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ni.com
ni.com
RF and Communications
Khaled Moselhy
Field Application Engineer
National Instruments Egypt
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National Instruments—Our Commitment
• We equip engineers and scientists with tools that
accelerate productivity, innovation, and discovery.
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2014: Celebrating 17 Years of PXI!
70+ Member Companies
1500+ PXI Products
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What is PXI?
PC-based platform optimized for test, measurement, and control
Open specification governed by the PXI Systems Alliance
(PXISA)
PCI electrical-bus with the rugged, modular, Eurocard mechanical packaging of CompactPCI
Advanced timing and synchronization features
• PXI = PCI eXtensions for Instrumentation
• Invented by National Instruments in 1997
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Introduction to Instrument Control
• Use software on a PC to control an instrument
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Instrument Control Buses
• Stand-alone buses
• Used to communicate with rack and stack instruments
GPIB Serial USB
Firewire® Ethernet
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Introduction to Instrument Control Buses
• Modular buses
• Incorporate the interface bus into the instrument itself
PCI PCI
Express VXI
PXI PXI
Express
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Bus Comparison
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Bus Comparison
Bandwidth
(MB/s)
Latency
(µs)
Range (m)
(without
extender)
Setup and
Install
Connector
Ruggedness
GPIB 1.8 (488.1)
8 (HS488) 30 20 Good Best
USB 60 (Hi-Speed)
1000 (USB)
125 (Hi-
speed)
5 Best Good
PCI 132 0.7 Internal
PC bus Better
Better
Best (for PXI)
PCI Express 250 (x1)
4000 (x16)
0.7 (x1)
.7 (x4)
Internal
PC bus Better
Better
Best (for PXI)
Ethernet/
LAN/LXI
12.5 (Fast)
125 (Gigabit)
1000 (Fast)
1000
(Gigabit
100 m Good Good
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PXI—The Industry-Leading Platform for
Research, Measurement, and Control
PXI Controllers
Performance embedded—Windows or RT OS
Remote control via desktop or laptop
PXI Chassis
Options ranging from low-cost, 4-slot desktop
to high-performance, 18-slot rack mount
PXI Modules
>1,500 options from over 70 PXI vendors
Software
Flexible driver APIs, example code,
soft front panels, and configuration
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PXI Embedded Controllers for Research Wide Range of OS Options
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PXI Chassis
• 3U, 6U, and 3U/6U combo
• 4 through 18 slots
• Portable, benchtop, and rack mount
• AC and DC power options
• Backplane adds timing and
synchronization busses to
Compact PCI
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PXI Platform
Encompasses PXI and PXI Express
PXI PXI
Express
The PXI Platform: PXI
Hardware compatible with hybrid slots
100% software compatible
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The PXI Backplane
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The PXI Backplane
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Timing and Synchronization Features of PXI • PXI Trigger Bus
• 8 TTL
• Trigger, Clock, and Handshaking Signals
• System Reference Clock
• 10 MHz TTL
• Phase Lock Looping
• Equal-Length Traces
• < 1 ns Skew
• Star Trigger Bus
• 1 Per Slot
• Star Configuration
• Traces Matched in Propagation Delay
• < 1 ns Skew
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PXI-1045 PXI-8106
PCI Bus
132 MB/s
PXI System PXI Express System
Four x4 PCI
Express Links
PXIe-8130 PXIe-1082
System Streaming Architecture – PXI Express
