richard smalley and the materials of tomorrow: the
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Parkland College
Natural Sciences Poster Sessions Student Works
2018
Richard Smalley and the Materials of Tomorrow:the discovery, properties, and science of fullerenesCreighton A. JacksonParkland College
Open access to this Presentation is brought to you by Parkland College's institutional repository, SPARK: Scholarship at Parkland. For moreinformation, please contact spark@parkland.edu.
Recommended CitationJackson, Creighton A., "Richard Smalley and the Materials of Tomorrow: the discovery, properties, and science of fullerenes" (2018).Natural Sciences Poster Sessions. 142.https://spark.parkland.edu/nsps/142
Creighton Jackson
Parkland College
CHE 102‐005, CHE 203
Kim Bode & Laura Sonnichsen, instructors
Richard Smalley and the Materials of Tomorrow: the discovery, properties, and science of fullerenes
Images: chemistryworld.com, turbosquid.com
Key Terms
• Fullerenes1
• Single‐Walled Carbon Nanotubes (SWNTs) and Multi‐Walled Carbon Nanotubes (MWNTs)2
• "True Solutions“2
• Macroscopic Materials2
• Superacid2
Images: kuark.org, ecomundo.eu
Fullerenes – An Overview
Discovery was significant milestone in field of Nanotech¹
Display many unique properties, some are not well understood¹
Properties show implications for virtually every branch of nanotechnology¹
Some properties are difficult to utilize²
Research is ongoing into the specifics of these properties and how to utilize them effectively¹
Image: enacademic.com
Let's Go back a bit...
• 1985 – Harry Kroto, Robert Curl, and Richard Smalley and an astrochemical question¹• Spectroscopy revealed something odd¹• The team sought to explain the oddity and found inspiration in an unlikely place¹• Research has since revealed that this oddity is the trademark of a previously‐unknown class of organic molecules¹
Images: forbes.com, acs.org
Properties of Fullerenes
• Incredible material strength2
• Electrical properties³• Semiconductor, Conductor, or Superconductor
• Reactivity properties³,6• Radical absorption, encapsulation, side‐wall functionalization
• Relationship with water³,4• Hydrophobic or Hydrophilic
• Difficulty synthesizing fullerenes in meaningful quantities²• Fullerenes are nearly inert on their own and were originally believed to be insoluable²
Material Properties
• Carbon nanotubes are among the strongest and stiffest materials in nature²• Extremely high tensile strength and elasticity• Extremely high strength‐to‐weight ratio
• Display unique transformation when exposed to pressure sufficient to cause plastic deformation²• Utilization of these properties is limited by their ability to be assembled into macroscopic materials²
Fullerenes in Material Science• Dispersion of fullerenes in solution
is necessary2
• Can be dispersed using sidewall functionalization²
• Can be dispersed in cross‐linked hydrogels or acids containing hydrophobic groups²
• Successful dissolution of a few parts per million was accomplished in N‐methylpyrrolodine (NMP)²
• They are soluble in Superacids²
Images: Davis et. Al.
Macroscopic Assembly of Materials• Successful dissolution enabled generation of a liquid crystalline system²• Flow‐processing of a liquid crystalline system enables the production of fibers, sheets, and other useful configurations²• Already used in the production of Kevlar™ ²
Image: Davis et. Al.
Differentiation of Materials
• Differentiation of material is accomplished through flow processing technique and choice of coagulation medium²• Quality of materials is determined by uniformity of solution²
Images: Technologyreview.com, phys.org colloidalfrere.blogspot.com
Relationship with Water
• Hydrophobic under normal circumstances4
• Generates highly‐ordered columns of water within the tubes4
• Exact results depend on the diameter of the tube4
• Significant implications in biological applications4
Images: Noon et. Al., phys.org
Electrical Properties
Electrical properties determined by diameter and the radial arrangement³
Methods for lengthening tube must control for chirality in order to preserve electrical properties³
Accomplished through ligand exchange involving smaller “seed” tubes³
Other properties
• Able to be converted from hydrophobic to hydrophilic with application of as little 1.3V of potential4
• Empty carbon nanotubes are less dense than air
Video: Science 232, 5921 (2009)
References
• 1. Discovery of Fullerenes – ACS National Historical Chemical Landmarks https://www.acs.org /content/acs/en/education/whatischemistry/landmarks/fullerenes.html (Accessed 12 April 2018).
• 2. Davis, V. A.; Parra‐Vasquez, A. G.; Green, M. J.; Rai, P. K.; Behabtu, N.; Prieto, V.; Booker, R. D.; Schmidt, J.; Kesselman, E.; Zhou, W.; Fan, H.; Adams, W. W.; Hauge, R. H.; Fischer, J. E.; Cohen, Y.; Talmon, Y.; Smalley, R. E.; Pasquali, M. Nat. Nanotechnol. 2009, 4, 830‐834. https://ezproxy.parkland.edu/login?url=https://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct =true&db=a9h&AN=45618769& login.asp&site=ehost‐live&scope=site (accessed 12 April 2018).
• 3. Moore, V. C.; McJilton, L. A.; Pheasant, S. T.; Kittrell, C.; Anderson, R. E.; Ogrin, D.; Liang, F.; Hauge, R. H.; Schmidt, H. K.; Tour, J. M.; Billups, W. E.; Barron, A. R.; Smalley, R. E. Carbon. 2010, 48, 557–570.
References
• 4. Noon, W. H.; Ausman, K. D.; Smalley, R. E.; Ma, J. Chemical Physics Letters 2002, 355(5‐6), 445–448.
• 5. Bakry, R.; Vallant, R. M.; Najam‐ul‐Haq, M.; Rainer, M.; Szabo, Z.; Huck, C. W.; Bonn, G. K. INT J Nanomedicine 2007, 2 (4), 639‐649. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/ PMC2676811/(retrieved 13 March 2018)
• 6. Properties and Applications of Fullerenes and Fulleroid Nanomaterials. https://www.azonano.com/article.aspx?ArticleID=3048 (accessed 13 March 2018).
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