runwayincursions what is a runway incursion? any occurrence at an airport involving an aircraft,...

RUNWAYRUNWAY

INCURSIONSINCURSIONS

What is a Runway Incursion?

• Any occurrence at an airport involving an aircraft, vehicle, person or object on the ground that creates a collision hazard or results in a loss of separation with an aircraft taking off, intending to take off, landing, or intending to land.

Types of Runway Incursions

• Vehicle or Pedestrian Deviations

• Operational Errors

• Operational Deviations

• Pilot Deviations

Who gets involved?

• Day VMC– General Aviation (non commercial) pilots

• Night or IMC– Controllers

– Corporate Pilots

– Air Carrier Pilots

Factors that contribute to incursions.• Pride

• Awareness

• Airport Signage

• Aircraft Lighting

• Communications

• Ground Navigation

• Internal Procedures

• Failure to comply (expeditiously)

Pride

• The unwillingness to accept that you have made an error or that you need help can be a major source of embarrassing episodes but can also lead to tragedy.

Awareness

• Know what is going on around you.

• Listen to all communications

• Be aware of unusual situations

• Are you really ready?

Internal Procedures

• Some airlines have a checklist performed when an aircraft is cleared for takeoff or when told to taxi into position and hold.

Airport signage

• The Aeronautical Information Manual (AIM) now has color examples of airport signage. Without this knowledge, it may be very confusing as to the route you must take.

Aircraft lighting

• Be conspicuous

• Busy airports and surrounding lighting.

• Worried about saving money on equipment.

• Runways

Communications

• Two way radio communications

• Importance of understanding

• Busy times and readback

• Sterile Cockpit

• Language

Ground navigation

• Just as you use a chart in flying IFR or VFR to your destination, you should use an airport diagram to navigate on the airport.

Failure to comply (expeditiously)

• LAHSO

• Same runway operations

• Crossing runway operations without

LAHSO

Taxi Quiz (cont’d)Taxi Quiz (cont’d)

• From the east cargo ramp you receive this clearance:

• “N1CP, Columbia ground, taxi to runway 11 via taxiways Foxtrot and Alpha.”

Columbia, SCColumbia, SC

Any Restrictions?

East Ramp

“N1CP, Columbia ground, taxi to runway 11 via taxiways Foxtrot and Alpha.”

FAR 91.129(l)FAR 91.129(l)

• Clearance to “Taxi to” an assigned takeoff runway is not a clearance to cross the assigned runway, or to taxi on it at any point, but is a clearance to cross other runways.

True or FalseTrue or False

• The use of “Taxi into position and hold” at non-towered airports is a good practice to expedite the flow of traffic.

• FALSE- you cannot see behind you

ACCIDENT AT ST. LOUISCOULD THIS BE US?

• The key players in this runway incursion are, – Tower controller (referred to as Local Control)– Ground controller– TWA427– N441KM

ST. LOUIS AIRPORT DIAGRAM

RWY INCURSION ACCIDENT AT RWY INCURSION ACCIDENT AT STLSTL

AUDIO 1AUDIO 1TAKE 1TAKE 1

Dec. 7, 1994, 8pm local, night time

(Unintelligible) IFR to iron (unintelligible)

TWA four twenty-seven your frequency and uh taxi

Twin cessna four four one kilo mike roger clearance on request who else called ground meter or ground control

Ground TWA three ninety-seven for gate seventy-two on the alley

TWA three ninety-seven-saint louis. ground outbound at november taxi to runway three zero left via alfa

Alfa to three zero left TWA three ninety-seven

N441KM

TWA427

Ground

TWA397

Ground

TWA397

TWA four twenty-seven taxi with ah juliett at...at juliett

Ground TWA four twenty-seven at juliett taxi

TWA four twenty-seven saint louis ground uh roger and runway three zero right hold short runway three zero left taxiway hotel

Three zero right hold short of the left at hotel TWA’s uh four twenty-seven

Clearance TWA uh one seventy-five up to cedar rapids delta

(Unintelligible)

TWA427

TWA427

Ground

TWA427

TWA175

Unknown

TWA twenty-three saint louis ground runway-three zero right hold short runway three zero left at taxiway hotel

Thirty left hold short of the right at hotel TWA’s uh twenty-three

*(Ex) twelve fifty clear of three zero right

TWA four twenty-seven cross runway three zero left taxi runway three zero right

Ground

TWA23

FDX1250

Ground

Four twenty-seven cross the left to the right

Federal express twelve fifty saint louis ground taxi the ramp

*(Ex) twelve fifty

Who else needs ground control

Who else needs ground control anybody ... o k twin cessna four four one kilo mike you're cleared to the uh india mike tango airport via the cards three departure neens transition then as filed maintain three thousand squawk one one zero five.-

(Unintelligible) o k understand uh three thousand one one zero five uh for one kilo mike