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PXI Trigger Bus (8 TTL Triggers)
PX
I Exp
ress
S
yst
em
Con
troll
er
Star Trigger
100 MHz Differential CLK
Differential Star Triggers
PXI
PXI Express
SYNC
Control
SYNC100
10 MHz CLK
PX
I E
xp
ress
S
yst
em
Tim
ing S
lot
PX
I E
xp
ress
Hy
bri
d
Per
iph
era
l
PX
I E
xp
ress
Hy
bri
d
Per
iph
era
l
PX
I E
xp
ress
Hy
bri
d
Per
iph
era
l
PX
I-1
Per
iph
era
l
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PXI Trigger Bus (8 TTL Triggers)
PX
I Exp
ress
S
yst
em
Con
troll
er
Star Trigger
100 MHz Differential CLK
Differential Star Triggers
PXI
PXI Express
SYNC
Control
SYNC100
10 MHz CLK
PX
I E
xp
ress
S
yst
em
Tim
ing S
lot
PX
I E
xp
ress
Hy
bri
d
Per
iph
era
l
PX
I E
xp
ress
Hy
bri
d
Per
iph
era
l
PX
I E
xp
ress
Hy
bri
d
Per
iph
era
l
PX
I-1
Per
iph
era
l
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Key Benefits of PXI Express
Increased bandwidth capabilities | Perform previously impossible measurements
Both PXI and PXIe cards in hybrid slots | Greater system flexibility
Uses latest PC technology | Ensures longer system lifetime
Improved timing and synchronization | Higher correlation of data
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Wide Range of Platform Products
50+ Chassis and Controller Options
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Modular PC-Based Architecture Provides Flexible
Functionality
DAQ and Control:
Multifunction I/O
FPGA/Reconfigurable I/O
Digital I/O
Analog Input/Output
Vision and Motion
Counter/Timers
Instruments:
Oscilloscopes
Digital Waveform Generator/Analyzers
Digital Multimeters
Signal Generators
Switching
RF Signal Generation and Analysis
Interfaces:
GPIB, USB, LAN
SCSI + Enet
Boundary Scan/JTAG
CAN + DeviceNet
RS232/RS485
VXI/VME
More than 500 PXI Products Available from National Instruments
More than 1,500 PXI Products from More than 70 Vendors
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Advantages of PXI in Research: Modularity
Software Defined Traditional
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Research Advantages of PXI: Flexibility
Software Defined Traditional
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“The PXI platform from National Instruments enabled the high-channel-
count acquisition because of its synchronization capabilities, small size, and
modularity. As the platform adds capabilities with higher performance
instruments and faster data transfer speeds with PXI Express, we can meet
future requirements and continue to advance our research.” –Dr. Kohji Ohbayashi , Kitasato University of Japan, Center for Fundamental Sciences
Case Study: Leading-Edge Medical Research
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Production Test System
Xbox 360 Controllers at Microsoft
• NI PXI-5124 high-resolution digitizer for
USB communication interface analysis
• NI PXI-4472 dynamic signal acquisition
module for vibration feedback motor
analysis
• PXI data acquisition modules for
general-purpose analog I/O
measurements
• NI PXI-6509 digital I/O module for
general-purpose I/O control
NI PXI-5124
2-channel, 200 MS/s
14-bit digitizer
Challenge: Developing a cost-effective method to capture, monitor, and
analyze the Xbox 360 controller USB signals, audio signals, and serial data
signaling.
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RF Hardware
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RF Signal
Generators &
Analyzers
Switching,
Amplifiers,
Attenuators
RF Vector
Network
Analyzer
Power
Meters
FPGA I/O &
Coprocessing
Multicore
Processing
Optimized APIs
Cellular, Wireless, and GPS
Test Toolkits (802.11a/b/g/n/ac, BT, GSM/EDGE,
WCDMA, LTE, WiMAX, GPS, etc.)
