rossby wave two-layer model with rigid lid η=0, p s ≠0 the pressures for the upper and lower...
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Rossby Wave
gztyxpp s ρ−= ),,(1
Two-layer model with rigid lid η=0, ps≠0
The pressures for the upper and lower layers are
( )( )( ) ρρρρ
ρρρΔ−Δ+−=
+Δ+−+=ghzgp
zhgghpp
s
s2
spp ′=′1
The perturbations are
hgphgpp s ′−′=′⎟⎟⎠
⎞⎜⎜⎝
⎛Δ−′=′ ∗ρ
ρρρ 12
( )211
1pp
gHhh ′−′=−=′ ∗ρ
Potential vorticity conservation in upper and lower layers:
Linearize with respect to a rest state using
io
i pkf
v ′∇×=′rr
ρ1
021
2 =⎟⎟⎠
⎞⎜⎜⎝
⎛−+
+hHH
fdtd ζ
01 =⎟⎠
⎞⎜⎝
⎛ +hf
dtd ζ
io
i pf
′∇= 21ρ
ζ i=1,2
We have
021
1*
21
12 =⎟
⎠⎞
⎜⎝⎛
∂′∂
−∂
′∂−
∂′∂
+′∇∂∂
tp
tp
Hgf
xp
pt
oβ
021
1*
22
22 =⎟
⎠⎞
⎜⎝⎛
∂′∂
−∂
′∂+
∂′∂
+′∇∂∂
tp
tp
Hgf
xp
pt
oβ
Given plane wave solutions
( )tlykxiAep ω−+=′1( )tlykxiBep ω−+=′2
We have
( )A
Hg
fHg
fklk
Bo
o
1
21
222
∗
∗+++=
ω
ωβω
( )A
Hg
fklk
Hg
f
Bo
o
2
222
2
2
∗
∗
+++=
ωβω
ω
The dispersion relation is
( ) ( ) ( )
( ) ( )02 22
21
212
22
21
212
22222
=+⎥⎦
⎤⎢⎣
⎡ ++++
⎥⎦
⎤⎢⎣
⎡ ++++
∗
∗
ββω
ω
kHHg
HHflkk
HHg
HHflklk
o
o
The two solutions are
221 lk
k
+−=
βω A=B, barotropic or external mode
( )21
212
222
HHg
HHflk
k
o∗
+++
−=β
ω AH
HB
2
1−=
Out of phase between the upper and lower layers, baroclinic or internal mode
Let β=10-13 cm-1s-1, fo=10-4 s-1, H1+H2=4×105 cm, g*=0.002g=2 cm s-2
scmk
c /2511 −≈=
ωscm
kc /622 −≈=
ωThe phase speeds
Baroclinic InstabilityConsider a two-layer system with rigid lid and a mean slope interface H1. The vertical shear of the total velocity is
hkf
gvv
o
∇×=−rrr *
21
Assume H1=H1(x) only and the lower layer is at rest, we have
*1
g
Vf
dx
dHo= Where V is mean meridional current in the upper layer
The linearized potential vorticity equations are
01
1
1
11 =
′−⎟⎟⎠
⎞⎜⎜⎝
⎛ ′−′⎟⎟
⎠
⎞⎜⎜⎝
⎛∂∂
+∂∂
dxdH
Huf
Hhf
yV
tooζ
01
1
2
12 =
−′
+⎟⎟⎠
⎞⎜⎜⎝
⎛−
′+′⎟⎟
⎠
⎞⎜⎜⎝
⎛∂∂+
∂∂
dxdH
HDuf
HDhf
yV
tooζ
For simplicity, H1 outside derivatives can be replaced by its mean Hm
Using the symbols we have used before, we have
( ) 0**
12
2112 =
′+⎟⎟⎠
⎞⎜⎜⎝
⎛′−′−′∇⎟⎟
⎠
⎞⎜⎜⎝
⎛∂
∂+
∂
∂
dy
pd
Hg
Vfpp
Hg
fp
yV
t m
o
m
o
( ) 0)(*)(*
22
2122 =
′
−−⎟⎟⎠
⎞⎜⎜⎝
⎛′−′
−+′∇⎟⎟
⎠
⎞⎜⎜⎝
⎛∂
∂+
∂
∂
dy
pd
HDg
Vfpp
HDg
fp
yV
t m
o
m
o
( )cVtyikeL
xnAp −⎟
⎠⎞
⎜⎝⎛=′π
sin11
Consider wave solutions as
( )cVtyikeL
xnAp −⎟
⎠⎞
⎜⎝⎛=′π
sin22
( ) ( ) 011
1 121
1221
12 =+⎥
⎦
⎤⎢⎣
⎡−+−− AAAAlc
λλ
( ) 011
221
1222
22 =−⎥
⎦
⎤⎢⎣
⎡−+−− AAAAlc
λλ
22
22
kL
nl +=
π
221
*
o
m
f
Hg=λ 2
22
)(*
o
m
f
HDg −=λ
where
The dispersion relation is
( ) ( ) 11
11
11 2
22
1 =⎥⎦⎤
⎢⎣⎡ −+⎥⎦⎤
⎢⎣⎡
−−+
cl
cl λλ
It can be shown that, if 4
22
21
4l≥
λλ, the equation has complex solution
( )22222
2
2
2
1
4 LknLL
+≥⎟⎟⎠
⎞⎜⎜⎝
⎛⎟⎟⎠
⎞⎜⎜⎝
⎛π
λλThe instability relation can also be written as
2
2
21
2 πλλ
≥L
Take n=1 and k=0, we get minimum criteria as
Take Hm~ 800 m, we have λ1~ 50 km, λ2 ~ 100 km, the unstable eddies are in the scale of 100-200 km.
Meso-scale
eddies
Energy Diagram of Rossby Wave
Reflection of Rossby Wave
Equatorial Dynamics
1 and 1/2 layer model
Y North
X East
Equatorial Under Current
Equatorial Under Current
Core close to the equator, ~1m/s
Below mixed layer
Thickness ~ 100 m
Half-width 1-2 degrees (Rossby radius at the equator)
Forced by zonal pressure gradient established by equatorial easterlies
Equatorial Waves
Tropical and subtropical connections
Vertical structure of the ocean:Large meridional density gradient in the upper ocean, implying significant vertical shear of the currents with strong upper ocean circulation
Water mass formation by subduction occurs mainly in the subtropics.
Water from the bottom of the mixed layer is pumped downward through a convergence in the Ekman transport
Water “sinks” slowly along surfaces of constant density.
Subduction
Sketch of water mass formation by subduction
First diagram: Convergence in the Ekman layer (surface mixed layer) forces water downward, where it moves along surfaces of constant density. The 27.04 σt surface, given by the TS-combination 8°C and 34.7 salinity, is identified. Second diagram: A TS- diagram along the surface through stations A ->D is identical to a TS-diagram taken vertically along depths A´ - D´.
The Ventilated ThermoclineLuyten, Pedlosky and Stommel, 1983
Interaction between the Subtropical and Equatorial Ocean Circulation: The Subtropical Cell
The permanent thermocline and Central Water
• The depth range from below the seasonal thermocline to about 1000 m is known as the permanent or oceanic thermocline.
• It is the transition zone from the warm waters of the surface layer to the cold waters of great oceanic depth
• The temperature at the upper limit of the permanent thermocline depends on latitude, reaching from well above 20°C in the tropics to just above 15°C in temperate regions; at the lower limit temperatures are rather uniform around 4 - 6°C depending on the particular ocean.
• The water of the permanent thermocline is named as the Central Water, which is formed by subduction in the subtropics.
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