richard roberts co detection: important facts, … · •2018 icc and nfpa model code changes...
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Honeywell Confidential - © 2017 by Honeywell International Inc. All rights reserved.
Agenda
• Important Facts and Statistics
• 2018 ICC and NFPA Model Code Changes
• NFPA 720/NFPA 72 Consolidation
• CO Detection Research
• Q&A
Honeywell Confidential - © 2017 by Honeywell International Inc. All rights reserved.
2
Important Facts and Statistics
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The Silent Killer!
3
What is Carbon Monoxide (CO)?
• Should not be confused with CO2
• CO produced by incomplete combustion of carbon-based fuel
- Coal
- Wood
- Charcoal
- Oil
- Propane
- Natural Gas
• CO is not combustible or flammable, however it’s is toxic
• CO is a colorless and odorless
Honeywell Confidential - © 2017 by Honeywell International Inc. All rights reserved.
CO in the Body
4
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Common CO Sources
5
• Gas ranges or ovens
• Heating systems
• Combustion engine power tools and portable generators
• Charcoal grills
• Vehicles running in the garage
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CO Incidents
6
• Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC)
- 408 average number of deaths per year
- 20K injured
- 64% in homes
- 21% in public occupancies
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Symptoms of CO Exposure
7
Concentration(parts per million)
Exposure Time – Symptoms
50 8 hours – no adverse effects
80045 minutes – headache, nausea and dizziness
2 hours – collapse and unconsciousness
1,000 1 hour – loss of consciousness
6,4001-2 minutes – headache and dizziness
10-15 minutes – unconsciousness and possible death
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CO Detector Alarm Thresholds
8
• ANSI/UL 2034 and ANSI/UL 2075
- No alarm at 30 ppm
- 70 ppm 1 to 4 hours
- 150 ppm 10 to 50 minutes
- 400 ppm 4 to 15 minutes
• CO alarms/detectors are designed to activate before
potentially life-threatening levels of CO are reached
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Is CO Lighter or Heavier Than Air?
9
• The molecular weight of CO is 28 grams per mole (g/mol),
whereas the molecular weight of air is approximately 29
g/mol
• A mole is 6.022x1023 (that's a really big number) molecules
of material
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CO Dispersion in Buildings
10
• 2007 FPRF Study, Development of a Technical Basis for Carbon
Monoxide Detector Siting:
- CO dispersion occurs via
1. Mechanical ventilation systems or by
2. Natural forces
- A ventilation system will dominate the flows in the building and
results in a well-stirred environment within the ventilation zone
Honeywell Confidential - © 2017 by Honeywell International Inc. All rights reserved.
CO Detector Placement
11
• NFPA 720 Each alarm or detector shall be located:
- On the wall, ceiling, or other location as specified in the
manufacturer’s published instructions that accompany the unit
- On the ceiling in the same room as permanently installed fuel-
burning appliances
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Reliability
12
• When CO detectors were first introduced the late 1980’s, they were
adequate but easily alarmed in constant low-levels of CO
• December of 1994 Chicago: 1,851 false carbon monoxide alarms
in a 24 hour period when a thermal weather inversion trapped CO
under a warmer layer of air
• In 1998, the ANSI/UL 2034 was modified to address the high
number of false CO alarms prior to 1998. The Standard added a
false alarm resistant requirement to prevent nuisance alarms:
- No alarm at 30 ppm until after 30 days
- No alarm below 70 ppm until 1 hour
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Reliability, continued
13
• In December of 2004, UL published a 5-year CO Alarm Field Study
that was designed to evaluate the effectiveness of CO alarms
• The UL study concluded that CO alarms provide effective signaling
protection should there be a fatal concentration of CO and that CO
alarms generally do not false alarm in the field
• Consumer Product Safety Commission (CPSC) Q&A Document
466: “The safety standards for CO alarms have been continually
improved and currently marketed CO alarms are not as susceptible
to nuisance alarms as earlier models”
Honeywell Confidential - © 2017 by Honeywell International Inc. All rights reserved.
Duct CO Detection
14
• Is it permissible to install duct detection in lieu of spot CO
detectors?
• Duct mounted CO detectors CAN NOT be used as a primary form
of protection
- There is no product performance listing for a duct mounted CO detector
- Alarm thresholds used for spot CO detectors HAVE NOT been tested
for duct mounted CO detection
- Impact of air velocity on the CO sensor, the stratification of CO within
the duct
Honeywell Confidential - © 2017 by Honeywell International Inc. All rights reserved.
15
2018 I-Code Changes
Honeywell Confidential - © 2017 by Honeywell International Inc. All rights reserved.
