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F R A U N H O F E R I N S T I T U T E F O R C H E M I C A L T E C H N O L O G Y I C T
RoBEMMDEVELOPMENT AND TESTING OF A ROBOTIC UNDERWATER SALVAGE AND DISPOSAL PROCESS
Sour
ce: L
ande
skrim
inal
amt
Schl
esw
ig H
olst
ein
– K
ampf
mitt
elrä
umdi
enst
201
2
Kiel
Emden
Lübeck Wismar
Hamburg
Rostock
Cuxhaven
Flensburg
Stralsund
Greifswald
Bremerhaven
14°0'0"E
14°0'0"E
13°0'0"E
13°0'0"E
12°0'0"E
12°0'0"E
11°0'0"E
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55°0'0"N 55°0'0"N
54°30'0"N 54°30'0"N
54°0'0"N 54°0'0"N
53°30'0"N 53°30'0"N
Munitionsversenkungsgebiet
munitionsbelastete Fläche
Munitionsverdachtsfläche
! ! Seewärtige Begrenzung des Küstenmeeres
Grenze der Ausschließlichen Wirtschaftszone
Im Rahmen dieser Studie wird folgende Unterscheidung getroffen:In ehemaligen Munitionsversenkungsgebieten ist der Eintrag dort lagernderKampfmittel auf eine dokumentierte Nutzung zur offiziellen Verklappungzurückzuführen. Innerhalb munitionsbelasteter Flächen sindKampfmittelfunde dokumentiert, die Art der Einbringung erfolgte jedochnicht über offizielle Verklappungsmaßnahmen (sondern z.B.Schiffshavarien) oder ist nicht dokumentiert. Für Munitionsverdachtsflächenbesteht ein begründeter Verdacht der Anwesenheit von Kampfmitteln.
Vereinfachte Übersichtskarte munitionsbelasteter Flächen in deutschen MeeresgewässernVereinfachte Übersichtskarte munitionsbelasteter Flächen in deutschen Meeresgewässern
iL e g e n d e
Munition in deutschenNordseegewässern:rd. 1.300.000 t konventionellrd. 90 t chemisch
Geodetic datum: WGS 84Map projection: Mercator (54°N)
Achtung! Die Ausdehnung der Flächen gibt nicht die Größenordnung der etwaigen Munitionsbelastung wieder!
Munition in deutschenOstseegewässern:
rd. 300.000 t konventionellrd. 5.000 t chemisch
Geodaten der Landmassen: http://www.gadm.org
AMMUNITION IN THE SEA – EXPLOSIVE LEGACYAccording to current estimations there are still 1.6 million tonnes
of ammunition in the North and Baltic Sea, most of which result
from the demilitarization of Germany after World War II. One
problem is that the ships chartered by the allies often disposed of
the dangerous materials before arriving in the designated disposal
areas. For this reason the exact location of many explosive
ordnances is unknown. The ammunition casings are increasingly
being carried away or corroded by the effects of currents and
the saline environment. A variety of toxic and carcinogenic subs-
tances are being released into the water, causing environmental
damage.
The poor condition of many marine explosive ordnances
and the amounts of explosives contained pose a significant
risk to flora and fauna as well as to personnel involved in
recovering the materials. As a result, “objects of concern” are
generally moved to another location or detonated. The effort
involved in this method of disposal and the resulting costs,
especially during the construction of offshore wind parks,
have increased the demand for alternatives. For this reason,
RoBEMM (“Development and testing of a robotic underwater
salvage and disposal process, including technology for the
disassembly of ammunition in the sea, especially in coastal
and shallow waters”) aims to develop a viable process and the
corresponding technology to expose and thermally destroy the
explosive ordnances on site without detonation, leaving only
scrap metal which can be returned to land.
For over 60 years, Fraunhofer ICT has been engaged in the
characterization and investigation of explosive substances.
The knowledge and experience obtained form the basis for
a fundamental understanding of safety issues in the field
of energetic systems. Within the collaborative R&D project
RoBEMM, the institute is therefore working on the safety
design of the process chain from the handling of ammunition
and explosives through to their disposal. The concepts and
parameters for the planned process are based on safety
investigations of the historic explosives mixtures. It is also
important to determine the composition of the explosive, so
that safety risks can be identified.
