robert crawford, mba west middle school. explain how the binary system is used by computers. ...
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Part 2, Computing FundamentalsChapter 2, Understanding Computers
Lesson 2-2, Making Computers Work
Robert Crawford, MBAWest Middle School
Explain how the binary system is used by computers.
Describe how software is written and translated
Summarize the tasks of the operating system Identify two leading operating systems and
explain why compatibility is an issue
◦ This is one of the largest units; be ready for a lot of new, and detailed, information. (And I actually cut some stuff out)
UNIT O BJECTIVES
ASCII Character Set Compiler Interpreter Object Code Object-Oriented Programming
KEY TERMS
Procedural Programming
Programmer Source Code Unicode
Remember, all the computer can do is act on pieces of information.◦ It can compare that piece of information to
another piece of information◦ It can perform a mathematical operation on the
piece of information
◦ That’s all it can do!
Digital Computing
The Binary World◦ In almost all cases that information is expressed
as ones and zeros. These ones and zeros then represent other numbers. It is reasonably easy to convert other information in
to binary
Digital Computing
The Binary World It is reasonably easy to
convert other information in to binary The first thing to
remember is that a Byte is not made up of a single Bit, it is made up of 8 Bits
Digital Computing
Number of Binary Digits (bits)
Common Name
1 Bit
4 Nibble
8 Byte
16 Word
32 Double Word
64 Quad Word
http://www.electronics-tutorials.ws/binary/bin_2.html
The Binary World It is reasonably easy
to convert other information in to binary We start by making a
table
Digital Computing
http://www.electronics-tutorials.ws/binary/bin_2.html
Binary Digit
28 27 26 25 24 23 22 21 20
256 128 64 32 16 8 4 2 1
The Binary World◦ Binary is relevant because all the
computers can work with is 1s’ and 0s’
◦ This is because it is made up of transistors Which are nothing but little
switches
Digital Computing
http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Transistors-white.jpg
The Binary World◦ Binary is relevant because all the
computers can work with is 1s’ and 0s’
◦ This is because it is made up of transistors Which are nothing but little
switches◦ These transistors are combined
to make computer chips
Digital Computing
http://howtoblogpost.blogspot.com/2011/05/how-to-identify-terminals.html
The Binary World◦ Binary is relevant because all the computers can
work with is 1s’ and 0s’◦ Of course, these 1s’ and 0s’ add up to numbers,
and the numbers have meaning.◦ The meanings are defined by ASCII
American Standard Code for Information Interchange
◦ These are standardized so that a particular digital “word” always means the same thing, no matter who wrote the program.
Digital Computing
The Binary World◦ What you do need to understand is that
in the ASCII (American Standard Code for Information Interchange) chart certain, defined, numbers represent certain characters and punctuation marks. ASCII provides a common system for coding characters,
or character set that uses 8 Bit Words. Unicode is similar but uses16 bit words
What would be the difference between an 8 bit word and a 16 bit word? Remember this?
Digital Computing
Binary Digit
28 27 26 25 24 23 22 21 20
256 128 64 32 16 8 4 2 1
How does the computer know what to do with the data in the digital form?
Software Provides Directions
The computer gets its instructions from its software.◦ Who produces software?
Software Provides Directions
The computer gets its instructions from its software.◦ Software is produced by Programmers.
They write the instructions for the computer These instructions become the software
Software Provides Directions
The computer gets its instructions from its software.◦ Software is produced by Programmers.
They write the instructions for the computer These instructions become the software
However, in their written form, these instructions are referred to as source code . . . The code that provides the source,
or beginning, of the software.
Software Provides Directions
The computer gets its instructions from its software.◦ Software is produced by Programmers.
They write the instructions for the computer These instructions become the software
However, in their written form, these instructions are referred to as source code . . . The code that provides the source, or beginning, of the
software.
Software Provides Directions
Sub (hello_world)Print$ “Hello World”
Gosub hello_world
There are two basic types of programming languages.◦ Remember, programming languages are what
programmers use to write the source code, which becomes software, the instructions to the computer.
Software Provides Directions
There are two basic types of programming languages.◦ Procedural Programming◦ Object-oriented Programming
Software Provides Directions
There are two basic types of programming languages.◦ Procedural Programming
Uses step by step instructions to tell the computer what to do.
