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Universität Hamburg
SAR Training Course, MCST, Kalkara, Malta, 10-14 November 2014
SAR Maritime Applications
Currents and Objects
Martin Gade Uni Hamburg, Institut für Meereskunde
Universität Hamburg
SAR Training Course, MCST, Kalkara, Malta, 10-14 November 2014
Martin Gade - SAR Maritime Applications - 3 - Currents & Objects 2
Thursday, 13 Nov.:
1 - History & Basics Introduction Radar/SAR History Basics Scatterometer
2 - Wind and Waves SAR Wind Fields Storms, Tropical Cyclones Ocean Surface Waves Oceanic Internal Waves Marine Surface Films Rain
Friday, 14 Nov.:
3 - Currents and Objects Surface Currents Sea Bottom Topography Ship Detection Oil Pollution Monitoring Sea Ice Intertidal Flats
4 - Exercises NEST 5: Calibration, Georeferencing, Wind Fields, Oil Pollution, Radar Contrast, Statistics
SAR Maritime Applications
Universität Hamburg
SAR Training Course, MCST, Kalkara, Malta, 10-14 November 2014
Martin Gade - SAR Maritime Applications - 3 - Currents & Objects 3
Surface Currents
Universität Hamburg
SAR Training Course, MCST, Kalkara, Malta, 10-14 November 2014
Martin Gade - SAR Maritime Applications - 3 - Currents & Objects 4
SAR Imaging of Surface Currents
[Robinson, 2003]
[Gade et al., 1998]
Slicks & eddies
ERS SAR Image (C-VV; 70 km × 70 km)
Bering Strait
(24 June 1997, 22:30 UTC, © ESA)
Universität Hamburg
SAR Training Course, MCST, Kalkara, Malta, 10-14 November 2014
Martin Gade - SAR Maritime Applications - 3 - Currents & Objects 5
Hydrodynamic Processes at the Sea Surface
[Robinson, 2003]
Imaging by SAR
[Robinson, 2003]
Universität Hamburg
SAR Training Course, MCST, Kalkara, Malta, 10-14 November 2014
Martin Gade - SAR Maritime Applications - 3 - Currents & Objects 6
Along-Track Interferometric (ATI) SAR TerraSAR-X / TanDEM-X
Universität Hamburg
SAR Training Course, MCST, Kalkara, Malta, 10-14 November 2014
Martin Gade - SAR Maritime Applications - 3 - Currents & Objects 7
Along-Track Interferometric (ATI) SAR
Universität Hamburg
SAR Training Course, MCST, Kalkara, Malta, 10-14 November 2014
Martin Gade - SAR Maritime Applications - 3 - Currents & Objects 8
Along-Track Interferometric (ATI) SAR
[Romeiser, 2013]
TanDEM-X SAR Image
(X-VV; 30 km × 30 km)
Pentland Firth (Scotland)
(26 February 2012,
06:41 UTC, © DLR)
Derived line-of-sight
current field
Reference current field
from numerical tide
computation system
Interferometric
phase image
radar look direction
Universität Hamburg
SAR Training Course, MCST, Kalkara, Malta, 10-14 November 2014
Martin Gade - SAR Maritime Applications - 3 - Currents & Objects 9
Along-Track Interferometric (ATI) SAR
[Romeiser, 2013]
TanDEM-X SAR Image (X-VV; 10 km × 10 km)
Pentland Firth (Scotland)
(26 February 2012, 06:41 UTC, © DLR)
Derived line-of-sight current field:
full-resolution Doppler velocity image
radar look direction
Universität Hamburg
SAR Training Course, MCST, Kalkara, Malta, 10-14 November 2014
Martin Gade - SAR Maritime Applications - 3 - Currents & Objects 10
Along-Track Interferometric (ATI) SAR
[Romeiser, 2013]
SRTM (X-VV; 70 km × 70 km)
Dutch Wadden Sea
(15 February 2000, 12:34 UTC)
Reference current field from a
numerical circulation model
Universität Hamburg
SAR Training Course, MCST, Kalkara, Malta, 10-14 November 2014