Reference Architectures
Soft Front Panels
NI RF Platform
Highly Modular
Hardware & Software
RF Vector
Signal
Transceivers
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NI PXI-5661 and NI PXI-5671 2.7 GHz
Vector Signal Analyzer/Generator
• Measurement Performance • 9 kHz to 2.7 GHz
• 20 MHz real-time bandwidth
• 80 dB SFDR
• 50 ppb frequency accuracy
• -135dBm/Hz noise density (< 1GHz)
• 20 MHz wideband DDC
• I/Q Power Triggering
• Continuous Data Streaming
• Software Defined Modulation
– ASK, FSK, MSK, GMSK, PSK, QPSK, π/4 DQPSK, QAM, AM, FM, PM, OFDM, Custom
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6.6 GHz RF Instruments
PXIe-5663 VSA
• Single stage heterodyne downconverter
• 10 MHz to 6.6 GHz
• 50 MHz Instantaneous BW (3 dB)
• -110 dBc phase noise (10 kHz) at 1 GHz
• -158 dBm/Hz typical DANL at 1 GHz
• Up to 80 dB SFDR
PXIe-5673 VSG
• Direct (homodyne) RF upconversion
• 85 MHz to 6.6 GHz
• >100 MHz Instantaneous BW
• -110 dBc phase noise (10 kHz) at 1 GHz
• Up to +10 dBm RF output power
• On-the fly impairments API
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NI PXIe-5653
Local Oscillator
NI PXIe-5605
Downconverter
NI PXIe-5622
Digitizer
Frequency Range 20 Hz to 14 GHz
Analysis Bandwidth 25 or 50 MHz
Phase Noise -129 dBc/Hz
Noise Floor -165 dBm/Hz
• 15X faster measurements than equivalent
traditional rack-and-stack VSA at a significantly
lower cost
NI PXIe-5781R
2x2 IF transceiver
40 MHz, 14-/16-bit in/out
NI PXI-5630
6 GHz VNA
>100 dB dynamic range
NI PXIe-5665: 14 GHz
RF Vector Signal Analyzer
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Spectrum Monitoring & Over-The-Air Signal Analysis NI PXIe-5667 7GHz Spectrum Monitoring Receiver
• 20 Hz to 7 GHz frequency range
• Dynamic Range > 110dB and Noise
Figure < 12dB
• Up to 50 MHz instantaneous
bandwidth
• Second-order intercept of 80 dBm and
third-order intercept >17dBm
• RF spectrum with scan rates of up to
30 GHz/sec
• Real-time signal analysis & advanced
signal processing in FPGA hardware
using FlexRIO products
NI PXIe-5667 Specifications
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World’s First Vector Signal Transceiver NI PXIe-5644R 6 GHz VST
• VSA and VSG w/ independent LOs
• 65 MHz to 6 GHz frequency range
• 80 MHz instantaneous bandwidth
• 24 DIO lines @ 250 Mbps
• Programmable FPGA w/LabVIEW
• Small footprint (3 PXIe slots)
• Support for the latest wireless standards (802.11ac and LTE)
NI PXIe-5644R Vector Signal Transceiver
Specifications
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NI PXIe 5646R – 200MHz RF bandwidth
6GHz Vector Signal Transceiver • Specifications
• 65 MHz – 6.0 GHz frequency coverage
• VSG & VSA with independent LOs
• 200 MHz instantaneous bandwidth
• 24 lines of DIO at up to 250 Mbps
• Baseband I/Q interface
• Features • User accessible LV FPGA target
• Support for MIMO configurations
• Small footprint
• Support for the latest RF & wireless standards such as 802.11ac and LTE advanced
NEW!
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RF & Microwave PXI Modules Phase Matrix
PXI-1410 Preselector and Attenuator
40 MHz YTF and 70 dB step attenuator
PXI-1420 Microwave Downconverter
Converts 2.7 GHz -26.5 GHz signals with
350 MHz bandwidth to a 250 MHz IF
PXI-1430 RF Downconverter
Converts 100 kHz - 2.9 GHz with 40 MHz
bandwidth to a 250 MHz IF
PXI-1440 IF Downconverter
Converts 250 MHz to 25 MHz with either a 8 MHz or 30 kHz bandwidth.
PXI-1450 Local Oscillator
3 to 9 GHz, low-phase noise, fast tuning synthesizer using QuickSyn® technology
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26.5 GHz Vector Signal Analzyer
• -118 dBc/Hz phase noise at 10 kHz offset from 1 GHz (typical)
• Wideband (350 MHz) and narrowband (30 kHz and 8 MHz) IF outputs
• YIG preselector filter and programmable attenuator
• 100 kHz to 26.5 GHz
frequency range
• Fast-tuning local
oscillator (<1 ms)
• ±1.5 dB amplitude
accuracy (typical)
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20 GHz Signal Generator QuickSyn Technology
Frequency Range
Options
• 100 MHz - 10 GHz
• 200 MHz - 20 GHz
• 50- 100 μs switching
• AM, FM, Pulse
Modulation
• Low Phase Noise,
Fast Switching, and
Low Spurs
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RIO, FPGA, and Peer-to-Peer Technology
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Introduction to FPGA Technology • What is an FPGA?