◦ Object-oriented Programming
Software Provides Directions
There are two basic types of programming languages.◦ Procedural Programming
Uses step by step instructions to tell the computer what to do. Languages include:
C Fortan Pascal Basic
(no, this list will not appear on a quiz)
◦ Object-oriented Programming
Software Provides Directions
There are two basic types of programming languages.◦ Procedural Programming
Uses step by step instructions to tell the computer what to do. Languages include:
C Fortan Pascal Basic
(no, this list will not appear on a quiz)
◦ What you need to remember is: Programming languages are what programmers use to
write the source code, which becomes software, the instructions to the computer.
Software Provides Directions
There are two basic types of programming languages.◦ Procedural Programming◦ Object-oriented Programming
Provides rules for both creating and managing objects. An object can be both data and rules for how to
process the data
Software Provides Directions
There are two basic types of programming languages.◦ Procedural Programming◦ Object-oriented Programming
Provides rules for both creating and managing objects. An object can be both data and rules for how to process
the data Languages include:
C++ VBScript Java
Be aware that your Computer Science AP class in high school will feature Java . . . From the syllabus:
(Note: Students who study a language other than Java in AP Computer Science must also be taught to use Java, as specified in the AP Java subset.) C6 - The course teaches students to code fluently in an object-oriented paradigm using the programming language Java.
Software Provides Directions
There are two basic types of programming languages.◦ Procedural Programming◦ Object-oriented Programming
Programming languages are also broken down (categorized) by how they convert source code in to a format usable to the computer.◦ What is source code?
Software Provides Directions
There are two basic types of programming languages.◦ Procedural Programming◦ Object-oriented Programming
Programming languages are also broken down (categorized) by how they convert source code in to a format usable to the computer.◦ Source code is made up of the instructions to the
computer, written by programmers, using programming languages The source code becomes the software that provides
the instructions to the processor.
Software Provides Directions
◦ Source code is made up of the instructions to the computer, written by programmers, using programming languages The source code becomes the software that provides
the instructions to the processor. This definition sounds pretty complicated.
Why can’t we just say it’s software?
◦We can’t say it’s software because it isn’t software!
◦ All the computer can work with is 1s’ and 0s’
Software Provides Directions
The computer cannot work with these high-level languages we have just named:◦ C, Fortran, Pascal, Basic, C++, Java, VBScript
◦ It can only work with 1s’ and 0s’
Software Provides Directions
We are going to take a moment and look that the Wikipedia definition of Source Code
Software Provides Directions
He seems to be spending a lot of time on source code, I wonder ifwill ever be on a test . . .
There are two basic types of programming languages.◦ Procedural Programming◦ Object-oriented Programming
Programming languages are also broken down (categorized) by how they convert source code in to a format usable to the computer.◦ Compiled◦ Interpreted
Software Provides Directions
Programming languages are also broken down (categorized) by how they convert source code in to a format usable to the computer.◦ Compiled
More common for complex, commercial software .exe files
◦ Interpreted More common for
simple instructions .bat files
Software Provides Directions
In computing, source code is any collection of computer instructions (possibly with comments) written using some human-readable computer language, usually as text. ◦ The source code of a program is specially
designed to facilitate the work of computer programmers, who specify the actions to be performed by a computer mostly by writing source code.
The source code is often transformed by a compiler program into low-level machine code understood by the computer. The machine code might then be stored for execution at a later time.
Alternatively, an interpreter can be used to analyze and perform the outcomes of the source code program directly on the fly.
Software Provides Directions
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Source_code
Okay, so it is something written by people , and intended to be something easy for people to understand
and it gets converted into something that the computer can understand; But, what was that step in the middle?
Software Provides Directions
In computing, source code is any collection of computer instructions (possibly with comments) written using some human-readable computer language, usually as text. ◦ The source code of a program is specially designed to facilitate the work
of computer programmers, who specify the actions to be performed by a computer mostly by writing source code.
The source code is often transformed by a compiler program into low-level machine code understood by the computer. ◦ The machine code [or executable] might then be stored
for execution at a later time. ◦ [most software is distributed as an executable]
Alternatively, an interpreter can be used to analyze and perform the outcomes of the source code program directly on the fly.
Software Provides Directions
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Source_code
Recall that the software that tells the computer how to do its work is the Operating System (OS).
