scandinavian women gender studies stereotypes. stereotypes / looks
Post on 17-Dec-2015
216 Views
Preview:
TRANSCRIPT
Scandinavian Women• Gender Studies• Stereotypes
Stereotypes / Looks
Stereotypes / Health
• WHO 1996 physical health survey
• Scandinavian Countries at the top of the list
• Exercise / Sports • Diet • Fashion
Exercise / Sport• P.E. in schools from K-12
• Sports clubs• Regular
exercise • Sports:
soccer, badminton,
team-handball, volleyball, tennis, basketball
Diet• Awareness of
healthy food• Pork / poultry /
fish• Changing eating
habits with US influence
• Growing number of overweight adults and children
• Lower rate of obesity than U.S.
• Rugbrød (Rye – Bread)• Heavy Bread with lots of grain
form the basis of the Scandinavian diet
The skinny, the young, the healthyFashion – for:
Fashion - Weddings
•
Liberal / Promiscuous ?• Tidens Kvinder: Women of
our Time• Target group: (men and)
women from 18-40 years • Number of readers: 187,000• Published every other month• ”Erotic magazine for women.
Contains everything about the joys of eroticism for those who love to make love and want new inspiration. Articles, short stories and suggestions for a better sex life.”
Pornography• In Denmark, written pornography
was legalized in 1967• Picture pornography in 1969• Prostitution is not legal (Holland,
Nebraska)• Sex-trade
Sexuality / Morality Feud• 1880’s, heated
debate about sex• ”The Big Nordic War
about sexual morals”• Authors,
suffragettes, intellectuals
• Bjørnstjerne Bjørnson• Georg Brandes• Industrialization and
Modernity
• Marriage and the family - sexuality for procreation
• The daughters of the bourgeoisie: wives and mothers
• The sons: active and
outgoing breadwinners
• Women had no sexual urges.
• Sexual behavior = mentally deranged
• Men had strong and natural sexual urges which must be satisfied
• Prostitution, which was tacitly accepted
Albertine, 1884• 1863: Law about police
supervision of prostitutes
• 1874: Law about curbing STD’s (primarily incurable syphilis)
• Legalized prostitution, registration of the prostitutes, and weekly medical examinations
• Women and Christian circles violently opposed this double standard
Bjørnstjerne Bjørnson 1832-1910• BB wrote ”A Glove” in 1883, promoting celibacy for both men and women
• Responses:• Women’s
Associations: healthy and wholesome
• Realists / Naturalists: sexual freedom for both sexes
’The Feud’ gradually died out, but women started advocating different forms of freedom: Gymnastics, 1909
Bicycling, 1890
Reformdress, 1907
No corset, no bustle, loose skirts, pants underneath = mobility, 1909
Suffrage = the right to vote• Finland 1906• Norway 1913• Denmark 1915• The UK 1918• Sweden and
Iceland 1919• The USA 1920
Suffragettes• Inspired by the
British movement led by Emmiline and Christobel Pankhurst
• And the US movement led by Susan B. Anthony
Elna Munch in the Danish Parliament, 1918
Women entered many new fields, 1929
The World Wars
• Scandinavian countries did not participate on a grand scale
• But women started working – here 1928
Jobs Nurses 1938
• Women have always held most of the nurturing jobs
Operator 1940’s
• But more and more jobs were opened to women
• And women had to make ends meet
And finally cars became available after WWII
But most women still had their feet on the ground and worked long hours in hard jobs
Modern Times
• Feminist Revolution• Equal Rights• Body Image• Abortion / Reproductive Rights• The ”Soft” Man• Equal Pay
Rødstrømper (Red Stockings)
• Grassroot movement
• Established 1970
• Traditional women’s roles
• Young and old, housewives and career women
Ø-lejre (Island-camps) Femø 1971
• 1960’s and 1970’s
• Discussion of roles
• No men and boys over 12
• Collective living and sharing of duties and enjoyment