Martin Gade - SAR Maritime Applications - 3 - Currents & Objects 11
Along-Track Interferometric (ATI) SAR
[Barale & Gade, 2008]
SRTM (X-VV;
55 km × 30 km)
Elbe river
Current field
from a
numerical model
Universität Hamburg
SAR Training Course, MCST, Kalkara, Malta, 10-14 November 2014
Martin Gade - SAR Maritime Applications - 3 - Currents & Objects 12
Radial Doppler Velocities from SAR Imagery
[Barale & Gade, 2014]
Mean radial Doppler
velocities derived
from 4 years (‘07-‘11)
ASAR data
Mean westward current;
Agulhas Current (S Africa)
Universität Hamburg
SAR Training Course, MCST, Kalkara, Malta, 10-14 November 2014
Martin Gade - SAR Maritime Applications - 3 - Currents & Objects 13
Surface Currents Take-Home Messages Derivation of sea-surface currents: tracking of features Along-Track Interferometry Doppler velocities
Universität Hamburg
SAR Training Course, MCST, Kalkara, Malta, 10-14 November 2014
Martin Gade - SAR Maritime Applications - 3 - Currents & Objects 14
Sea Bottom Topography
Universität Hamburg
SAR Training Course, MCST, Kalkara, Malta, 10-14 November 2014
Martin Gade - SAR Maritime Applications - 3 - Currents & Objects 15
SAR Imaging of Sea Bottom Topography
[Jackson & Apel, 2004]
Seasat SAR Image (L-HH, 100 km × 100 km)
English Channel
(August 1978, © NASA)
Universität Hamburg
SAR Training Course, MCST, Kalkara, Malta, 10-14 November 2014
Martin Gade - SAR Maritime Applications - 3 - Currents & Objects 16
SAR Imaging of Sea Bottom Topography
[Robinson, 2003]
ERS-1 SAR Image (C-VV, 100 km × 100 km)
Taiwan Tan Shoals
(27 July 1994, 14:31 UTC, © ESA)
[Jackson & Apel, 2004]
Universität Hamburg
SAR Training Course, MCST, Kalkara, Malta, 10-14 November 2014
Martin Gade - SAR Maritime Applications - 3 - Currents & Objects 17
SAR Imaging of Sea Bottom Topography
ERS-1 SAR Image (C-VV, 100 km × 100 km)
Chinese Coast
(8 July 1995, 0234 UTC, © ESA)
[Robinson, 2003]
[Jackson & Apel, 2004]
Universität Hamburg
SAR Training Course, MCST, Kalkara, Malta, 10-14 November 2014
Martin Gade - SAR Maritime Applications - 3 - Currents & Objects 18
Bathymetry Maps from ATI Measurements
[Romeiser, 2013]
Airborne ATI-derived
current vector field
(German island of Sylt,
experiments May 2001,
3.5 km × 3.5 km)
Selected reference
depth points
Depth map derived
from reference points
Depth map from
echosoundings
Universität Hamburg
SAR Training Course, MCST, Kalkara, Malta, 10-14 November 2014
Martin Gade - SAR Maritime Applications - 3 - Currents & Objects 19
Bathymetry Maps from Multiple SAR Imagery
[Heygster et al., 2010]
Waterline Method
1996 1999
Extract waterlines from
multiple SAR images
acquired at different tidal phases
(precise water levels needed)
Universität Hamburg
SAR Training Course, MCST, Kalkara, Malta, 10-14 November 2014
Martin Gade - SAR Maritime Applications - 3 - Currents & Objects 20
Bathymetry Maps from Wave Statistics
[Lehner et al., 2013]
Universität Hamburg
SAR Training Course, MCST, Kalkara, Malta, 10-14 November 2014
Martin Gade - SAR Maritime Applications - 3 - Currents & Objects 21
Sea Bottom Topography Take-Home Messages Current variations: roughness variations Current models (shallow waters) Waterline method (intertidal flats) Wave refraction (coasts)
Universität Hamburg