Introduction
• Comments and opinions during the presentation are
exclusively the presenter and do not reflect an official
position of the International Code Council (ICC),
National Fire Protection Association (NFPA), its
employees, or any of the Technical Committees
• Highly recommend purchasing a copy of the ICC or
NFPA Code or the Handbook for all the changes,
requirements and details:
- www.nfpa.org
- www.iccsafe.org
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Introduction
• All changes in presentation will be referenced using legislative text.
- Red strike through means text is being removed
- Blue underline means text is being added
- Black text means no changes
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Key Changes to the 2018 IFC/IBC
Carbon Monoxide Detection
SECTION 202 DEFINITIONS
• CARBON MONOXIDE ALARM. A single- or multiple-station alarm intended
to detect carbon monoxide gas and alert occupants by a distinct audible
signal. It incorporates a sensor, control components and an alarm notification
appliance in a single unit.
• CARBON MONOXIDE DETECTOR. A device with an integral sensor to
detect carbon monoxide gas and transmit an alarm signal to a connected
alarm control unit.
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Key Changes to the 2018 IFC/IBC
Responsible Party Notified of a Carbon Monoxide Leak
19
CO Detectors Only Outside of Dwelling/Sleeping Units and Classrooms
• 915.1.1 Where required. Carbon monoxide detection shall be provided in Group I-1, I-
2, I-4 and R occupancies and in classrooms in Group E occupancies
• 915.1.3 Forced-air Fuel burning forced-air furnaces. Carbon monoxide detection
shall be provided in dwelling units, sleeping units and classrooms served by a fuel-
burning, forced-air furnace.
Exception: Carbon monoxide detection shall not be required in dwelling units,
sleeping units and classrooms where a carbon monoxide detection detector is
provided in the first room or area served by each main duct leaving the furnace,
and the carbon monoxide alarm signals are automatically transmitted to an
approved location.
Honeywell Confidential - © 2017 by Honeywell International Inc. All rights reserved.
Key Changes to the 2018 IFC/IBC
Responsible Party Notified of a Carbon Monoxide Leak
20
CO Detectors Only Outside of Dwelling/Sleeping Units and Classrooms
• 915.1.4 Fuel-burning appliances outside of dwelling units, sleeping units and
classrooms. Carbon monoxide detection shall be provided in dwelling units, sleeping
units and classrooms located in buildings that contain fuel-burning appliances or fuel-
burning fireplaces.
Exceptions:
1. Carbon monoxide detection shall not be required in dwelling units, sleeping units and
classrooms where there are no communicating openings between the fuel-burning appliance
or fuel-burning fireplace and the dwelling unit, sleeping unit or classroom.
2. Carbon monoxide detection shall not be required in dwelling units, sleeping units and
classrooms where a carbon monoxide detection detector is provided in one of the following
locations:
2.2 On the ceiling of the room containing the fuel-burning appliance or fuel-burning
fireplace.
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Key Changes to the 2018 IFC/IBC
Responsible Party Notified of a Carbon Monoxide Leak
21
CO Detectors Only Outside of Dwelling/Sleeping Units and Classrooms
• 915.1.5 Private garages. Carbon monoxide detection shall be provided in dwelling
units, sleeping units and classrooms in buildings with attached private garages.
Exceptions:
1. Carbon monoxide detection shall not be required where there are no communicating openings
between the private garage and the dwelling unit, sleeping unit or classroom.
2. Carbon monoxide detection shall not be required in dwelling units, sleeping units and
classrooms located more than one story above or below a private garage.
3. Carbon monoxide detection shall not be required where the private garage connects to the
building through an open-ended corridor.
4. Where a carbon monoxide detection detector is provided in an approved location between
openings to a private garage and dwelling units, sleeping units or classrooms, carbon
monoxide detection shall not be required in the dwelling units, sleeping units or classrooms
Honeywell Confidential - © 2017 by Honeywell International Inc. All rights reserved.
Key Changes to the 2018 IFC/IBC
Protect Students and Faculty in K-12 Schools
22
CO Detection in K-12 Schools
• 915.2.3 Group E occupancies. Carbon monoxide detection detectors shall be
installed in classrooms in Group E occupancies. Carbon monoxide alarm signals shall
be automatically transmitted to an on-site location that is staffed by school personnel.
• 915.4.3 Locations. Carbon monoxide alarms shall only be installed in dwelling units
and in sleeping units. They shall not be installed in locations where the Code requires
carbon monoxide detectors to be used.