TWA427

Ground

FDX1250

Ground

Ground

N441KM

One kilo mike readback is correct where you parked at and are you ready to taxi

I'm at midcoast and uh yes we are ready to taxi

one kilo mike roger back taxi into position hold runway three one let me know on this frequency when you're ready for departure

Kilo mike

Anybody else need clearance delivery

TWA one seventy-five standing by for clearance

Ground

N441KM

Ground

N441KM

Ground

TWA175

And uh one kilo mike you ready for departure

One kilo mike yeah we're ready (unintelligible)

Waterski 130 is an A-T-R going to bravo two and we have information delta

Waterski 130 roger proceed to bravo two monitor my frequency one two one point niner

Ok I'm up that frequency right now

Roger that one kilo mike hold on position on runway three one and monitor the tower on one two zero point zero five

Ground

N441KM

LOF130

Ground

LOF130

Ground

Saint louis ground northwest ninety-eight *(sixty-four taxi)

(Unintelligible) understand position and hold monitor the tower kilo mike

Northwest nine-eight sixty-four outbound the ramp join alfa at echo taxi to the charlie pad

Join alfa at echo to the charlie pad northwest nine-eight sixty-four

Northwest ten forty-eight when you see your company go out then you can taxi in to gate two

Northwest ten forty-eight copies

NWA98

N441KM

Ground

NWA9864

Ground

NWA1048

And TWA four twenty-seven’s ready

TWA four twenty-seven winds two seven zero at seven runway three zero right turn right heading three three five cleared for takeoff

Three thirty five and cleared to go t w a four two seven

T w a three ninety-seven runway heading contact departure good night

Three ninety-seven good night

Confirm uh three twenty-five for TWA’s four twenty-seven

TWA427

Tower

TWA427

Tower

TWA397

TWA427

TWA twenty-seven three three five

Three three five thanks

And kilo mike's ready to go on the right side

Roger I can't roll you simultaneously with the uh traffic departing the right just continue holding in position I'll have something for you in just a second

Kilo mike

TWA four fifty-five's ready on thirty left

TWA four fifty-five runway three zero left taxi into position and hold

Tower

TWA427

N441KM

Tower

N441KM

TWA455

Tower

*(Position) hold three zero left TWA four fifty-five

Twin cessna four four one kilo mike winds two eight zero at eight the traffic uh uh use caution for the m d eighty that's uh departing thirty right for possible wake turbulence turn right heading uh three five five ... continue holding in position

T w a four hundred and twenty-seven hit the other airplane on the uh runway roll the emergency equipment

Do you hear me do you hear me

Yes I do we're rolling the equipment

Roll the equipment… END OF TAPE

TWA455

Tower

TWA427

TWA427

Tower

TWA427

ACCIDENT AT ST. LOUISCOULD THIS BE US?

DISCUSSION

Orlando Int’l Airport

Air Transat 545

Comair 5053

Spirit 750

Orlando Int’l Airport

Comair 5053

Spirit 750

Air Transat 545

Orlando Int’l Airport

Orlando Int’l Airport

Orlando Int’l Airport

Orlando Int’l Airport

Orlando Int’l Airport

Orlando Int’l Airport

Orlando Int’l Airport

Orlando Int’l Airport

Orlando Int’l Airport

Orlando Int’l Airport

Runway IncursionOrlando International Airport

DISCUSSION

N89827

N79960

N89827

N79960

N89827

N79960

N89827

N79960

N89827

N79960

N89827

N79960

N89827

N79960

N89827

N79960

N89827

N79960

N89827

N79960

N89827

N79960

Runway IncursionSarasota-Bradenton Int’l Airport

DISCUSSION

ANY QUESTIONSANY QUESTIONS

I Have Some For You!!!I Have Some For You!!!

You are at Orlando International and ready for takeoff on runway 18R. You call the tower advising that you are ready and the tower replies, Cutlass niner three four six Delta, Orlando Tower, hold short runway one eight right, traffic heavy Boeing seven forty seven, one mile final. How should you acknowledge this?

You are at Orlando International and ready for takeoff on runway 18R. You call the tower advising that you are ready and the tower replies, Cutlass niner three four six Delta, Orlando Tower, hold short runway one eight right, traffic heavy Boeing seven forty seven, one mile final. How should you acknowledge this?

Question #1

• A. Cutlass four six Delta, roger.

• B. Cutlass four six Delta, holding short.

• C. No reply is necessary.

• D. Cutlass four six Delta, I can take an immediate departure.

• E. None of the above.

• A. Cutlass four six Delta, roger.

• B. Cutlass four six Delta, holding short.

• C. No reply is necessary.

• D. Cutlass four six Delta, I can take an immediate departure.

• E. None of the above.

• Even though answer “B” seems to be correct, the controller handbook specifies that controllers must request a read back of runway hold short instructions when it is not received from the pilot. If you use answer “B”, the controller may accept it because of frequency congestion, but then carefully watch you to make sure you don’t move. So, it is best to state the runway in reading back those instructions.

What does this sign mean?