o Field programmable gate array (FPGA)
o A silicon chip with unconnected gates
o Enables user to define and re-define functionality
• How does an FPGA work?
o Defines behavior in software
o Compiles and download to the hardware
o Executes without OS
• When is an FPGA used?
o Custom hardware or ICs, replacement for ASICs
o Reconfiguration required after deployment
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Decision Making in Software
• Traditional System
I/O
Operatin
g S
ystem
Driv
er AP
I
Applicatio
n S
oftw
are
Calcu
lation
~25 ms
Response
Outputs
UUT
Crash Possible
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Decision Making in Hardware
• LabVIEW FPGA System
I/O
Operatin
g S
ystem
Driv
er AP
I
Applicatio
n S
oftw
are
Calcu
lation
25 ns*
Response
Outputs
UUT
* Assumes 40 MHz clocks
Highest
Reliability
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LabVIEW FPGA System
Reconfigurable I/O (RIO) Hardware
LabVIEW FPGA Module
NI-RIO Driver
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LabVIEW FPGA RF Communications Library
• Modulators
• Demodulators
• Channel Encoders
• Channel Decoders
• Phase Locked Loop
• Fractional Resamplers
• Filters
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NI RF RIO Modules
NI PXIe-5641R RIO IF Transceiver • 2 IF Inputs and 2 IF Outputs
• 14-bit ADCs and DACs
• 20 MHz Instantaneous
Bandwidth (25 MS/s I/Q)
• IFs from 3 to 80 MHz
• Xilinx Virtex-5 SX95T
LabVIEW-programmable
FPGA
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NI FlexRIO System Architecture
• Synchronization
• Clocking/triggers
• Power/cooling
• Data streaming
PXI Platform NI FlexRIO FPGA Module
• Virtex-5 FPGA
• 132 digital I/O lines
• Up to 512 MB of DRAM
NI FlexRIO Adapter Module
• Interchangeable I/O
• Analog or digital
• NI FlexRIO Adapter
Module Development Kit
(MDK)
PXI/PXIe
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Peer to Peer (P2P) Technology • Method to transfer data directly between hardware devices
• Streaming data through Processor not required
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NI FlexRIO P2P Architecture
• >800 MB/s one way
• >700 MB/s each way
• ~10 µs latency
• Up to 16 streams per
FPGA
ni.com
The NI USRP™ (Universal Software Radio Peripheral)
The Software Defined Radio Approach
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NI USRP™ Radio Prototyping Platform Software Defined Radio Based on LabVIEW
• Host-based processing simplifies signal processing
• Immediate access to real-world signals
• 20 MHz of real-time bandwidth makes the solution
available to a wide range of applications
• Flexible
• Easy to use
• Affordable
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NI USRP
1 Gigabit Ethernet Connectivity
Plug-and-play capability
Up to 25 MS/s baseband I/Q
streaming
Tunable RF Transceiver
Front Ends Frequency Range
50 MHz–2.2 GHz (NI USRP-2920)
2.4 GHz and 5.5 GHz (NI USRP-2921)
Signal Processing
and Synthesis NI LabVIEW to develop
and explore algorithms
NI LabVIEW Modulation
Toolkit and other LabVIEW
add-ons to simulate or
process live signals
Applications
FM Radio
TV
GPS
GSM
ZigBee
Safety Radio
OFDM
Passive Radar
Dynamic Spectrum Access
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NI USRP Research Applications
Academic to Industry
• Rapid prototyping
• Physical layer design
• Record and playback
• GPS simulator
• Academic education
• Communications intelligence
• Surveillance
• Deployable radio
Record and Playback
2x2 MIMO
Safety Radio
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Digital Communication System
So
urc
e C
od
ing
Ch
an
nel C
od
ing
Mo
du
lati
on
Up
co
nvers
ion
Do
wn
co
nvers
ion
Dem
od
ula
tio
n
Ch
an
ne
l D
ec
od
ing
So
urc
e D
eco
din
g
Communications Channel
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Digital Communication System
NI Modulation Toolkit
NI Modulation Toolkit
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NI Modulation Toolkit
NI Modulation Toolkit
NI USRP
NI USRP
Digital Communication System
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NI USRP-2920 Hardware Diagram
Analog RF Transceiver Fixed Function FPGA PC
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GPS Simulation and Test
Things to Simulate
• Poor signal strength
• View of satellites obstructed