SAR Training Course, MCST, Kalkara, Malta, 10-14 November 2014
Martin Gade - SAR Maritime Applications - 3 - Currents & Objects 22
Ship Detection
Universität Hamburg
SAR Training Course, MCST, Kalkara, Malta, 10-14 November 2014
Martin Gade - SAR Maritime Applications - 3 - Currents & Objects 23
Radar Backscattering from Metal Constructions
[Jackson & Apel, 2004]
Universität Hamburg
SAR Training Course, MCST, Kalkara, Malta, 10-14 November 2014
Martin Gade - SAR Maritime Applications - 3 - Currents & Objects 24
Ship Wakes
[Mallas & Graber, 2013]
Universität Hamburg
SAR Training Course, MCST, Kalkara, Malta, 10-14 November 2014
Martin Gade - SAR Maritime Applications - 3 - Currents & Objects 25
Multi-Polarization SAR Imaging of Vessels
[Mallas & Graber, 2013]
Radarsat-2 SAR
Imagery (C), © CSA
VV HH
VH HV
Universität Hamburg
SAR Training Course, MCST, Kalkara, Malta, 10-14 November 2014
Martin Gade - SAR Maritime Applications - 3 - Currents & Objects 26
High-Resolution SAR Imaging of Large Vessels
[Mallas & Graber, 2013]
COSMO-SkyMed
SAR Image (X-VV)
© COSMO-SkyMed
Universität Hamburg
SAR Training Course, MCST, Kalkara, Malta, 10-14 November 2014
Martin Gade - SAR Maritime Applications - 3 - Currents & Objects 27
SAR Imaging of Hijacked Vessels
[Barale & Gade, 2014]
Universität Hamburg
SAR Training Course, MCST, Kalkara, Malta, 10-14 November 2014
Martin Gade - SAR Maritime Applications - 3 - Currents & Objects 28
SAR Imaging of Vessels vs. AIS Info
[Barale & Gade, 2014]
Universität Hamburg
SAR Training Course, MCST, Kalkara, Malta, 10-14 November 2014
Martin Gade - SAR Maritime Applications - 3 - Currents & Objects 29
SAR Imaging of Marine Vessels Speed estimate from azimuthal shift
[Robinson, 2003]
[Soloviev et al., 2008]
𝑥𝑎𝑚 = −𝑢𝑅𝑅
𝑉
𝒇𝑫 = −𝟐𝒖𝑹𝝀
𝒇𝑫
𝑥𝑎𝑚
𝑥𝑎𝑚
Universität Hamburg
SAR Training Course, MCST, Kalkara, Malta, 10-14 November 2014
Martin Gade - SAR Maritime Applications - 3 - Currents & Objects 30
SAR Ambiguities (‘Ghost Images‘)
[Barale & Gade, 2014]
Ambiguity distance:
∆𝒙 = ∆𝒕𝑨𝑴𝑩𝑰 ∙ 𝒗𝟎 =𝑷𝑹𝑭
𝑭𝑴∙ 𝒗𝟎
𝑷𝑹𝑭 : pulse repetition frequency
𝑭𝑴 : temporal derivative of Doppler frequency
𝒗𝟎 : zero Doppler velocity
TerraSAR-X: Δx ≈ 5.2 km
Universität Hamburg
SAR Training Course, MCST, Kalkara, Malta, 10-14 November 2014
Martin Gade - SAR Maritime Applications - 3 - Currents & Objects 31
Ship Detection Take-Home Messages High-resolution SAR used Vessel monitoring (SAR vs. AIS) Vessel speeds (“ship-off-the-track“)
Universität Hamburg
SAR Training Course, MCST, Kalkara, Malta, 10-14 November 2014
Martin Gade - SAR Maritime Applications - 3 - Currents & Objects 32
Oil Pollution Monitoring
Universität Hamburg
SAR Training Course, MCST, Kalkara, Malta, 10-14 November 2014
Martin Gade - SAR Maritime Applications - 3 - Currents & Objects 33
SAR Monitoring of Marine Oil Pollution
ERS SAR Image (C-VV, 50 km × 50 km)
South China Sea
(25 May 2007, 14:44 UTC, © ESA)
[Caruso et al., 2013]
Operation Oil Pollution
Universität Hamburg
SAR Training Course, MCST, Kalkara, Malta, 10-14 November 2014
Martin Gade - SAR Maritime Applications - 3 - Currents & Objects 34
SAR Monitoring of Marine Oil Pollution
TerraSAR-X Image (X-VV)
Mud Lake, LA, USA
(1 August 2010, 12:08 UTC, © DLR)
[Caruso et al., 2013]
Accidential Oil Pollution
Wellhead struck by tugboat Pere Ana C.