• A. You are on RWY 4-22

• B. You have 4 thousand,

220 ft. to go to the runway

• C. This is the hold short

point for runway 4-22

• D. Maintenance forgot to take the sign down after April 22nd.

What does this mean?

• A. You are on RWY 4-22

• B. You have 4 thousand,

220 ft. to go to the runway

• C. This is the hold short

point for runway 4-22

• D. Maintenance forgot to take the sign down after April 22nd.

You call for taxi instructions from the west ramp at Orlando Executive Airport. Ground control says, “November zero Golf Oscar, runway two five, taxi via Golf, Juliett and Alpha, hold short of runway one three”. How should you respond?

You call for taxi instructions from the west ramp at Orlando Executive Airport. Ground control says, “November zero Golf Oscar, runway two five, taxi via Golf, Juliett and Alpha, hold short of runway one three”. How should you respond?

• A. November zero Golf Oscar, runway two five, taxi via Golf, Juliett and Alpha.

• B. November zero Golf Oscar, hold short of runway one three.

• C. November zero Golf Oscar, runway two five

• D. November zero Golf Oscar, runway two five, hold short of runway one three

“November zero Golf Oscar, runway two five, taxi via Golf, Juliett and Alpha, hold short of runway one three”.

• A. November zero Golf Oscar, runway two five, taxi via Golf, Juliett and Alpha.

• B. November zero Golf Oscar, hold short of runway one three.

• C. November zero Golf Oscar, runway two five

• D. November zero Golf Oscar, runway two five, hold short of runway one three

“November zero Golf Oscar, runway two five, taxi via Golf, Juliett and Alpha, hold short of runway one three”.

• Pilots must state their assigned takeoff runway and any runway hold short instructions. Anything else is not required.

What does this sign mean?

• A. The boundary of the ILS protection area

• B. Railroad crossing ahead

• C. Area on ramp to designate

a Pedestrian crossing ahead

• D. The boundary of the runway protected area

What does this sign mean?

• A. The boundary of the ILS protection area

• B. Railroad crossing ahead

• C. Area on ramp to designate

a Pedestrian crossing ahead

• D. The boundary of the runway protected area

• You are flying a C172 into a busy airport. The controller instructed you to follow a PA32 on a two mile final and you that you are cleared to land. When you are short final, you notice that the PA32 has missed the first taxiway and has a few hundred feet to go to the next taxiway that is 5,000 ft. down the runway. The tower is very busy, there is constant chatter on the frequency and you can’t get a word in . What should you do?

• A. Key up your microphone until everyone is tired of the squealing and quits talking.

• B. Transmit on the emergency frequency to the tower to verify landing clearance.

• C. Go around

• D. Overfly the PA32 and then land on the remaining length.

• E. Continue to land

• A. Key up your microphone until everyone is tired of the squealing and quits talking.

• B. Transmit on the emergency frequency to the tower to verify landing clearance.

• C. Go around

• D. Overfly the PA32 and then land on the remaining length.

• E. Continue to land

Yes, it is possible and legal to have more than one aircraft on the runway at the same time. There are many rules that say when this can happen but that is the controllers job….to know when the appropriate separation minimums exist. If they are not, then you will hear that phrase,“GO AROUND”

What does this sign mean?

• A. Coming up to the intersection of Taxiway Bravo

• B. Only big airplanes

allowed

• C. Designated Bird

Sanctuary

• D. You are on Taxiway Bravo

What does this sign mean?

• A. Coming up to the intersection of Taxiway Bravo

• B. Only big airplanes

allowed

• C. Designated Bird

Sanctuary

• D. You are on Taxiway Bravo

What can you do as a Designated Pilot Examiner

to help ensure runway safety?

What can you do as a Designated Pilot Examiner

to help ensure runway safety?

• Review airport layouts as part of preflight planning, during cruise, before descent and while taxiing.

• Know and understand airport signage.

• Read back all runway crossing and/or hold short instructions.

• Review NOTAMS for runway/taxiway closures and construction notices.

• Request progressive taxi instructions when unsure of the taxi route.

• Check traffic before entering any runway or taxiway.

• When calling tower for takeoff clearance from an intersection, always state which intersection you are at.

• As appropriate, turn on aircraft lights while taxiing.

• Clear the active runway on rollout as quickly as practical, then wait for taxi instructions before further movement.

• Study and use proper phraseology found in the Aeronautical Information Manual when responding to radio instructions.

QUESTIONS ?QUESTIONS ?

I hope you enjoyed this!I hope you enjoyed this!

• Any kudos or compliments may be sent to:

Orlando International Tower

c/o Rick Crose

9399 Airport Blvd.

Orlando, Florida 32827-4335,

or by e-mail at

RLCrose@earthlink.net

I hope you enjoyed this!I hope you enjoyed this!

• Any negative comments may be sent to:Orlando International Tower

c/o Rick Crose

9399 Airport Blvd.

Orlando, Florida 32827 -4335,

or by e-mail at

Rick.Crose@faa.dot.gov The period between the name is required!

THANK YOUTHANK YOU