Software controls the system
Recall that the software that tells the computer how to do its work is the Operating System (OS). The OS has several jobs:◦ Managing peripherals:◦ Managing Data:◦ Managing Memory:◦ Coordinating data processing:◦ Providing the user interface:
Software controls the system
Recall that the software that tells the computer how to do its work is the Operating System (OS). The OS has several jobs:◦ Managing peripherals:
Moving data and commands between the CPU and the monitor, printers, disk drives, and other peripherals.
◦ Managing Data:◦ Managing Memory:◦ Providing the user interface:
Software controls the system
Recall that the software that tells the computer how to do its work is the Operating System (OS). The OS has several jobs:◦ Managing peripherals:
Moving data and commands between the CPU and the monitor, printers, disk drives, and other peripherals.
◦ Managing Data: Finding the needed programs and files
◦ Managing Memory:◦ Coordinating data processing:◦ Providing the user interface:
Software controls the system
Recall that the software that tells the computer how to do its work is the Operating System (OS). The OS has several jobs:◦ Managing peripherals:
Moving data and commands between the CPU and the monitor, printers, disk drives, and other peripherals.
◦ Managing Data: Finding the needed programs and files
◦ Managing Memory: Storing data and programs in RAM and on the hard drive.
◦ Coordinating data processing:◦ Providing the user interface:
Software controls the system
Recall that the software that tells the computer how to do its work is the Operating System (OS). The OS has several jobs:◦ Managing peripherals:
Moving data and commands between the CPU and the monitor, printers, disk drives, and other peripherals.
◦ Managing Data: Finding the needed programs and files
◦ Managing Memory: Storing data and programs in RAM and on the hard drive.
◦ Coordinating data processing: Performing many tasks at once and insuring that processes
do not interfere with one another◦ Providing the user interface:
Software controls the system
Recall that the software that tells the computer how to do its work is the Operating System (OS). The OS has several jobs:◦ Managing peripherals:
Moving data and commands between the CPU and the monitor, printers, disk drives, and other peripherals.
◦ Managing Data: Finding the needed programs and files
◦ Managing Memory: Storing data and programs in RAM and on the hard drive.
◦ Coordinating data processing: Performing many tasks at once and insuring that processes do not
interfere with one another◦ Providing the user interface:
Organizing than displaying the options you see on your screen when you turn on your computer
Software controls the system
Systems Compatibility◦ The three most common families of operating
systems are: Windows Macintosh OS (OSx) Linux
Software controls the System
Systems Compatibility◦ The three most common families of operating
systems are: Windows
Runs on Intel based processors Uses Generic hardware
Macintosh OS (OSx) Linux
Software controls the System
Systems Compatibility◦ The three most common families of operating
systems are: Windows Macintosh OS (OSx)
Initially ran on Motorola Processors; but now also uses Intel processors.
Linux
Software controls the System
Systems Compatibility◦ The three most common families of operating
systems are: Windows Macintosh OS (OSx)
Initially ran on Motorola Processors; but now also uses Intel processors.
Requires Apple Hardware (not really )
Linux
Software controls the System
Systems Compatibility◦ The three most common families of operating
systems are: Windows Macintosh OS (OSx)
Initially ran on Motorola Processors; but now also uses Intel processors.
Requires Apple Hardware (not really )
Apple is a systems provider They are not just a hardware vendor or OS provider
Linux
Software controls the System
Systems Compatibility◦ The three most common families of operating
systems are: Windows Macintosh OS (OSx) Linux
Is based on UNIX (but isn’t UNIX) Runs on a large variety of hardware Has very limited support
Software controls the System
Systems Compatibility◦ The three most common families of operating
systems are: Windows Macintosh OS (OSx) Linux
◦ At one time these systems were incompatible
Software controls the System
Systems Compatibility◦ The three most common families of operating
systems are: Windows Macintosh OS (OSx) Linux
◦ At one time these systems were incompatible OSx and Linux can now read files written for each
other and Windows. Various programs allow software intended for
windows to run on OSx and Linux.
Software controls the System
Explain how the binary system is used by computers.
Describe how software is written and translated◦ Programmer, Source Code, compiled, Interpreted
Summarize the tasks of the operating system
Identify two leading operating systems and explain why compatibility is an issue
UNIT O BJECTIVES
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