Universität Hamburg
SAR Training Course, MCST, Kalkara, Malta, 10-14 November 2014
Martin Gade - SAR Maritime Applications - 3 - Currents & Objects 35
SAR Monitoring of Marine Oil Pollution
TerraSAR-X Image (X-VV)
Gulf of Mexico
(23 April 2010, 12:08 UTC, © DLR)
Extent on 25 April 2010:
[Caruso et al., 2013]
Accidential Oil Pollution
Deepwater Horizon ( ) incident
Universität Hamburg
SAR Training Course, MCST, Kalkara, Malta, 10-14 November 2014
Martin Gade - SAR Maritime Applications - 3 - Currents & Objects 36
SAR Image Examples
( 30 km x 40 km )
11 January 1998
15 February 1998
31 May 1998
5 July 1998
2 October 1998
18 October 1998
ERS-2 SAR Images (C-VV, 30 km × 40 km)
Northwestern Mediterranean Sea
(© ESA)
Universität Hamburg
SAR Training Course, MCST, Kalkara, Malta, 10-14 November 2014
Martin Gade - SAR Maritime Applications - 3 - Currents & Objects 37
Oil pollution in European marginal seas (1996-99)
SAR Applications
Universität Hamburg
SAR Training Course, MCST, Kalkara, Malta, 10-14 November 2014
Martin Gade - SAR Maritime Applications - 3 - Currents & Objects 38
Mean oil pollution of the Mediterranea Sea 1999-2004
SAR Applications
[Barale & Gade 2008]
Universität Hamburg
SAR Training Course, MCST, Kalkara, Malta, 10-14 November 2014
Martin Gade - SAR Maritime Applications - 3 - Currents & Objects 39
Use multi-frequency radar techniques to discriminate between biogenic and anthropogenic surface films
Wave Damping by Surface Films
Universität Hamburg
SAR Training Course, MCST, Kalkara, Malta, 10-14 November 2014
Martin Gade - SAR Maritime Applications - 3 - Currents & Objects 40
Scatterometer Experiments
MULTI³SCAT of Uni Hamburg
• flown on BO 105
• 5 frequencies: (L, S, C, X, Ku band)
• 4 polarisations (HH, HV, VV, VH)
• incidence angle: 23° ... 65°
• nominal flight height: 150 m
• Ø footprint: 1.6 m ... 128.9 m
• transmit power: 10 mW ... 150 mW
Universität Hamburg
SAR Training Course, MCST, Kalkara, Malta, 10-14 November 2014
Martin Gade - SAR Maritime Applications - 3 - Currents & Objects 41
Field Experiments With Marine Surface Films
Universität Hamburg
SAR Training Course, MCST, Kalkara, Malta, 10-14 November 2014
Martin Gade - SAR Maritime Applications - 3 - Currents & Objects 42
Field Experiments With Marine Surface Films
1994: 2 SIR-C/X-SAR missions
Field experiments with quasi-biogenic slicks and anthropogenic oil spills
Just minor differences in radar contrast at high wind speeds (12 m/s)
Universität Hamburg
SAR Training Course, MCST, Kalkara, Malta, 10-14 November 2014
Martin Gade - SAR Maritime Applications - 3 - Currents & Objects 43
Field Experiments With Marine Surface Films
Model can explain
monotonous increase of damping curves (no Marangoni maximum!)