• Position constantly changing
NI USRP-2920
Generates Signal
GPS Toolkit Creates
Signal in LabVIEW GPS Receiver
GPS receiver behaves as if
it sees real satellites
Precision Clock (10 MHz OCXO)
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GPS Record and Playback
• Record and play back up to 20 MHz of bandwidth
• Take advantage of repeatable testing of algorithms/devices on
realistic data set
• Supplement a PXI lab with low-cost playback at your desk
Re
co
rd
Pla
yb
ac
k
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MIMO Radio Prototyping
• Plug-and-play 2x2 MIMO
• Driver-based
synchronization
• Reference designs available
• Maximal Ratio Combining
• Alamouti Coding
2x2 MIMO - Alamouti Coding
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NI USRP Research Case Study:
Cognitive Radio and White Space
LabVIEW Graphical System Design
• Spectral sensing with blind detection
• GPS geographic localization
• Adaptive spectrum utilization
“LabVIEW software and the NI USRP hardware are key
components of this research project, allowing the team
to rapidly prototype and successfully deploy the first
cognitive radio test bed of this kind.”—Dr. Paulo
Marques, COGEU
Aveiro, Portugal
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RF/COMMUNICATIONS
EDUCATION
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Digital Communications Bundle
Key Benefits
• Affordable
• Accessible
• NI Supported
• TX and RX Real RF Signals
• Scales to Research
Target Courses
• Communication Systems
• Digital and Wireless
Communications
• Software Defined Radio (SDR)
Bundle Contents
• Two NI USRP-2920 + Toolkits
• MIMO Cable
• Digital Comm Lab Manual
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Lab Ready| Packet Radio and OFDM
Communications Systems Labs
by Dr. Sachin Katti, Stanford
1 Source Coding
2 Packet Communication,
Sync, and Channel
Correction
3 Modulation
4 Demodulation
5 Design Challenge:
Packet-Based
Transceiver
Digital Communications Labs
by Dr. Robert Heath, UT Austin
1 QPSK AWGN Simulator
2.1 Modulation/Demodulation
2.2 Pulse Shaping
3 Energy Detection
4 Equalization
5 Frame Detection
6 Intro to OFDM
7 Frequency Correction &
Sync
8 OFDM Channel Coding
(FREE: ni.com/courseware) (Ships in Bundle)
ni.com
Source: Stanford EE 49: Teaching Evaluations (Spring Quarter 2011)
NI USRP at Stanford University
Awesome class! I really enjoyed the lectures, where
I learned a lot, and the labs were really cool because
we got to use the hardware.
… I am glad that I took this class!
“ “
Student Course Feedback:
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NI USRP at Stanford University
…with the NI USRP, we’re able to
provide exposure in introductory
courses for the first time.
“ “
Dr. Sachin Katti
[ Electrical and Computer Engineering]
Students rated the class 4.94/5.0,
likely making it one of the highest
ratings among all classes in the
School of Engineering at Stanford.
“ “
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RF System Design and Validation
• Rapidly prototype and test new standards
• Create repeatable real-world stimulus
• Characterize receiver performance
• FM Radio
• GPS
• And more…
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Concurrent Design and Test
Design Test
System Design
Component Design Component Test
System Test
Implementation
Verification/Validation
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NI ELVIS: baseband telecommunications training tool (ideal for
technician training at baseband frequencies)
NI USRP: relevant, hands-on and accessible laboratory learning in
RF and Communications as an off-the-shelf, affordable solution
(physical layer prototyping and ‘relative’ measurement)
NI PXI RF: precise/calibrated RF measurements and test (ideal for
precision and high bandwidth education and applications).
Evaluating the Options
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Summary
• LabVIEW offers a graphical approach to shorten the design process and tight hardware/software integration for seamless transition from design to test
• NI provides a full spectrum of RF/communications solutions: RF test, research, and education
• LabVIEW and NI USRP form an accessible, easy-to-use software defined radio platform
ni.com
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