• Involvement of local women
Equal Rights
• Demonstrations• Paying 80% of bus tickets• Few women getting a higher
education• Few women in leading positions• Few women in politics• Women working outside and in the
home
Body Image
• Commercialized images of women
• Bra burning• Nudity was
promoted on the beaches
• Make-up was regarded with contempt
Reproductive Rights
• Sexual experimentation
• Communal living and sharing
• Free medical services
• Easy access to contraception
Abortion• Abortion legalized
in Jan. 1973 (US Dec. 1972)
• Not challenged• Sexual education
in schools • Number of
abortions going down
• Morning-after pill
The ”Soft” Man
• The 1970’s saw the rise of male groups
• Attempting to raise awareness
• Redefinition of roles
• ”The oppressed can’t teach the oppressor how not to oppress”
Equal Pay
• Equal pay for equal work instituted in 1919, but didn’t materialize
• Norway: 1959• Sweden: 1960• Denmark: 1973• Women still paid less than men!• No sex discrimination in job postings
Right Now• Ideology and Welfare• Everyday Life• The importance of women
– Pre-natal and post-natal care– Leave of absence– The father’s role– Sick leave– Vacations– Childcare
Ideology, Welfare, and Everyday Life
• Welfare state needs tax-payers
• Women are important
• Two incomes attractive
• Volunteer work • Wages are higher,
but so are taxes and prices
Pre-natal and post-natal care
• Maternity leave• 1974: 16
weeks• 1991: 8
months• 2003: 1 year • Full pay• Guaranteed job on
return• Regular check-ups• Free hospital care• Free visiting
nurses
Leave of absence / The father’s role
• The father gets 2 weeks paid paternity leave
• The mother and father can divide 32 weeks
Sick Leave and Vacation• Public sector: fired
after 120 days of consecutive illness
• Parents take off the first day a child is ill
• Mininum of 6 weeks paid vacation in a year. Some have more.
• Charter trips to the south
Childcare
• Nurseries and daycare; 6mths- 3 years: $280-350/mth
• Kindergarten 3-6 yrs: $210/mth
• Kindergarten-class 6-7 years: free
• After school activities: $150/mth
• Very affordable
Education• A majority of women in high school (51%)• A majority of women in Universities• A majority of women in the sciences• But fewer women in ph.D and research
programs
Professions for Women• Many ’nurturing’
jobs:• Caregivers / Nurses• Doctors• Dentists• Midwives• Education• Male dominance in
engineering, technology, physics, chemistry and math
Career Opportunities
• Private Sector
• Top Managers:• Men = 96 %• Women = 4%
• Public Sector
• Top Managers:• Men = 82%• Women = 18%
Affirmative Action• Instituted in the
70’s• Ministry for the
Equality of the Sexes
• Advertisements and job postings must be addressed to both genders
• Age- and ethnic discrimination is illegal
• The State Ombud (Ombudsmand) can decide cases
Politics: Percentage of women candidates (RED) elected to the Danish Parliament
Danish Parliament
• 179 places, 66 women (38%)
• Christiansborg Castle in Copenhagen
• The Cabinet: 19 Secretaries, 6 women (26%)
- Education- Attorney General- Integration and
refugees- Developmental
contributions / 3rd world- Environment & Nordic
cooperation- Health and Human
Services and Equality
US Legislature
• The US House of Representatives: 435 seats, 74 women (17%)
• The US Senate: 100 seats, 16 women (16%)
• The Cabinet: President, Vice President + 15 Secretaries, 4 women (24%)
- State - Transportation - Labor - Education
Literature
• Pia Tafdrup • Dorrit Willumsen• Suzanne Brøgger• Inger Christensen• Marta Tikkanen• Vigdis Bjørkøv• Torill Hauger• Iben Sandemose
Music
• Sanne Salomonsen
• Anne Linnet• Lis Sørensen• Michala Petri• Sissel
Kjyrkebo
Painters
• Ida Schandorph
• Inge Ellegaard
• Anna Ancher• Harriet
Backer• Bodil
Halvarson
top related