similar damping behavior of biogenic and anthropogenic films
TOLG IFO
m : parameter describing reduction of friction velocity Δn : parameter describing reduction of wave breaking
[Gade, 1996]
𝝈(𝟎)
𝝈(𝒔)= 𝜳𝟎(𝒌)
𝜳𝒔(𝒌) ≈ 𝜷𝒔 − 𝟐𝜟𝒔𝒄𝒈
𝜷𝟎 − 𝟐𝜟𝟎𝒄𝒈∙ 𝒎𝜟𝒏−𝟒 𝟐𝒖∗
𝐜𝐨𝐬𝝋 𝒌
𝒈
𝜟𝒏
Modeling damping ratios at high wind speeds
Universität Hamburg
SAR Training Course, MCST, Kalkara, Malta, 10-14 November 2014
Martin Gade - SAR Maritime Applications - 3 - Currents & Objects 44
SAR Oil Detection System
[EMSA, 2014]
Low wind
Moderate wind
High wind
Universität Hamburg
SAR Training Course, MCST, Kalkara, Malta, 10-14 November 2014
Martin Gade - SAR Maritime Applications - 3 - Currents & Objects 45
ERS-2 SAR image (C-VV, 100 km 100 km)
North Sea
24 March 1997, 10:40 UTC, © ESA
Wind-Speed Dependence of Radar Contrast
Universität Hamburg
SAR Training Course, MCST, Kalkara, Malta, 10-14 November 2014
Martin Gade - SAR Maritime Applications - 3 - Currents & Objects 46
Defined as ratio A/B of the wind speed distribution of detected oil spills (A) and model winds (B)
Any oil pollution in the three ‘Clean Seas‘ test sites is visible only at wind speeds up to 9-10 m/s !
Normalized Visibility
Statistical Analyses
Universität Hamburg
SAR Training Course, MCST, Kalkara, Malta, 10-14 November 2014
Martin Gade - SAR Maritime Applications - 3 - Currents & Objects 47
SAR Oil Detection System
[Caruso et al., 2013]
Universität Hamburg
SAR Training Course, MCST, Kalkara, Malta, 10-14 November 2014
Martin Gade - SAR Maritime Applications - 3 - Currents & Objects 48
Oil Pollution Monitoring Take-Home Messages Routine monitoring, pollution statistics Oil-cleanup support Detection @ 2 m/s - 10 m/s
Universität Hamburg
SAR Training Course, MCST, Kalkara, Malta, 10-14 November 2014
Martin Gade - SAR Maritime Applications - 3 - Currents & Objects 49
Sea Ice
Universität Hamburg
SAR Training Course, MCST, Kalkara, Malta, 10-14 November 2014
Martin Gade - SAR Maritime Applications - 3 - Currents & Objects 50
Sea Ice
Left: Air bubbles in Baltic first-year ice
(ice slab diameter 8 cm)
Right: Small-scale ripples on sea ice
(laser measurements in the Baltic)
[Dierking 2013]
Roughness scales and volume inclusion
Left: Deformed sea ice in the Fram Strait
(refrozen lead with rafted thin ice;
thicker, ridged ice)
Universität Hamburg
SAR Training Course, MCST, Kalkara, Malta, 10-14 November 2014
Martin Gade - SAR Maritime Applications - 3 - Currents & Objects 51
Remote Sensing of Sea Ice
Airborne optical imager
19 March 2007, 12:20 UTC
spatial resolution < 1.3 m
[Dierking 2013]
Comparison of optical and SAR imagery (N Svålbard)
Spaceborne SAR sensor
ENVISAT ASAR WS (C-HH)
19 March 2007, 11:22 UTC
spatial resolution 150 m
Airborne SAR sensor
ESAR (DLR)
19 March 2007, 12:26 UTC
spatial resolution 2 m
Universität Hamburg
