to sensationalism
Urbanization leads to Mass Culture
Rise of Art More Galleries Ashcan School of American
ArtsRise of Free Public Libraries
and Popular Fiction Mark Twain: popular writer
(Huckleberry Finn and Tom Sawyer)
Dime Novels: often adventure stories or Westerns
Realism: the artistic movement in which art portrayed a more realistic version of life
Urbanization leads to Mass Culture
Changes in Shopping Shopping Centers Department Stores (many goods, one store) Chain stores: Woolworth’s Store Advertisements Catalogues and RFD (Rural Free Delivery) Sears Roebuck: shipped directly to one’s home
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