General investigations for the characterization of explosives: J Measurement of the detonation speed J Assessment of storage stability
– Temperature of autoignition
– Holland test J Impact and friction sensitivity J Koenen test to determine sensitivity to temperature
increases J GAP test to measure the initiation pressure J Differential scanning calorimetry
Methods to measure the composition: J Gas chromatography J High-performance liquid chromatography J Ion chromatography IC J X-ray diffractometry
KeyMunition disposal areas Seeward boundary of coastal waters
Areas contaminated with munition Border of the exclusive economic zone
Areas of suspected contamination
Identify the ammunition
Thermal treatment of
residues
Disassemble the ammunition
Handling of explosive suspension
Destruction of the explosive
Storage of the scrap metal
Determine the type of ammunition
Determine the orientation
Separation of solids
Increase the handling safety
Open the casing
Rinse out the explosive
Suspectedsite
Platform
Underwater
Map of the areas contaminated with ammunition in German waters
(MELUND Schleswig Holstein – Bund/Länder-Ausschuss Nord- und Ostsee 2011
URL: http://www.schleswig-holstein.de/DE/UXO/Berichte/PDF/Karten/karte_1.html)
In general substances with an impact sensitivity of less than
40 Nm are considered sensitive, and those with an impact
sensitivity of less than 4 Nm are considered especially sensitive.
Initial results show that almost all samples of marine explosive
ordnances are sensitive to impact.
It follows that in the planned process only equipment (e.g.
pumps) with low mechanical stress should be used.
To ensure a holistic assessment of all influencing factors rele-
vant to the project, work safety and environmental protection
issues have shaped developments from the beginning.
Emphasis is placed on increasing the handling safety of all
explosives involved in the system. This includes desensitizing
the explosives with water at the beginning of the disassembly
process, and a subsequent fragmentation of the explosive
particles in the suspension to a subcritical diameter.
This diameter is a characteristic value for each explosive that
defines the threshold after which only parts of the explosive
react, and no mass detonations or further reactions occur.
1
The expected results are: J Statistical characterization and quantification of the
substances in the ammunition J Selection of suitable equipment J Identification of whether conventional technologies can
be used, and areas where adjustments are needed J Development of a process and safety concept
Impact sensitivity [Nm]
25
25
50
7,5
6
15
2,5 – 4
Torpedo heads
Moored mines
Ground mine, British (Mark IV)
Ground mine, British booster charge (Mark IV)
OS 9 (rinsed out material, non-specified)
Pure TNT2
Lead azide (primary explosive)2
Investigation of the impact sensitivity of different samples.
2 Köhler J., Meyer R., Homburg A. (2008) Explosivstoffe. 439 pages, Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA; Issue 10, ISBN 978-3527320097
PICTURES
Pictures included in the teaching materials of
the explosive ordnances disposal team (Kampf-
mittelräumungsdienst) of Schleswig-Holstein.
Left: Moored mine EMA/B. Center: British
ground mines. Right: Depth bomb.
PROJECT PARTNERS
FUNDING AGENCIES
Boskalis Hirdes J Investigation of explosive ordnances on the seabed J Recovery of explosive ordnances J Destruction of explosive ordnances
The project is funded by the Federal Ministry for Economic
Affairs and Energy, Grant Agreement No. 03SX403A.
automatic Klein J Engineering and automation of testing units J Planning and construction of measurement, regulation
and control units
University of Leipzig J Environmental management J Resource management J Quality control
PICTURES
BAM drop hammer and samples of
explosives from a moored mine.
Fraunhofer Institute for
Chemical Technology ICT
Joseph-von-Fraunhofer-Strasse 7
76327 Pfinztal (Berghausen)
Germany
Director:
Prof. Dr.-Ing. Peter Elsner
Contact
Paul Müller
Phone +49 7 21 46 40-754
paul.mueller@ict.fraunhofer.de
www.ict.fraunhofer.de
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