SAR Training Course, MCST, Kalkara, Malta, 10-14 November 2014
Martin Gade - SAR Maritime Applications - 3 - Currents & Objects 52
Remote Sensing of Sea Ice
ENVISAT ASAR images
(C-HH, 90 km × 90 km,
19° < θ < 28°), © ESA
[Dierking 2013]
Influence of melting conditions (Beaufort Sea)
ENVISAT ASAR images
(C-HH, 90 km × 90 km,
35° < θ < 43°), © ESA
Universität Hamburg
SAR Training Course, MCST, Kalkara, Malta, 10-14 November 2014
Martin Gade - SAR Maritime Applications - 3 - Currents & Objects 53
SAR Imaging of Sea Ice
ERS SAR image (50 km × 65 km)
Arctic sea ice
(© ESA, NASDA)
left: ERS (C Band, VV pol)
right: JERS-1 (L Band, HH pol)
SAR images (80 km × 80 km)
Arctic sea ice at 82°N 12°E
(19 September 1996, © ESA, CSA)
left: ERS (C Band, VV pol)
right: Radarsat (C Band, HH pol)
[Barale & Gade 2008]
Universität Hamburg
SAR Training Course, MCST, Kalkara, Malta, 10-14 November 2014
Martin Gade - SAR Maritime Applications - 3 - Currents & Objects 54
Remote Sensing of Sea Ice
ENVISAT ASAR images
(C-HH)
Ronne Polynya, Wedell Sea
© ESA
18 February 2008, 06:09 UTC
19 February 2008, 05:38 UTC
[Dierking 2013]
Ice-drift vectors derived from SAR imagery
Drift analysis:
resolution pyramids
linked in a cascade
Drift vectors from
SAR image analysis (red) and
visual inspection (yellow)
Universität Hamburg
SAR Training Course, MCST, Kalkara, Malta, 10-14 November 2014
Martin Gade - SAR Maritime Applications - 3 - Currents & Objects 55
Sea Ice Take-Home Messages Ice detection (icebergs) Classification through multi-pol SAR Ice drift
Universität Hamburg
SAR Training Course, MCST, Kalkara, Malta, 10-14 November 2014
Martin Gade - SAR Maritime Applications - 3 - Currents & Objects 56
Intertidal Flats
Universität Hamburg
SAR Training Course, MCST, Kalkara, Malta, 10-14 November 2014
Martin Gade - SAR Maritime Applications - 3 - Currents & Objects 57
Wadden Sea Surface Surface depends on sediment types, water level, ...
Universität Hamburg
SAR Training Course, MCST, Kalkara, Malta, 10-14 November 2014
Martin Gade - SAR Maritime Applications - 3 - Currents & Objects 58
Integral Equation Model (IEM)
Backscattering of electromagnetic waves from a dielectric surface with random roughness modulation
Limiting cases: Bragg model and Kirchhoff model
Special form of surface autocorrelation function important
Integral Equation Model (IEM; Fung et al. [1992, 2004])
𝜎𝑝𝑝0 =𝑘2
2exp −2𝑘𝑧
2ℎ2 ℎ2𝑛 𝐼𝑝𝑝𝑛 2 ∙𝑊𝑛 −2𝑘𝑥, 0
𝑛!
∞
𝑛=1
where 𝑘𝑧 = 𝑘 cos 𝜃 𝑘𝑥 = 𝑘 sin 𝜃
𝐼𝑝𝑝𝑛 = 2𝑘𝑧
𝑛𝑓𝑝𝑝exp −ℎ2𝑘𝑧2 +
𝑘𝑧𝑛 𝐹𝑝𝑝 −𝑘𝑥,0 +𝐹𝑝𝑝 𝑘𝑥,0
2
Universität Hamburg
SAR Training Course, MCST, Kalkara, Malta, 10-14 November 2014
Martin Gade - SAR Maritime Applications - 3 - Currents & Objects 59
SIR-C / X-SAR Data of Dry-Fallen Intertidal Flats
Spaceborne Imaging Radar-C / X-Band SAR (SIR-C/X-SAR) Campaigns in 1994
Different radar signatures at L-band and C-/X-band !