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Key Changes to the 2018 IEBC
Carbon Monoxide Detection in Existing Buildings, continued
• 402.6 Carbon monoxide alarms in existing portions of a building. Where an
addition is made to a building or structure of a Group I-1, I-2, I-4 or R
occupancy, the existing building shall be provided with carbon monoxide alarms
in accordance with Section 1103.9 of the International Fire Code or Section
R315 of the International Residential Code, as applicable.
Exceptions:
1. Work involving the exterior surfaces of buildings, such as the replacement of
roofing or siding, or the addition or replacement of windows or doors, or the
addition of porches or decks, is exempt from the requirements of this section.
2. Installation, alteration or repairs of plumbing or mechanical systems, other than
fuel-burning appliances, are exempt from the requirements of this section.
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Key Changes to the 2018 IEBC
Carbon Monoxide Detection in Existing Buildings, continued
• 403.11 Carbon monoxide alarms. Carbon monoxide alarms shall be provided
to protect sleeping units and dwelling units in Group I-1, I-2, I-4 and R
occupancies in accordance with Section 1103.9 of the International Fire Code.
Exceptions:
1. Work involving the exterior surfaces of buildings, such as the replacement of roofing
or siding, or the addition or replacement of windows or doors, or the addition of
porches or decks, is exempt from the requirements of this section.
2. Installation, alteration or repairs of plumbing or mechanical systems, other than fuel-
burning appliances, are exempt from the requirements of this section.
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Key Changes to the 2018 IPMC
Carbon Monoxide Detection in Existing Buildings, continued
• 704.3 Carbon monoxide alarms and detectors. Carbon monoxide alarms and
carbon monoxide detection systems shall be maintained in accordance with
NFPA 720. Carbon monoxide alarms and carbon monoxide detectors that
become inoperable or begin producing end-of-life signals shall be replaced.
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26
2018 NFPA 101 and NFPA 1 Changes
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Key Changes to the 2018 NFPA Codes
Protect Public and Workers
27
CO Detection in Assembly Occupancies
• 14.3.4.4.1 Carbon monoxide detectors in accordance with Section 9.12 shall be provided
in new educational occupancies in the locations specified as follows:
1) Carbon monoxide detectors shall be installed on the ceilings of rooms containing permanently
installed fuel-burning appliances.
2) Carbon monoxide detectors shall be installed centrally located within occupiable spaces
served by the first supply air register from a permanently installed, fuel-burning HVAC system.
3) Carbon monoxide detectors shall be installed centrally located within occupiable spaces
adjacent to a communicating attached garage.
• 14.3.4.4.2 Where carbon monoxide detectors are installed in accordance with
14.3.4.4.1(1), the alarm signal shall be automatically transmitted to an approved on-site
location or to an off-premises location in accordance with NFPA 720.
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28
NFPA 720/NFPA 72 Consolidation
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NFPA 720/72 Consolidation
29
• In 2015 the NFPA Standards Council approved a project to
merge NFPA 720 into NFPA 72 because the two standards
have similar requirements
• With every new edition of NFPA 720 updating of extracts
from NFPA 72 has become a very time consuming effort
that is prone to error for both NFPA Staff and the Technical
Committee
• The scope and title of NFPA 72 was intentionally changed
in 2010 to be broad enough to include CO as well as other
signaling needs
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30
CO Detection Research
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UL High Altitude Project
31
• In 2011 UL formed a Task Group (TG) to determine the
effectiveness of CO alarms installed in high altitude
applications
- Concern by several code authorities
- Will CO alarms installed in between 5K and 12K feet above sea
level provide life safety protection
- UL 2034 covers pressures up to 530 feet above sea level
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UL High Altitude Project
32
• UL conducted field tests on 28 CO alarms at altitudes up to
12.8K feet above sea level
- Concluded CO alarms will provide adequate life safety
protection at higher altitudes
- May be prone to nuisance alarms
• UL 2034 Standards technical Panel (STP) working to add
high altitude performance test protocols to standard
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CO Diffusion Through Walls
33
• Current codes do not require CO detection if there are no
“communicating” openings between a garage and occupied
areas of the building
• In 2013 JAMA published a report that CO is capable of
diffusing through gypsum wallboard
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CO Diffusion Through Walls
34
• In 2014 the Fire Protection Research Foundation (FPRF)
initiated a project to determine if CO is capable of diffusing
through wall, ceiling and floor assemblies:
- Conduct a literature search
- Studies on CO dispersion
through walls
- Identify incidents involving CO where there was no
communicating opening
• The findings of the report support the recent claim that CO
gas is capable of diffusing through walls at a rate that
presents a danger to building occupants.
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