( 12 km x 12 km )
10 April 1994, 0804 UTC, 2h45‘ after low tide
L C X
1 GHz 5 GHz
10 GHz
Universität Hamburg
SAR Training Course, MCST, Kalkara, Malta, 10-14 November 2014
Martin Gade - SAR Maritime Applications - 3 - Currents & Objects 60
IEM Inversion Deriving Maps of RMS Height and Correlation Length
Example: NRCS (pixel) values at VV polarisation: L band: -18 dB C band: -9 dB X band: -11 dB
Derived roughness parameters: rms height: 3.1 mm correlation length: 3.7 cm
Universität Hamburg
SAR Training Course, MCST, Kalkara, Malta, 10-14 November 2014
Martin Gade - SAR Maritime Applications - 3 - Currents & Objects 61
IEM Inversion Sediment Map Derived Using SIR-C/X-SAR Data
(50 m geometrical resolution)
Dependence of sediment type and micro particles after Pröber [1981]
Source: LKN
Universität Hamburg
SAR Training Course, MCST, Kalkara, Malta, 10-14 November 2014
Martin Gade - SAR Maritime Applications - 3 - Currents & Objects 62
Multi-Temporal SAR Data
Data: Four TerraSAR-X Scenes of 2009 (1h before/after low tide)
Indicators for mussel beds
Green: high mean NRSC / low NRCS std dev
White: high mean NRCS / high NRCS std dev
Universität Hamburg
SAR Training Course, MCST, Kalkara, Malta, 10-14 November 2014
Martin Gade - SAR Maritime Applications - 3 - Currents & Objects 63
Lost Farmland in the Wadden Sea
Map of 1240
Major storm surges (‘Manndränken‘) in the 14th and 17th centuries
1st Manndränke 1362 4 storm surges and 2nd Manndränke 1646
Universität Hamburg
SAR Training Course, MCST, Kalkara, Malta, 10-14 November 2014
Martin Gade - SAR Maritime Applications - 3 - Currents & Objects 64
Oct 28, 2012 - Pellworm Radarsat-2 (05:43 UTC)
Residuals of Agricultural Areas
Universität Hamburg
SAR Training Course, MCST, Kalkara, Malta, 10-14 November 2014
Martin Gade - SAR Maritime Applications - 3 - Currents & Objects 65
Oct 28, 2012 - Pellworm TerraSAR-X (05:50 UTC)
Residuals of Agricultural Areas
Universität Hamburg
SAR Training Course, MCST, Kalkara, Malta, 10-14 November 2014
Martin Gade - SAR Maritime Applications - 3 - Currents & Objects 66
Intertidal Flats Take-Home Messages Multi-freqency/multi-pol SAR Sediments, mussels, macrophytes Residuals of former land use
Universität Hamburg
SAR Training Course, MCST, Kalkara, Malta, 10-14 November 2014
Martin Gade - SAR Maritime Applications - 3 - Currents & Objects 67
Universität Hamburg
SAR Training Course, MCST, Kalkara, Malta, 10-14 November 2014
Martin Gade - SAR Maritime Applications - 3 - Currents & Objects 68
Seasat SAR Image
Seasat SAR Image (L-HH, 80 km × 75 km)
Nantucket Island
(27 August 1978, 12:34 UTC)
What is shown here?
Universität Hamburg
SAR Training Course, MCST, Kalkara, Malta, 10-14 November 2014
Martin Gade - SAR Maritime Applications - 3 - Currents & Objects 69
it‘s time for exercises…
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